Clinical Psychology
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Course Introduction
Clinical Psychology is a branch of psychology focused on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental health disorders and psychological distress. This course explores the theoretical foundations, research methods, and evidence-based interventions used by clinical psychologists to help individuals manage a wide range of psychological issues, from mood and anxiety disorders to more severe conditions such as psychosis. Students will learn about ethical considerations, diverse therapeutic approaches, the process of psychological assessment, and the integration of science and practice in clinical settings. The course also emphasizes critical thinking and cultural competence in the understanding and support of mental health across different populations.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the research on personality reported in the textbook is based on studies with people
A) from individualistic cultures.
B) from collectivist cultures.
C) with a strong sense of self.
D) who prefer cooperation to competition.
Answer: A
Q2) The author of the textbook defines personality as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Asking people to respond to ambiguous stimuli is an example of personality
A) theory.
B) assessment.
C) application.
D) research.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Statistical tests of significance provide a yes or no answer to which question?
A) Is there a correlation between variable X and variable Y?
B) Does the treatment cause changes in behavior?
C) Is the difference in the treatment conditions due to chance?
D) None of the above
Answer: D
Q2) A researcher maintains that a person's self?esteem level is largely inherited from his or her parents. From this she derives the prediction that children with low self?esteem probably come from homes where one or both parents have low self?esteem. In this case, the prediction is the A) theory.
B) hypothesis.
C) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.
Answer: B
Q3) Most personality research begins with an assessment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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70 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The id uses reflexive action and wish fulfillment to A) reduce guilt.
B) satisfy the reality principle.
C) satisfy the ego and superego needs.
D) reduce tension.
Answer: D
Q2) If you see your own unwanted thoughts and undesirable impulses in other people, then you are using the defense mechanism called A) displacement.
B) reaction formation.
C) intellectualization.
D) projection.
Answer: D
Q3) According to Freud, each of us is born with a(n)
A) sexual attraction for the opposite-sex parent.
B) desire to die and return to the earth.
C) id, ego, and superego.
D) unlimited amount of psychic energy.
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following findings challenges the Freudian interpretation of dreams?
A) People often dream during REM sleep.
B) Newborn babies experience large amounts of REM sleep.
C) People deprived of REM sleep have difficulty with anxiety-provoking material.
D) People have longer periods of REM sleep as the night progresses.
Q2) Hypnotic subjects told that the experimenter's machinery can determine if they are lying or not often fail to show posthypnotic amnesia. This finding is seen as evidence for A) neodissociation theory.
B) psychoanalytic theories of hypnosis.
C) sociocognitive theories of hypnosis. D) the "hidden observer" phenomenon.
Q3) Sociocognitive theories of hypnosis point out that a person cannot do under hypnosis what they would not do without it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and describe the techniques used to increase hypnotic responsiveness. Explain why it can be said that hypnosis is largely a participant variable.
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6
Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) To analyze personal narratives, judges may count the number of times certain themes are mentioned.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Wanda was the hardest working student in her school. Her constant efforts were rewarded at graduation when she received an award as the university's best math student. She confessed at that time that in elementary school she had failed math and was told by her teacher that she should pick an occupation that did not require her to work with numbers. What might Alfred Adler have said about Wanda?
A) Wanda is the exception to the rule, in that she should have instead displayed an inferiority complex.
B) She most likely is a first-born child.
C) Her striving for achievement resulted from her earlier feelings of inferiority.
D) She achieved because she never saw herself as inferior, regardless of what happened to her in elementary school.
Q3) Adler's assessment of middle children was positive.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A friend comes to you with a problem. You determine that there is nothing she can do to solve the problem but also that it is not going to go away any time soon. According to research, which type of coping strategy should you recommend?
A) Emotion-focused strategy
B) Problem-focused strategy
C) Avoidant strategy
D) Defensive strategy
Q2) Research has found that one gender difference in coping strategies is that
A) women take steps to solve problems directly more than men.
B) men use emotion-focused strategies more than women.
C) women use emotion-focused strategies more than men.
D) none of the above
Q3) Francisco has fallen in love many times, but has difficulty finding long-term happiness in any of his relationships. He desperately wants to find a romantic partner. Francisco probably has which kind of adult attachment style?
A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Julie sets high goals for herself at work. She is more committed to reaching these goals than most employees. She is organized, works hard, and remains persistent in the face of obstacles to reaching her work goals. Julie would probably score high on a measure of
A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.
Q2) According to Cattell, which of the following traits ultimately constitute the human personality?
A) Cardinal
B) Source
C) Secondary
D) Factor
Q3) Allport called the five to 10 traits that best describe an individual's personality
A) central traits.
B) common traits.
C) cardinal traits.
D) the Big Five.
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following did early researchers examining need for Achievement have in common with many psychoanalytic therapists?
A) Both based their work on Freud's theory of personality.
B) Both used free association.
C) Both used projective tests.
D) Both were concerned with repression.
Q2) How did the construct of the Type A personality develop? State specific findings regarding how Type A is related to achievement motivation. What are the driving habits? What are the concerns?
Q3) Which of the following is true about gender and achievement?
A) Men and women act similarly in achievement settings.
B) Men and women differ in the way they define success.
C) Women in our society are more likely to see success in terms of external standards.
D) Men and women assign similar values to achievement tasks.
Q4) Define and distinguish among three aspects of emotion that can be examined like personality traits. Describe the characteristics of each aspect of emotion in terms of predictable behavior patterns. What aspects of emotion are related to health and why?
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the "goodness of fit" model, educators should ask which question?
A) What temperament characteristics contribute to better school performance?
B) How can we change temperament in problem children?
C) How can we control problem behaviors in children with certain temperaments?
D) What kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament?
Q2) A psychologist purchases an electroencephalograph (EEG) for use in his research. The psychologist is interested in measuring A) intelligence.
B) muscle tension.
C) heart rate.
D) brain-wave activity.
Q3) What is cerebral asymmetry? How is it measured? Explain how emotion is predicted by individual differences in cerebral asymmetry and the possible role of thresholds in brain activity.
Q4) Eysenck argued that extraverts and introverts differ only in their behavior and not in their physiological makeup.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A personality psychologist designs an experiment in which she plans to use the twin-study method. The psychologist is probably conducting research to examine the
A) stability of temperament over time.
B) influence of genetics on personality.
C) influence of siblings on personality.
D) effects of birth order on personality.
Q2) One reason twin studies produce higher estimates of heritability than some other methods may be that the twin studies
A) capture nonadditive effects of genetics.
B) often incorrectly classify dizygotic and monozygotic twins.
C) are based on small samples.
D) overlook gender differences.
Q3) The twin-study method is used by researchers to get around which methodological problem?
A) Biased samples
B) A confound between genetic and environmental influences
C) Questions about generalizability
D) Validity of measures
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) All of the following are among the eight components of the optimal experience except one. Which one?
A) One can concentrate only on the task at hand.
B) Satisfaction is received from a task.
C) The activity has clear goals.
D) Attention is absorbed by the activity.
Q2) Recent studies of psychotherapists have shown that
A) most do not use a humanistic approach.
B) many report including aspects of person-centered therapy in their work.
C) the usefulness of humanistic psychotherapy is questionable.
D) the effectiveness of the humanistic approach is only temporary.
Q3) The "third force" in psychology was developed in part to promote a view of humankind different from the ones presented by the
A) psychoanalytic and trait approaches.
B) psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches.
C) trait and behaviorism approaches.
D) psychoanalytic and social learning approaches.
Q4) Identify an optimal experience you have had. List the eight components of optimal experiences and discuss whether each one was present in yours.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) In contrast to low self-esteem people, when faced with failure, people with high self-esteem typically work just as hard as they do after successes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A woman spends a lot of time by herself. Whether she experiences this time as loneliness depends on
A) if she is an introvert or an extravert.
B) how much social contact she requires to meet her personal needs.
C) how many friends she has.
D) how much time she spends interacting with friends.
Q3) Most researchers define loneliness in terms of
A) the number of people we come into contact with on an average day.
B) the amount of time we spend alone versus the amount we spend with others.
C) how well the amount and quality of our relationships with others satisfies our personal needs.
D) the number of friends we have.
Q4) "Inner peace" has been shown in research to be a positive aspect of solitude.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) John's mother wants her son to stop crying every time something goes wrong. Following a psychologist's advice, she stops running to comfort John whenever the boy starts crying over some minor incident. After a few weeks, she notices that John cries much less frequently than he used to. This is an example of A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.
Q2) Aversion therapy is based on which concept?
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Shaping
D) Classical conditioning
Q3) According to Bandura, behavior therapy procedures
A) are most effective when used in conjunction with other types of treatments.
B) provide people with a method to change themselves once they have decided to do so.
C) are not as effective as behavior therapists claim.
D) are no more effective than providing clients with no treatment.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research finds that happiness with one's relationship is related to having a partner who is
A) masculine or androgynous.
B) feminine or androgynous.
C) masculine if a male, feminine if a female.
D) masculine if you are masculine, feminine if you are feminine.
Q2) People high in unmitigated agency often
A) focus only on themselves.
B) perform acts of altruism.
C) have low scores on self-efficacy measures.
D) perform random acts of kindness.
Q3) Studies of achievement have shown that externals
A) perform better on academic tests than internals in elementary school.
B) get better grades than internals in college.
C) receive lower scores on achievement tests in high school.
D) all of the above
Q4) In the very first demonstrations of learned helplessness, dogs were subjected to food deprivation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself, "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."?
A) Activating experience
B) Irrational Belief
C) Emotional Consequence
D) Self-defeating thinking
Q2) In effect, the Rep Test was designed to measure
A) personal constructs.
B) possible selves.
C) self-schemas.
D) the use of irrational beliefs.
Q3) Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior?
A) The situation often initiates behavior.
B) Processing information in a "black box" is generally considered a myth.
C) Cognitive-affective units are equally accessible from memory.
D) Behavior becomes automatic when conscious attention is focused on it.
Q4) Describe each of the major cognitive representations of the self and how each fits into a larger theory of personality. How are these representations measured? Give an example of your own self-schema.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The way people process information in threatening situations begins with a social encounter and then depends on
A) the way other people are acting in the situation.
B) the way the situation is appraised in awareness.
C) the kind of situation people are in.
D) whether or not people are self-actualized.
Q2) Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?
A) It is related to depression.
B) Processing filters out positive information.
C) It tends to identify one's problems with specific events.
D) It is a form of negative reinforcement.
Q3) Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women
A) make an effort to remember.
B) form cognitive representations of themselves.
C) have been trained to remember information in school.
D) mature intellectually.
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18
Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) Which of these personality theorists used the least scientifically-rigorous methods to collect data in support of his theory?
A) Eysenck
B) Maslow
C) Skinner
D) Bandura
Q2) Recent research suggests that biology plays an important role in the development of adult personality. Which theorist would probably have the most difficult time accepting this notion?
A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Eysenck
D) Watson
Q3) The concept of a "self" was described __ _ and later examined in research on __ .
A) by Freud; hypnosis
B) by Horney; coping strategies
C) by Murray; need for Achievement
D) by Allport; self-schemas
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