Clinical Psychology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Clinical Psychology is the scientific study and application of psychological principles to assess, diagnose, and treat emotional, mental, and behavioral disorders in individuals across the lifespan. This course explores major theories, assessment techniques, therapeutic interventions, and research methods used by clinical psychologists. Students will examine case studies, ethical issues, and evidence-based practices in mental health care, with an emphasis on understanding diverse client populations and the integration of cultural, social, and biological factors in psychological well-being. Throughout the course, students will develop foundational knowledge and skills necessary for future training or careers in clinical settings.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following approaches to personality explains depression by how situations are interpreted through the most highly accessible thoughts?
A) Psychoanalytic approach
B) Behavioral/social learning approach
C) Trait approach
D) Cognitive approach
Answer: D
Q2) Of the following approaches, which ignores inherited influences the most?
A) Cognitive
B) Biological
C) Trait
D) Psychoanalytic
Answer: A
Q3) Regardless of the approach, assessment is about making predictions from personality theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A test that measures consistently over time has a high
A) test-retest coefficient.
B) internal consistency.
C) face validity.
D) internal validity.
Answer: A
Q2) A test maker wants to show that scores on her new measure of schizophrenia are correlated with professional psychologists' ratings of schizophrenia. She is interested in establishing
A) face validity.
B) congruent validity.
C) discriminant validity.
D) behavioral validation.
Answer: B
Q3) To obtain an interaction in your research findings, you would need more than one A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) hypothesis.
D) statistical test.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Freud's structural model, which part of the adult personality is housed completely in the unconscious?
A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Memory
Answer: A
Q2) Freud used which principle to characterize the actions of the ego?
A) Pleasure principle
B) Reality principle
C) Hospitality principle
D) Morality principle
Answer: B
Q3) The use of ___________ requires an individual to respond to ambiguous stimuli.
A) free association
B) dream analysis
C) projective tests
D) hypnosis
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Based on research findings, which of the following defense mechanisms would we expect to find children use most frequently?
A) Denial
B) Identification
C) Reaction formation
D) Sublimation
Q2) If your friend the therapist agrees with Freud, she would say that the content of our dreams reveals
A) unacceptable ideas that are actually acceptable.
B) unconscious conflicts and desires.
C) anxieties with which we were born.
D) much useless information.
Q3) Before the use of more sophisticated defense mechanisms, children most often use projection as a defense mechanism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Give a description of your own of the defense mechanisms used by children and contrast them with those used by adults. Give examples of different individual differences in defense mechanisms.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) To analyze personal narratives, judges may count the number of times certain themes are mentioned.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following theoretical concepts has been given general support from research using personal narratives?
A) Horney's womb envy
B) Adler's strivings for superiority
C) Fromm's authoritarian religions
D) Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage
Q3) Adler experienced each of the following in his own childhood except one. Which one?
A) Dethroning by a younger sibling
B) Feelings of physical inferiority to children his age
C) Striving for academic superiority after experiencing feelings of academic inferiority
D) Being a first-born child
Q4) Adler's assessment of middle children was positive.
A)True
B)False
7
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) To explain why aggression sometimes decreases, many researchers have adopted the Freudian concept of
A) the Oedipus complex.
B) repression.
C) the superego.
D) catharsis.
Q2) Individuals who see themselves as unworthy of love is characteristic of which of the following categories of adult attachment?
A) Secure
B) Avoidant
C) Dismissing
D) Fearful
Q3) Describe three kinds of parent-child attachment relationships. Contrast with examples of each of the four categories of adult attachment styles. What are the implications for children in each of the three relationships when they are adults?
Q4) Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior. Epstein has argued that the reason for this failure is because A) researchers don't perform the correct statistical analysis.
B) researchers don't measure personality traits correctly.
C) researchers don't measure behavior correctly.
D) none of the above
Q2) Murray referred to each environmental force that activates a need as a(n)
A) trigger.
B) repressor.
C) press.
D) itch.
Q3) Sometimes test makers reverse the direction of the test items. That is, whereas sometimes agreeing with an item indicates a high score on the trait being measured, sometimes disagreeing with the item indicates a high score. Test makers do this to control for which potential problem?
A) Faking
B) Carelessness and sabotage
C) Social desirability
D) Acquiescence response
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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64 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the early failure to uncover a significant relationship between Type A behavior and heart disease occurred because
A) Type A is a collection of several behavioral tendencies only one of which may cause health problems.
B) Type A behavior caused heart disease in the past but not anymore.
C) the first studies that predicted heart attacks were lucky.
D) self-report inventories are unreliable.
Q2) Which of the following parental behaviors is likely to produce a child with high need for Achievement?
A) Allow the child to fail on his or her own, thereby learning from failures and mistakes.
B) Give the child a great deal of support and reinforcement; set up tasks so that the child works for reinforcers provided by the parent.
C) Arrange situations so that the child does not fail, but experiences success at almost every task.
D) Give a moderate amount of support and encouragement, but limit parental involvement that might undermine the child's perception of personal mastery and accomplishment.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in emotionality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Eysenck provided all of the following arguments except one to make the case for a biological basis of personality. Which one?
A) The results of cross-cultural research
B) Research on brain-wave activity
C) The consistency of extraversion-introversion over many years
D) genetics research findings
Q3) A psychologist purchases an electroencephalograph (EEG) for use in his research. The psychologist is interested in measuring A) intelligence.
B) muscle tension.
C) heart rate.
D) brain-wave activity.
Q4) The difference in right- and left-hemisphere activity is referred to as cerebral asymmetry by researchers.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Although it is difficult to determine precisely how much of personality is determined by genetics, the results of twin studies suggest that genetics probably accounts for about _______ percent of the variance of adult personality.
A) 85
B) 60
C) 40
D) 5
Q2) Two babies that come from different fertilized eggs may be A) siblings.
B) dizygotic twins
C) unrelated
D) all of the above
Q3) One reason twin studies produce higher estimates of heritability than some other methods may be that the twin studies
A) capture nonadditive effects of genetics.
B) often incorrectly classify dizygotic and monozygotic twins.
C) are based on small samples.
D) overlook gender differences.
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12
Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Rogers, what is the most common defense process?
A) Subception
B) Distortion
C) Denial
D) Repression
Q2) All but which of the following has been a criticism of the humanistic approach?
A) "Free will" may not be a scientific explanation for behavior.
B) Many key concepts are poorly defined.
C) Few psychotherapists have been influenced by the humanistic approach.
D) The humanistic approach makes some overly naive assumptions about human nature.
Q3) Adlai Stevenson once said, "A hungry man is not a free man." What feature of the humanistic approach to personality does this reflect?
A) The emphasis on personal responsibility and free will
B) Rogers' fully functioning person
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D) Maslow's description of psychologically healthy people
Q4) Identify an optimal experience you have had. List the eight components of optimal experiences and discuss whether each one was present in yours.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Efforts to help people overcome their loneliness
A) only tend to impact people without a long-term partner.
B) often have sought to improve social skills.
C) appear to have mixed results.
D) only tend to assist those who resist their own loneliness.
Q2) Researchers find that most Americans spend
A) the majority of their time alone.
B) almost no time by themselves.
C) more time by themselves as they get older.
D) a lot of time alone until they become elderly.
Q3) Researchers have found that
A) we can identify people who have relatively consistent tendencies to experience loneliness.
B) loneliness is synonymous with shyness.
C) loneliness can only be determined by measuring the actual number of hours a person spends alone.
D) loneliness is a problem only for those who say they have no friends.
Q4) Define preference for solitude and describe people at either end of this individual difference dimension. Give the humanistic approach's explanation for why some people desire solitude.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following is not part of Bandura's reciprocal determinism model?
A) Behavior influences internal factors.
B) Behavior influences external factors.
C) External factors influence internal factors.
D) Reinforcement value influences behavior potential.
Q2) Tony's mother wants him to learn to play with other children. She begins by offering him a quarter whenever he plays with other children nearby, even if he plays by himself. Later she gives him a quarter only when he plays on the same playground equipment other children are playing on. Finally, she gives him a quarter only if he actually plays with the other children. Tony's mother is demonstrating how to use
A) classical conditioning.
B) second-order conditioning.
C) shaping.
D) stimulus generalization.
Q3) Behaviorists believe that conditioning principles can be examined to understand the processes that shape our personalities.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The four interrelated processes involved in observational learning of aggression are
A) attend, remember, enact, expect.
B) enact, expect, remember, imitate.
C) attend, enact, reinforce, expect.
D) repress, enable, expect, reinforce.
Q2) Behaviorists and social learning theorists maintain gender differences are the result of a life-long process called identity formation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans?
A) They both have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors.
B) They both show evidence for internal locus of control..
C) They both become highly agitated and aggressive.
D) They both continue to try to escape adversity until exhaustion
Q4) Define locus of control and distinguish between internals and externals. Discuss the relationship between locus of control and well-being and include evidence with regard to personal achievement and psychotherapy.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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55 Verified Questions
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Q1) Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems. Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive behavior therapy?
A) The activating experience, such as failing a test.
B) The unstated belief, such as "I should be good at everything I do."
C) The emotional consequence, such as depression.
D) The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems.
Q2) Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself, "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."?
A) Activating experience
B) Irrational Belief
C) Emotional Consequence
D) Self-defeating thinking
Q3) The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes
A) the actual self is different from one's self-concept.
B) there are three different representations of the self.
C) the internal self and external self are the same.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) People processing information through a negative schema have greater access to depressing memories.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The way people process information in threatening situations begins with a social encounter and then depends on
A) the way other people are acting in the situation.
B) the way the situation is appraised in awareness.
C) the kind of situation people are in.
D) whether or not people are self-actualized.
Q3) Among the personal factors cognitive psychologists consider when predicting aggressive behavior, which of the following is typically included?
A) The provocative situation
B) Genetic predisposition to aggression
C) The ego defense mechanisms the person uses
D) Visual cues in the environment.
Q4) Define negative cognitive style and whether the research evidence points to it as a cause of depression or a symptom of it. Indicate the usefulness of studying the negative cognitive styles of students.
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Chapter 17: General Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Projective tests like _______ remain immensely popular measures of personality.
A) the Rorschach
B) the Bem
C) the MMPI
D) the Q-sort
Q2) Which of the following theories contributed most directly to the development of the cognitive approach to understanding personality?
A) Freudian personality theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Trait theory
D) Radical behaviorism
Q3) List three fundamental ways in which Allport disagreed with Freud. What alternative explanations for adult behavior and personality did he propose? What did Cattell discover concerning the structure of personality using the general process of factor analysis?
Q4) If the humanistic approach to personality is the "third force" in American psychology, what were the first and second forces? Carefully contrast these "forces" by emphasizing their similarities and differences in theory, application, and assessment.
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