Clinical Psychology
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Clinical Psychology is a branch of psychology focused on understanding, diagnosing, and treating psychological disorders and mental distress using a variety of therapeutic approaches. This course explores the foundational theories, assessment techniques, and intervention strategies used in clinical settings. Students will learn about the development and application of evidence-based treatment plans, ethical considerations, and the importance of cultural competence in the therapeutic process. Emphasis is placed on practical skills such as clinical interviewing, psychological testing, and case formulation, preparing students for further training or careers in mental health services.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the four essential components for the study of personality? Choose one of the six general approaches to personality and use it as an example to illustrate the differences in these components.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
Q2) Early psychologists presented extreme positions on the conscious versus unconscious determinants issue. Which of the following modern psychologists now recognize that much information is processed below awareness?
A) Behavioral/social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Biological
D) Humanistic
Answer: B
Q3) Consistent behavior patterns that people display in many different situations are A) very difficult to identify.
B) often called individual differences by personality psychologists.
C) predictive of personality traits.
D) likely to be found in depressed personalities.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher maintains that a person's self?esteem level is largely inherited from his or her parents. From this she derives the prediction that children with low self?esteem probably come from homes where one or both parents have low self?esteem. In this case, the prediction is the A) theory.
B) hypothesis.
C) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct about hypothetical constructs?
A) They are useful inventions by researchers that have no physical reality.
B) They are easier to measure than personality variables.
C) They cannot be measured with personality tests.
D) They have poor reliability and validity.
Answer: A
Q3) Case studies have played a minor role in the history of personality psychology. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud, each of us is born with a(n)
A) sexual attraction for the opposite-sex parent.
B) desire to die and return to the earth.
C) id, ego, and superego.
D) unlimited amount of psychic energy.
Answer: B
Q2) A patient in psychoanalysis begins to speak to the therapist as if the therapist were the patient's deceased brother. This is an example of A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) countertransference.
D) denial.
Answer: B
Q3) Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following concepts do sociocognitive theorists often use to explain the behavior of hypnotic subjects?
A) Expectancy
B) Motivation
C) Concentration
D) all of the above
Q2) In dream research, sleepers are sometimes awakened when physiological measures indicate they are probably dreaming.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to sociocognitive theorists, participants in hypnosis demonstrations act the way they do because
A) the controlling influence of the ego is temporarily removed under hypnosis.
B) consciousness has been divided into accessible and nonaccessible pockets.
C) participants act the way they think they are supposed to act.
D) participants act on the pleasure principle.
Q4) Write about a dream you have had and give an example of a psychoanalytic interpretation of it. Why do people dream, according to Freud? Summarize the research findings on dreams that challenge Freud's theory of dreaming.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Freud introduced the idea of "penis envy" to explain the personality development of young girls. By introducing the concept of "womb envy," Karen Horney was suggesting that
A) men are as dissatisfied with themselves as women.
B) men are conflicted as children over wanting a womb like mother has.
C) women are ultimately superior to men because they can bear children.
D) each gender has attributes that the other admires.
Q2) "Parents should allow children to be independent, to make their own choices and mistakes, but without depriving the children of the parental attention they need." Which theorist is most likely to have said this?
A) Adler
B) Erikson
C) Horney
D) Fromm
Q3) Which of the following is the name Alfred Adler gave his approach to personality?
A) ego psychology
B) individual psychology
C) superior psychology
D) analytic psychology
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) According to research on the frustration-aggression hypothesis, we would expect a frustrated man who is allowed to act aggressively to experience
A) catharsis and reduce his aggression.
B) catharsis and increase his aggression.
C) no catharsis and reduce his aggression.
D) no catharsis and increase his aggression.
Q2) The psychologists who developed the frustration-aggression hypothesis used or adapted all of the following concepts from Freudian theory except one. Which one?
A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Catharsis
D) Reinforcement
Q3) A woman is uncomfortable getting close to others and has difficulty trusting potential romantic partners. She probably has which kind of adult attachment style?
A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent
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8
Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss several ways in which the trait approach differs from other approaches to personality. Distinguish the special features of the trait and what it emphasizes, including the advantages of studying personality through the trait approach.
Q2) According to the "person by situation" approach,
A) personality is more important than the situation in determining behavior.
B) there is little evidence for cross-situational consistency.
C) behavior is determined by an interaction of personality and the situation.
D) personality researchers need to measure behavior in more than one way.
Q3) Which theorist had a strong influence on Henry Murray's theorizing about personality?
A) Gordon Allport
B) Alfred Adler
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Carl Jung
Q4) While research shows that personalities continue to develop, the changes are gradual, evolving over a period of years.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about social anxiety?
A) Socially anxious people recognize the source of their anxiety.
B) Social anxiety can result from anticipated social interactions.
C) We can identify a relatively stable tendency for people to experience social anxiety.
D) all of the above
Q2) Research finds that a person who is high in ________ typically does better than the average person when coping with traumatic experiences.
A) affect intensity
B) dispositional optimism
C) pessimism
D) Type A
Q3) Compared to Type Bs, how do Type A people typically respond to a stressful task?
A) They become more aroused than Bs, but try to adjust their arousal level down.
B) They are aware of becoming highly aroused, but choose to do nothing about it.
C) They do not become as aroused as Type Bs.
D) They become more aroused than Bs, but tend to ignore or deny physiological stress.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tends to find
A) patterns similar to those found in America, but only in European countries.
B) extraversion-introversion scores vary considerably depending on the child-rearing practices in the culture.
C) the same three dimensions of personality across cultures.
D) evidence to support a biological basis for extraversion-introversion, but not the other dimensions in the model.
Q2) Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research suggests that when she was only a few years old, Donna was probably anxious about
A) meeting people.
B) being separated from her mother.
C) loud noises.
D) novel situations.
Q3) Which of the following physiological measures have been used to study personality?
A) Neuroimaging
B) Respiration
C) Hormone levels
D) All of the above
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) The genetic influence of some personality traits may not be seen unless a specific combination of genes in inherited. Such complex influences are known as
A) monozygotic influences.
B) nonadditive effects.
C) combinatorial effects.
D) genetic correlations.
Q2) A psychologist conducts research using the twin-study method. He administers a need for Achievement scale to sets of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and finds a correlation of .50 between the scores for pairs of monozygotic twins. If this study is to demonstrate evidence for a genetic influence on need for Achievement, what would we expect the correlation to be between scores for pairs of dizygotic twins?
A) Higher than .50
B) Lower than .50
C) Very close to .50
D) There is no way to demonstrate a genetic influence with these data.
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12
Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) A man thinks of himself as an outstanding athlete. One day, he watches some tennis players at his athletic club who are considerably better than he is. This information is threatening to his self?concept. Because the man is not fully functioning, Rogers might have expected him to do one of the following except one. Which one?
A) Experience anxiety
B) Reinterpret what he has seen to make it less threatening
C) Deny that the men are good tennis players
D) Accept that there are better tennis players than himself
Q2) Describe how Maslow went about studying psychologically healthy people. List each of the characteristics of the self-actualized individual he found and define what he meant by peak experience. List and define each of the five levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, giving your own example of a need at each level.
Q3) According to Maslow, a man who has satisfied his physiological and safety needs will probably become highly aware of his need for
A) friends and a romantic relationship
B) self-respect
C) respect from his peers
D) self-actualization
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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60 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is supported by research findings?
A) Females tend to self-disclose more than males.
B) Males tend to self-disclose more than females.
C) Males and females tend to self-disclose about the same.
D) Males self-disclose more than females to friends, females disclose more than males to strangers.
Q2) Although low self-esteem people have good or bad feelings about themselves, compared to others, they
A) lack a basic confidence in themselves.
B) always appreciate who they are.
C) prefer solitude.
D) rarely focus on negative feedback from others.
Q3) Efforts to help people overcome their loneliness
A) only tend to impact people without a long-term partner.
B) often have sought to improve social skills.
C) appear to have mixed results.
D) only tend to assist those who resist their own loneliness.
Q4) "Inner peace" has been shown in research to be a positive aspect of solitude.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following has not been shown to be a result of self-efficacy beliefs?
A) Overcoming posttraumatic stress disorder
B) Overcoming paranoid schizophrenia
C) Overcoming test anxiety
D) Greater academic achievement
Q2) In Rotter's model, the behavior that is most likely to be performed in a given situation is
A) the one that has been reinforced.
B) the one with the strongest behavior potential.
C) the one for which a model has been reinforced.
D) the one most consistent with the person's self-concept.
Q3) Systematic desensitization is used by behavior therapists to help clients suffering from which problem?
A) phobia
B) anxiety
C) shyness
D) an undesirable behavior, such as a bad habit
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model?
A) When the model is declared a hero and rewarded.
B) When they see the model engage in justified aggression.
C) When the model is punished for aggressive behavior.
D) When the child sees a behavior the child likes.
Q2) According to the androgyny model, a woman is most well-adjusted if she is A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) androgynous.
D) undifferentiated.
Q3) Behaviorists and social learning theorists maintain gender differences are the result of a life-long process called identity formation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Research supports the idea that masculinity and femininity are best conceived as independent concepts.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems. Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive behavior therapy?
A) The activating experience, such as failing a test.
B) The unstated belief, such as "I should be good at everything I do."
C) The emotional consequence, such as depression.
D) The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems.
Q2) One of the goals of Kelly's Rep Test is to obtain a _________ of how clients construe the world.
A) diagnosis
B) visual map
C) personal construct
D) level of achievement
Q3) The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people respond to stress.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Depressed patients in one study were asked to recall personal experiences associated with words from a list. The researchers found patients were more likely to recall unhappy experiences when feeling particularly depressed. This finding supports which concept?
A) Learned helplessness
B) Negative schema
C) Explanatory style
D) Locus of control
Q2) Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to
A) identify people at high risk for depression.
B) predict students who will have at least one episode of major depression.
C) determine those suffering more depressive symptoms after trauma.
D) all of the above
Q3) Researchers find that depressed people recall depression-related words better than nondepressed people. This finding is used to support which concept?
A) Learned helplessness
B) Depressive schema
C) Explanatory style
D) Locus of control
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Page 18
Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) According to some researchers, the reason studies don't always find a relationship between Type A behavior and health problems may be that
A) only some of the behaviors within the Type A pattern are related to health problems.
B) researchers are doing a better job of measuring Type A today.
C) people have become aware of the causes of heart attacks in recent years and have taken actions to prevent them.
D) people today are working to reduce stress in their lives.
Q2) A psychotherapist tries to get her depressed client to understand the logical process he uses when coming to the conclusion that he is a worthless person. This psychologist probably is an advocate of which approach to psychotherapy?
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Humanistic psychotherapy
C) Behavior therapy
D) Rational emotive behavior therapy
Q3) List specific ways in which social learning theory provides a bridge between traditional behaviorism and the more recent cognitive approaches to personality.
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