Clinical Psychology Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Clinical Psychology is the scientific study and application of psychological principles to assess, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. This course explores theoretical models, assessment strategies, and evidence-based interventions used in clinical practice. Students will gain foundational knowledge in psychopathology, interviewing techniques, psychological testing, and key therapeutic approaches such as cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic therapies. The course also examines ethical considerations, multicultural competence, and the evolving role of clinical psychology within healthcare and community settings.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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50 Chapters
1609 Verified Questions
1609 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a football game,John made 6 tackles.The number of tackles John made is an example of:
A)latency.
B)intensity.
C)duration.
D)frequency.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following was an important figure in the development of behavior modification who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus?
A)Freud
B)Pavlov
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What dimension of behavior is a measure of how long the behavior occurred?
A) latency
B) frequency
C) duration
D) intensity
Answer: C
Q2) Another term for behavior modifications is _______________________________.
Answer: applied behavior analysis
Q3) Behavior modification emphasizes hypothetical underlying causes of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) A behavior does not have an impact on the environment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) Behavior modification treatments are implemented by persons in everyday life. A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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9 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Indirect assessment occurs through:
A)the person's recall of the behavior
B)watching the behavior and recording its occurrence
C)video recording the behavior and recording it from the video
D)all of these
Answer: A
Q2) A good behavioral definition of a behavior involves:
A)a label for the behavior
B)a description of what the person says and does
C)reference to the person's motivation
D)a statement of the intention of the person engaging in the behavior
Answer: B
Q3) If you record the number of time a child with ADHD gets up from his seat in class,what dimension of the behavior are you recording?
A)frequency
B)duration
C)intensity
D)latency
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bill keeps track of the amount of time he studies each day.Which dimension of behavior is Bill recording?
A) frequency
B) duration
C) intensity
D) latency
Q2) Perry's watch beeped every 5 minutes and he recorded whether he was slouched over (bad posture)at the time the watch beeped.This is an example of ___________________ recording.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of an analogue setting?
A) it is easier to control the situation during observation
B) it is easier to manipulate variables that affect behavior
C) it provides a more representative sample of the target behavior
D) all of these
Q4) Recording a person's behavior without the person knowing that recording is taking place,is one way to decrease reactivity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe how you would conduct real-time recording.
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) An A-B design:
A)demonstrates a functional relationship
B)does not demonstrate a functional relationship
C)is a research design
D)is used to compare two treatments
Q2) An A-B-A-B design:
A)is a research design
B)demonstrates a functional relationship
C)involves replication
D)all of these
Q3) In a __________________ design,the same behavior of the same subject is being recorded in baseline and treatment phases in two or more different settings,and treatment is staggered across the settings.
A)multiple baseline across settings
B)multiple baseline across behaviors
C)multiple settings
D)A-B-A-B
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you demonstrate that a behavior modification procedure caused a behavior to change,you are demonstrating a functional relationship.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The research design in which there are increasing (or decreasing)goal levels for the target behavior is referred to as a(n)____________ design.
A) alternating-treatments
B) changing-criterion
C) multiple-baseline
D) A-B-A-B
Q3) Phase labels on a graph are typically put below the X axis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT necessary for a graph to be complete?
A) phase lines
B) data points
C) x-axis and y-axis
D) behavior change
Q5) In an A-B design,A= _________ and B= __________.
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) A student in a special education classroom receives a reinforcer (a token)after every five correct responses on her math worksheet.This is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
A)CRF
B)FR
C)VR
D)FI
Q2) _______________ demonstrated the 'law of effect," one of the earliest demonstration of reinforcement.
A)Thorndike
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Watson
Q3) In which schedule of reinforcement does a reinforcer get delivered when a response occurs after a period of time?
A)ratio schedule
B)continuous reinforcement schedule
C)interval schedule
D)discontinuous reinforcement schedule
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Page 9
Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mary takes out the garbage and,as a result,her parents let her watch her favorite television show.Mary is then more likely to take out the garbage when asked.Being able to watch her favorite television show is a ____________ for her behavior of taking out the garbage.
A) reinforcer
B) reinforcement
C) contingency
D) dependent variable
Q2) An unconditioned reinforcer is a reinforcer that is effective without any prior learning or conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Whenever Tony puts money into a pop machine,he gets a can of pop.Tony never gets pop out of the machine when he does not put money in.This is an example of __________ existing between putting money in the machine and getting pop out.
A) an establishing operation
B) a contingency
C) a negative relationship
D) a functional definition
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Page 10
Chapter 5: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Resistance to extinction means that
A)caregivers do not want to use extinction
B)extinction is no longer implemented
C)the behavior persists once extinction is implemented
D)the behavior decreases rapidly once extinction is implemented
Q2) When a behavior is decreased with extinction but later occurs again,the phenomenon is called:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)reinstatement
C)spontaneous renewal
D)reinforcement
Q3) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
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11
Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extinction works best when:
A) it follows continuous reinforcement
B) it follows intermittent reinforcement
C) reinforcement occurs during extinction
D) A and C
Q2) When a behavior is no longer reinforced,the behavior _______________________ in the future.
Q3) A child cries at the grocery store and the parent gives the child candy.As a result,the child frequently cries at the store.
(a)What is the reinforcer for the child's behavior of crying at the store?
(b)How would the parent use extinction for the child's behavior of crying in the store?
Q4) ____________________ reinforcement prior to extinction makes the behavior less resistant to extinction.
Q5) Extinction is when a behavior is no longer reinforced and as a result,the behavior stops occurring.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Define spontaneous recovery following extinction.
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an aversive stimulus is delivered after a behavior it _________ the behavior,and when an aversive stimulus is removed after a behavior it ______________ the behavior.
A)strengthens;weakens
B)increases;decreases
C)weakens;strengthens
D)none of these
Q2) An abolishing operation:
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a punisher less potent
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
Q3) ________________ is a stimulus that became a punisher by being paired with an unconditioned punisher or conditioned punisher.
A)conditioned punisher
B)conditioned reinforcer
C)unconditioned reinforcer
D)unconditioned punisher
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13
Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______________ is the process in which a stimulus is delivered following a behavior and the behavior decreases in the future.
Q2) Punishment is defined as_________________ .
Q3) Time out is an example of punishment.
Q4) The Premack principle applied to punishment is defined as _______________.
Q5) Which of the following factors influences the effectiveness of punishment?
A) immediacy
B) contingency
C) motivating operations
D) all of these
Q6) For punishment to be most effective,the consequences must follow the behavior immediately.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The principles of reinforcement and punishment are alike in that:
A) behavior is followed by a consequence
B) the consequence influences future behavior
C) behavior is strengthened
D) A and B
Page 14
Q8) Provide an example of positive punishment and an example of negative punishment.
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Page 15
Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you provide a reinforcer when a rat presses a lever when a green light is on and,as a result,it also presses the lever when a similar color light is on (green/blue for example),_______________ has occurred:
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)generalization
D)extinction
Q2) An S<sup>D</sup> ______________ a behavior.
A)evokes
B)reinforces
C)punishes
D)extinguishes
Q3) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In behavior modification,when a certain behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the discriminative stimulus during stimulus discrimination training,____________ has occurred.
A) expansion
B) refinement
C) discrimination
D) generalization
Q2) A(n)________________ is the stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced.
Q3) A stimulus that precedes a behavior is referred to as a(n)________________.
Q4) A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta. A)True B)False
Q6) Stimulus control is developed by stimulus discrimination training. A)True B)False
Q7) How is stimulus control developed? Page 17
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Page 18
Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When food is in the mouth the person salivates.This is an example of:
A)a US and a UR
B)a US and a CR
C)a CS and a CR
D)a CS and a UR
Q2) A young child is at the aquarium was looking at fish swim by the glass on the side of the tank in front of her.Suddenly a large shark darted by the glass and startled the girl (she experienced autonomic arousal).The next time she was near the glass to the tank,she experienced the autonomic arousal again.In this example,identify the US and the CS.
A)shark;colorful fish
B)shark;autonomic arousal
C)shark,the glass to the tank
D)glass to the tank;autonomic arousal
Q3) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n):
A)discriminative stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned response
D)operant behavior
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Page 19
Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unconditioned responses have survival value for the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q2) List 5 factors that influence respondent conditioning.
Q3) John is playing in the front yard when a big dog starts running and barking towards him.The dog attack makes John's heart beat faster and John runs into the house to get away from the dog.Identify both the respondent and operant behaviors that occurred.
Q4) In ____________ conditioning a response is emitted,and conditioning involves a contingency between the response and the consequence.
A) respondent
B) classical
C) Pavlovian
D) operant
Q5) Respondent conditioning is not likely to occur when the NS ______________ (precedes / follows)the US.
Q6) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n) .
Q7) Define respondent extinction.
Q8) Respondent conditioning occurs when a(n) is paired with a(n) .
Page 20
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does it mean to use differential reinforcement with a successive approximation?
A)reinforce the previous approximation and use extinction for the current approximation
B)reinforce the current approximation and use extinction for the previous approximation
C)reinforce the current approximation and use extinction for the next approximation
D)all of these
Q2) When you use extinction for the previous approximation during shaping,_______________ occurs and novel behaviors emerge.You then reinforce one of the novel behaviors that is a closer approximation to the target behavior.
A)a discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)intermittent reinforcement
D)an extinction burst
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Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provide an example of how shaping could be used to change a dimension of an existing behavior.
Q2) In shaping language in a young child,what is typically the starting behavior?
A) words
B) nouns and verbs
C) babbling
D) sentences
Q3) Sara wants to teach her cat Fluffy to use his paw to turn on the television.Sara differentially reinforces Fluffy's behavior of being within one foot of the television,being within one foot and facing the television,when Fluffy touches the television with his paw,when he touches the on button with his paw,and finally when Fluffy hits the on button with his paw.This is an example of using shaping to:
A) change a dimension of an existing behavior
B) generate a novel behavior
C) increase an existing behavior
D) reinstate a previous behavior
Q4) Why is it important to move from reinforcing one approximation to the next approximation at a proper pace?
Q5) Define shaping.Provide an example.
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are using a computer program to help study for your behavior modification exam.The program has flash cards with a term and its definition.When the term is shown,you click the button to see the definition.This allows you to say the correct definition of the term.Each time you click the button to see the definition,the program shows you less and less of the definition.Eventually you have to define the term without seeing any of the definition.This is an example of:
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q2) In which procedure do you gradually remove the stimulus prompt as the correct behavior occurs in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is most-to-least prompting and fading?
Q2) Telling the correct way to swing a bat.
A)verbal prompt
B)gestural prompt
C)modeling prompt
D)physical prompt
Q3) The procedures of prompting and fading are used to:
A) develop stimulus control
B) get existing behavior to occur at the correct time
C) develop new behaviors
D) all of these
Q4) When using prompting and transfer of stimulus control,a reinforcer should be delivered when the behavior occurs:
A) in the presence of the discriminative stimulus
B) following removal of a prompt
C) following a prompt
D) all of these
Q5) Verbal,gestural,modeling and physical prompts are all examples of what category of prompts? ___________
Q6) What are the 3 types of procedures to transfer stimulus control?
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
Q2) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the last behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q3) ______________ is a chaining procedure in which the chain of behaviors is taught as a single unit.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
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25
Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) A complex behavior that is made up of many component behaviors that occur together in a sequence is called a(n)_____________.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a chaining procedure?
A) backward chaining
B) forward chaining
C) total task presentation
D) contingency chaining
Q3) Doug's Mom is going to teach him how to make his bed.Doug's Mom conducts a task analysis to identify all the individual components involved in the task,and decides to teach the first behavior in the chain first,and then teach each subsequent behavior.Doug's Mom is using:
A) forward chaining
B) backward chaining
C) total task presentation
D) graduated guidance
Q4) The difference between forward chaining and backward chaining is where you begin training.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) After providing instructions and modeling,what is the next thing the trainer should do when using behavioral skills training?
A)ask the learner to describe the correct behavior
B)provide another model in case the learner was not paying attention the first time
C)provide the learner with an opportunity to rehearse the behavior
D)tell the learner what not to do
Q2) What is a benefit of rehearsal in behavioral skills training?
A)it lets the teacher know if the learner can engage in the correct behavior
B)it provides an opportunity to reinforce the behavior
C)it provides an opportunity to assess and correct errors that may occur.
D)all of these
Q3) When does in situ training take place?
A)before instructions and modeling
B)after instructions and modeling
C)immediately after a behavioral skills training session
D)when the learner fails to use the skills during and in situ assessment
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of symbolic modeling?
A) observing a cartoon character engage in the target behavior
B) observing your teacher engage in the target behavior
C) observing a video of a peer engaging in the target behavior
D) A and C
Q2) The use of modeling is more likely to be effective when the:
A) model's behavior is reinforced
B) the model is dissimilar to the learner
C) model has low status
D) all of these
Q3) Which behavioral skills training component functions as the behavioral aspect of a three-term contingency?
A) modeling
B) instructions
C) rehearsal
D) feedback
Q4) To be most effective,instructions should be general.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Provide 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of group behavioral skills training.
Page 28
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is NOT functional assessment method?
A)indirect methods
B)direct observation methods
C)functional relationship methods
D)experimental methods
Q2) Missy engages in head banging when she has an earache and the pain of the earache is lessened.As a result,she is more likely to bang her head when she has an earache.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q3) Mandy cries when her parents ask her to do a chore and she does not have to do the chore.As a result,she is more likely to cry when her parents ask her to do a chore.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
29
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Respondent behavior is controlled by ___________ stimuli and operant behavior is controlled by ___________ and ___________.
Q2) Experimental methods,also known as ___________ analysis,or ___________ analysis.
Q3) If a problem behavior produces stimulation that is reinforcing,this is an example of _______________________ positive reinforcement.
Q4) When a problem behavior is reinforced by a teacher terminating a task,this is an example of:
A) social negative reinforcement
B) automatic positive reinforcement
C) social positive reinforcement
D) automatic negative reinforcement
Q5) What should be the first step when using behavior modification procedures to decrease a behavior?
A) choosing reinforcers for the desired behavior
B) choosing punishers for the problem behavior
C) conducting a functional assessment
D) conducting a task analysis
Q6) If a problem behavior is reinforced by attention,it is an example of ___________________ positive reinforcement. Page 30
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Joe flicks the light switch on and off and it produces reinforcing visual stimulation.As a result he is more likely to flick the light switch on and off.Describe the use of extinction in this case.
A)provide no attention when Joe flicks the switch
B)make Joe complete a task when the flicks the switch
C)disable the light switch so flicking it no longer turns the light on or off
D)remove a favorite toy when Joe flicks the light switch
Q2) How does the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior prior to extinction affect extinction for that behavior?
A)the behavior will decrease more quickly following continuous reinforcement than following intermittent reinforcement
B)the behavior will decrease more quickly following intermittent reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement
C)the schedule of reinforcement does not affect extinction
D)extinction will not work following intermittent reinforcement
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Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extinction should only be implemented when:
A) it is unsafe to eliminate the reinforcer
B) punishment has been ineffective
C) the change agent controls the reinforcer
D) all of these
Q2) An extinction procedure should be used in conjunction with a(n)___________ procedure.
Q3) You identify the reinforcer to withhold in an extinction procedure by first conducting a:
A) task analysis
B) functional assessment
C) scatter plot assessment
D) B and C
Q4) When there is a possibility of an extinction burst,you should determine whether:
A) punishment can be implemented for novel behaviors
B) the extinction burst is desirable
C) the change agent can withhold the reinforcer
D) A and C
Q5) Define extinction and provide an example.
Q6) What is sensory extinction? When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) In ______________ the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior.
A)DRA
B)DNRA
C)DRL
D)DRO
Q2) How do you choose the length of the DRO interval?
A)the interval should always be short
B)the interval should always be long
C)the interval length should be tied to the baseline rate of the problem behavior
D)if the problem behavior occurs frequently,the DRO interval will be long
Q3) What two behavioral principles are involved in DRA?
A)reinforcement and stimulus control
B)continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement
C)reinforcement and extinction
D)social and automatic reinforcement
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34
Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) At what point during the implementation of DRO is the time interval increased?
A) when the problem behavior continues to occur at a high level
B) when the reinforcer is being delivered after most intervals
C) the time interval is not increased in DRO
D) A and B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a type of differential reinforcement?
A) DRO
B) DRA
C) DRL
D) DRB
Q3) In order for differential reinforcement to be most effective,the desirable behavior should be reinforced:
A) immediately
B) intermittently
C) randomly
D) A and B
Q4) When identifying a reinforcer to use in a DRO procedure,one consequence event that will function as a reinforcer for the person is ___________.
Q5) What happens in a DRA procedure?
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it less likely he would eat holiday treats Nathan made sure there were no holiday treats at his home.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
Q2) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would work out in the student recreation center at noon,Melissa scheduled a class before noon at a building next to the recreation center
A)decrease response effort
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q3) Which procedure is a functional intervention for problem behaviors?
A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)antecedent control procedures
D)all of these
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Tony wants to decrease his behavior of smoking,so he gets rid of all the cigarettes in his home.Tony also gets rid of his ashtrays and cigarette lighter,and stops going to outdoor bars that are full of people who smoke.Which antecedent control strategy for decreasing a problem behavior is Tony using?
A) arranging establishing operations
B) removing establishing operations
C) presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues
D) removing the discriminative stimulus and cues
Q2) You are always finding excuses not to exercise.Identify 3 different steps you could take to increase your chances of exercising on a regular basis: How would you present the cues for exercising? How would you decrease response effort of exercising? How would you arrange an establishing operation for the outcome of exercising?
Q3) Antecedent control procedures involve a change in the ___________ that evoke the occurrence of a problem behavior or the occurrence of competing behaviors to replace the problem behavior.
Q4) To determine which antecedent control procedures to use in any given situation,it is helpful to understand the situation by analyzing the _______________________ related to both the problem behavior and competing behaviors.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) ______________________ procedures are usually not the first choice of interventions for decreasing problem behaviors:
A)antecedent control
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
Q2) Time-out is appropriate for problem behaviors maintained by:
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)automatic reinforcement
D)all of these
Q3) What is the basic behavioral principle upon which time-out is based?
A)positive punishment
B)extinction
C)negative punishment
D)negative reinforcement
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true concerning the use of punishment in conjunction with DRA?
A) an alternative behavior is reinforced
B) the problem behavior will decrease
C) the absence of the problem behavior is reinforced
D) an alternative behavior will increase
Q2) Time-out should be brief.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Nonexclusionary time-out is not used when
A) the individual's continued presence in the room is disruptive to others
B) access to positive reinforcers can be removed while the individual is in the room
C) participating in the activities in the classroom was reinforcing for the individual
D) A and C
Q4) Sitting down and talking with a child to prevent escape from time-out is acceptable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) Two major categories of aversive events used in positive punishment are:
A)application of aversive activities,application of aversive stimuli
B)time out and response cost
C)application of painful stimuli,reinforcer loss
D)application of painful stimuli,application of aversive stimuli
Q2) Identify a stimulus that has been used in punishment by the application of aversive stimuli.
A)ice
B)lemon juice
C)noise
D)all of these
Q3) What happens if the client starts engaging in the requested activity during guided compliance?
A)physical guidance continues until the task is completed
B)physical guidance is withdrawn
C)physical guidance is used intermittently
D)physical guidance is increased
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Q1) In contingent exercise,what must the learner do following the problem behavior?
A) correct the environment damaged by the behavior
B) comply with the task that was requested prior to the problem behavior
C) repeatedly engage in the correct behavior
D) engage in an effortful behavior that is not related to the problem behavior.
Q2) One form of positive punishment procedures involves the application of ____________ contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior.
A) aversive activities
B) reinforcing stimulation
C) conditioned stimuli
D) negative reinforcement
Q3) When an individual understands and willingly agrees to the punishment procedure it is referred to as:
A) informed consent
B) a behavioral contract
C) informed participation
D) voluntary agreement
Q4) What is the difference in terms of the aversive activity between contingent exercise and overcorrection? To
Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then goes into the homes and praises the parents for each of the parenting skills they use successfully.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Reinforcing occurrences of generalization
B)Training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
C)Modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
D)Incorporating a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training
Q2) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks each parent to praise the other parent when the parent uses a parenting skill successfully.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Reinforcing occurrences of generalization
B)Training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
C)Modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
D)Incorporating a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) A psychologist is working with a child who becomes aggressive when he is teased by other children.The psychologist uses role plays involving examples of the problem situations that the child may face,in order to teach the child the appropriate skills necessary to deal with any situation that may arise.Which strategy for promoting generalization is being used?
A) modifying natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment
B) incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training
C) incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
D) training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
Q2) The constructional approach to the treatment of problem behaviors involves:
A) focusing on the development of functionally equivalent alternative behaviors
B) eliminating reinforcement for replacement behaviors
C) focusing on the implementation of punishment to decrease a problem behavior
D) eliminating the problem behavior in only one setting in which it occurs
Q3) What does it mean to incorporate common stimuli?
Q4) What is a generalized reduction in a problem?
Q5) What is likely to happen to the problem behavior if functionally equivalent alternative behaviors aren't used to replace the problem?
Q6) Describe general case programming.
Page 43
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) When a person uses behavior modification procedures to change his or her own behavior,the process is called _____________________.
A)applied behavior analysis
B)self-behavior modification
C)self-management
D)self-directed behavior modification
Q2) Why might people fail to exercise even though it is good for them in the long run?
A)exercise might be punished with sore muscles
B)high response effort is involved in exercise
C)competing behaviors that are reinforced immediately interfere with exercise
D)all of these
Q3) What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management plan?
A)providing a reinforcer even when a target behavior does not occur
B)failing to provide a punisher for a behavior when it should have been delivered
C)failing to implement contingencies as written in a self-management plan.
D)all of these
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Q1) Which of the following should be used in ALL self-management procedures?
A) arranging reinforcers
B) antecedent manipulation
C) behavioral contract
D) social support
Q2) The process of generating information on the antecedents and consequences of the target behavior and the competing behaviors is referred to as:
A) environmental review
B) self-monitoring
C) functional assessment
D) contingency assessment
Q3) When choosing appropriate self-management strategies,you should choose one or more strategies that manipulate relevant ___________ and relevant ___________.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true concerning goal setting?
A) goal setting is usually effective by itself as a self-management strategy
B) goal setting involves a criterion level and a time frame
C) the goals that are set should be achievable
D) goal setting is often used in conjunction with self-monitoring
Q5) When does social support become a self-management strategy?
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) _____________ are repetitive,jerking movements of particular muscle groups in the body.
A)nervous habits
B)motor tics
C)nervous tics
D)habit reversal
Q2) Which of the following is a type of habit behavior?
A)nervous habit
B)motor tic
C)stuttering
D)all of these
Q3) Which of these might be an acceptable competing response for nail biting?
A)grasping a pencil
B)keeping hands in pockets.
C)folding hands in lap
D)all of these
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) What is involved in the awareness training component of a habit reversal procedure?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true concerning habit reversal procedures?
A) they are implemented by the individual with the problem behavior
B) they are used to decrease the frequency of undesirable behavior
C) they are used for behaviors that generally do not interfere with social functioning
D) they are implemented by the person engaging in the habit behavior
Q3) When the habit behavior involves stuttering,the competing response:
A) is used only when stuttering occurs
B) provides an alternative behavior to replace stuttering
C) serves as a punisher for stuttering
D) is functionally equivalent to stuttering
Q4) In addition to habit reversal which of the following procedures have been found to be effective in decreasing habit behaviors?
A) DRO and response cost
B) DRO and social disapproval
C) DRO,response interruption and brief restraint
D) all of these
Q5) It is believed that nervous habits serve to diminish ________________.
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) _______________ is a reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers are delivered for desirable behaviors and later exchanged for back up reinforcers
A)behavioral contract
B)token economy
C)structured reinforcement plan
D)response cost
Q2) What should a change agent do each time he or she delivers a token?
A)nothing,just deliver the token
B)remind the client to keep engaging in the correct behavior
C)provide praise
D)all of these
Q3) What is true regarding the use of response cost in a token economy?
A)response cost is always used
B)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy starts with response cost
C)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy gets established and then response cost is added
D)response cost is not used in a token economy
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Q1) A change agent should always deliver the tokens ________________ the desirable behavior.
Q2) Describe 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages involved in the use of a token economy.
Q3) Why is it important for a response cost procedure to not result in a loss of all tokens?
Q4) Most often the token exchange rate remains stagnant throughout the token economy program.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is true concerning a token economy?
A) desirable behavior can be immediately reinforced
B) tokens are not easy to dispense and accumulate
C) a token economy is easy to implement in terms of time and effort
D) A and C
Q6) Which of the following components is NOT always used in a token economy?
A) implementing response cost
B) determining the reinforcement schedule
C) establishing the token exchange rate
D) identifying backup reinforcers
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) ____________________ is a written agreement between two parties in which one or both parties
Agree to engage in a specified level of a target behavior or behaviors.Furthermore,the contract states the consequence that will be administered contingent on the occurrence.
A)behavioral contract
B)contingency contract
C)performance contract
D)all of these
Q2) What should the contract manager do if the contractee fails to engage in the target level of the behavior specified in the contract?
A)write another contract with more lenient goals
B)write another contract with harder goals
C)implement the contract contingencies as written
D)all of these
Q3) Which of the following is not a component of a behavioral contract?
A)identify the target behavior and state how it will be measured
B)identify the reinforcement or punishment contingency.
C)identify who will implement the contingency.
D)identify the items to be used as tokens in the contract
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) The target behavior in a behavioral contract can include ____________ behaviors.
A) desirable
B) undesirable
C) deficit or excess
D) all of these
Q2) Sally writes a behavioral contract with the school counselor in which she commits to studying 2 hours per evening.If she does (as verified by her mother),she avoids the loss of $10 that she deposited with the counselor.This is an example of a:
A) one party contract
B) quid pro quo contract
C) parallel contract
D) two party contract
Q3) Define a two party contract.
Q4) In what type of behavioral contract does the behavior change of one party serve as the reinforcer for the behavior change of the other party and vice versa?
A) parallel contract
B) dual contract
C) status quo contract
D) quid pro quo contract
Page 51
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) In _______________,the person with a phobia practices relaxation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus.
A)in vivo desensitization
B)systematic desensitization
C)flooding
D)all of these
Q2) In __________________,the person breathes deeply in a slow,rhythmic fashion to produce relaxation.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q3) _______________ is similar to systematic desensitization,except that the client gradually approaches or is gradually exposed to the actual fear-producing stimulus.
A)in vivo desensitization
B)systematic desensitization
C)flooding
D)all of these
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) List one advantage and one disadvantage of systematic desensitization. List one advantage and one disadvantage of in vivo desensitization.
Q2) The procedure of systematic desensitization is complete when:
A) relaxation is maintained while being exposed to each step of the hierarchy
B) relaxation is maintained while imagining each scene from the hierarchy
C) the entire fear hierarchy has been developed
D) the client has learned relaxation skills
Q3) Whenever Amy sees a dog,she experiences unpleasant bodily responses (rapid heart beat,upset stomach,and sweaty hands)and engages in escape behavior (runs away).In behavior modification,Amy's operant and respondent behavior is referred to as:
A) fear
B) reactivity
C) alarm
D) behavioral excess
Q4) __________________ desensitization involves imaginal contact with the feared stimuli in the hierarchy.
Q5) How does focusing attention on the sensations of breathing help a person alleviate anxiety?
Q6) How does diaphragmatic breathing decrease autonomic arousal?
Page 53
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) The occurrence of cognitive behavior can influence other behaviors.Which of the following is a function that cognitive behavior can serve?
A)CS
B)MO
C)reinforcer
D)all of these
Q2) _______________ are negative evaluations or interpretations of life events or logical errors in thinking that lead to negative mood or depressed behavior.
A)self-instructions
B)cognitive distortions
C)cognitive symbols
D)cognitive weaknesses
Q3) ___________________ procedures are designed to teach new cognitive behaviors that are then used to promote other desirable behaviors
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) When cognitive behavior is involved,who identifies and records the occurrence of the behavior?
A) the individual engaging in the behavior
B) independent observers
C) significant others
D) A and B
Q2) Provide 3 examples of "cognitive distortions."
Q3) Cognitive behavior modification for depression involves first getting the person to engage in more ________________.
Q4) Which cognitive behavior modification procedure helps a person identify distressing thoughts and to get rid of the distressing thoughts?
A) acceptance based therapies
B) cognitive restructuring
C) self-instructional training
D) cognitive coping skills training
Q5) In cognitive therapy,the therapist asks the client questions in an attempt to get the client to change her distorted thinking.
A)True
B)False
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