Course Introduction
Clinical Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Clinical Psychology explores the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders, emphasizing both theoretical foundations and practical applications. Students learn about various therapeutic approaches, the diagnostic criteria for mental health conditions, and the ethical considerations inherent in clinical practice. The course covers the development of intervention strategies, techniques for conducting psychological assessments, and the role of cultural, social, and biological factors in mental health and illness. Through lectures, case studies, and practical activities, students gain an understanding of how clinical psychologists contribute to mental health care and the broader healthcare system.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The author of the textbook defines personality as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) List by name the six general approaches to personality. Using an example of someone you know who is aggressive, discuss how each of the six explain that person's behavior.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
Q3) Which of the following is an explanation that personality researchers from the biological approach give for aggressive behavior?
A) The inheritance of a proclivity to be aggressive.
B) An adaptive mechanism according to evolutionary theory.
C) Levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
D) All of the above
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does a correlation coefficient not tell us?
A) If the difference between two means reflects a real difference or can be attributed to chance fluctuation.
B) The strength of a relationship between two measures.
C) The direction of a relationship between two measures.
D) How well a score on one measure can be predicted by a score on another.
Answer: A
Q2) A subject variable, which is a characteristic of research participants, is also known as
A) a hypothesis.
B) a manipulated independent variable.
C) a nonmanipulated independent variable.
D) a personality assessment.
Answer: C
Q3) The use of nonmanipulated variables is required when an independent variable exists without the experimenter's intervention.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sandy is given a set of cards by her therapist on which ambiguous pictures of people are displayed. To understand and treat her psychological problems, Sandy's therapist is using the
A) Rorschach inkblot test.
B) Thematic Apperception Test.
C) free association test.
D) Human Figure Drawing Test.
Answer: B
Q2) Information about where you parked your car or the name of your uncle is probably stored in which part of the mind, according to Freud's topographic model?
A) Conscious
B) Preconscious
C) Unconscious
D) Subconscious
Answer: B
Q3) Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud, a good joke teller should
A) get to the punch line quickly.
B) get people to relax as the punch line approaches.
C) build tension in the audience as the joke is told.
D) avoid jokes with hostile or aggressive content.
Q2) Which of the following conclusions has been supported by the results of REM sleep research?
A) Depriving someone of REM sleep leads to severe psychological disturbances.
B) Reduced REM sleep is associated with emotional disorders.
C) Greater than average amounts of REM sleep indicate psychological problems.
D) Without REM sleep it is impossible to perform stressful tasks.
Q3) Which of the following findings challenges the Freudian interpretation of dreams?
A) People often dream during REM sleep.
B) Newborn babies experience large amounts of REM sleep.
C) People deprived of REM sleep have difficulty with anxiety-provoking material.
D) People have longer periods of REM sleep as the night progresses.
Q4) Give a description of your own of the defense mechanisms used by children and contrast them with those used by adults. Give examples of different individual differences in defense mechanisms.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Adler, all but one of the following parental behaviors is likely to lead to personality problems in the children. Which one?
A) Giving the child too much attention
B) Being overprotective
C) Giving too little attention
D) Allowing the child to be independent
Q2) Which of the following is correct about Adler's concept of striving for superiority?
A) A strong striving for superiority is most likely to develop in children who see their superiority over others very early in life.
B) Striving for superiority was one of many equally important motivational forces Adler used to explain achievement behavior.
C) Weak and helpless children are unlikely to develop a strong sense of striving for superiority.
D) Striving for superiority has its roots in a child's perception of personal inferiority.
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research on the frustration-aggression hypothesis, we would expect a frustrated man who is allowed to act aggressively to experience
A) catharsis and reduce his aggression.
B) catharsis and increase his aggression.
C) no catharsis and reduce his aggression.
D) no catharsis and increase his aggression.
Q2) A friend comes to you with a problem. You determine that there is nothing she can do to solve the problem but also that it is not going to go away any time soon. According to research, which type of coping strategy should you recommend?
A) Emotion-focused strategy
B) Problem-focused strategy
C) Avoidant strategy
D) Defensive strategy
Q3) Which of the following is true about neurotic anxiety, as conceived by Freud?
A) It is experienced when id impulses are close to breaking into consciousness.
B) It prevents the ego from utilizing defense mechanisms.
C) It is created when id impulses violate society's moral code.
D) People experiencing neurotic anxiety usually are aware of what is making them anxious.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about research on the Big Five?
A) There are very few findings support general trends in Big Five scores over the lifespan.
B) Different findings may reflect differences in how broadly investigators conceive the personality structure.
C) All studies using factor analysis include the same kind of data.
D) Controversy surrounds the inconsistent findings for the Big Five over different populations.
Q2) According to Allport, which of the following is true about central traits?
A) They are basically the same for all people.
B) They are useful when examining personality through the nomothetic approach.
C) They are useful when examining personality through the idiographic approach.
D) They are comprised of a number of secondary traits.
Q3) Which theorist identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality?
A) Gordon Allport
B) Raymond Cattell
C) Carl Jung
D) Henry Murray
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have used the factor analysis statistical technique to examine the relation among various emotions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Some researchers believe that evaluation apprehension is the underlying cause of social anxiety. This means people high in social anxiety
A) are afraid of being graded or tested.
B) do not like to meet new people.
C) are afraid to speak in front of a large audience.
D) are afraid of what other people will think of them.
Q3) Monroe is very competitive at work and when playing sports with his friends. He often takes work home with him in the evening and frequently eats lunch at his desk so he can do two things at once. He gets very frustrated and sometimes angry when he can't do something well the first time. Monroe could best be classified as a(n)
A) extravert.
B) Type A person.
C) person high in need for Achievement.
D) person high in need for Power.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is false about childhood differences in temperament patterns?
A) Differences show up on teachers' evaluations.
B) Differences are found in scores on achievement tests.
C) Differences are related to intelligence.
D) Differences are found in the child's grades.
Q2) A woman likes to spend her time with others, enjoys loud music, often acts impulsively, and does not like to be alone. According to Eysenck's model of personality, this woman is
A) sociable.
B) extraverted.
C) low in neuroticism.
D) impulsive.
Q3) Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament. This approach is based on which model?
A) Eysenck's model of personality
B) The five-factor model
C) The "goodness of fit" model
D) Evolutionary personality model
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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61 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In one study introverts found themselves ________ mood when the experimenter instructed them to act more extraverted.
A) in the same
B) in a better
C) in a sour
D) more sad in
Q2) You know a woman who has many friends and is often out having fun. But this woman also typically acts before thinking, thus bringing her a lot of trouble. This woman is probably
A) high on neuroticism.
B) low on neuroticism.
C) an extravert.
D) an introvert.
Q3) Extraversion has one of the strongest genetic components of any personality variable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following concepts is generally accepted by advocates of the humanistic approach to psychology?
A) No one can know a client in therapy better than the client himself or herself.
B) It is the therapist's job to explain to the client the new goals the client must set for him- or herself.
C) People should spend more time thinking about the future and planning the directions of their lives.
D) People need to see how their past sets the course for where their lives are going.
Q2) Identify an optimal experience you have had. List the eight components of optimal experiences and discuss whether each one was present in yours.
Q3) Which of the following is true about peak experiences, as described by Maslow?
A) All self-actualized people experience them.
B) Only self-actualized people experience them.
C) They are unrelated to where one is on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
D) Self-actualized people have more intense and frequent peak experiences than others.
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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60 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) William tries out for the high school baseball team but fails to make it. If we know that he is high in self-esteem, what might we expect William's reaction to be?
A) He will attribute his failure to his lack of effort.
B) He will blame the coach for making a poor decision.
C) He will think about something he does well.
D) He will ignore the feedback and continue to think of himself as a gifted baseball player.
Q2) Research has shown that men and women are more likely to be accepted when they disclose according to appropriate gender roles in society. For men, this means
A) withholding information for the most part.
B) disclosing information that is misleading or simply false.
C) never revealing anything about one's self.
D) none of the above
Q3) In contrast to low self-esteem people, when faced with failure, people with high self-esteem typically work just as hard as they do after successes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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68 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that both procedures A) are used to increase the frequency of a behavior. B) are used to decrease the frequency of a behavior. C) take away something for inappropriate behaviors. D) are ineffective unless backed up with classical conditioning.
Q2) A tennis coach works with players to improve the accuracy of their backhand stroke with successive attempts to produce more hits on target each week of the season. The coach is using a form of conditioning known as A) stimulus generalization. B) shaping.
C) punishment. D) discrimination.
Q3) Define operant conditioning and contrast it with classical conditioning. State the law of effect and describe the nature of the observations made by Thorndike to formulate the law. Give two examples of your own that illustrate the reinforcement strategies used in operant conditioning to increase desired behaviors.
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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62 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively. Although there are some exceptions, most of this research finds
A) there is little evidence that watching aggressive television increases aggression.
B) watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances.
C) watching aggressive television is related to aggressive behavior, but this is because aggressive people tend to watch aggression on television.
D) watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, but only in children.
Q2) The traditional masculinity-femininity model for describing individual differences in gender-role behavior was based on the assumption that
A) gender-role behavior is learned through operant conditioning and observational learning.
B) masculinity and femininity represent two end points on one continuum.
C) it is better to be masculine than feminine.
D) masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions of personality.
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people respond to stress.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In addition to allowing for rapid processing of schema-relevant information, self-schemas provide a framework for
A) organizing relevant information.
B) self-understanding.
C) processing unconscious feelings.
D) recalling life events.
Q3) Self-schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one?
A) process self-relevant information
B) organize information
C) describe oneself
D) avoid stereotyping
Q4) Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive behavior therapy is to A) help clients repress negative emotion.
B) teach clients more effective social skills.
C) help clients get in touch with their true emotions.
D) replace clients' irrational beliefs with rational ones.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?
A) It is related to depression.
B) Processing filters out positive information.
C) It tends to identify one's problems with specific events.
D) It is a form of negative reinforcement.
Q2) Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression
A) have generally failed until recently.
B) effectively use cognitive (behavior) therapy.
C) are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault.
D) only work for very young boys.
Q3) You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depression-associated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people?
A) Clinically depressed patients
B) Mildly depressed college students
C) Nondepressed patients
D) Students simply asked to think about some sad events
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Page 18
Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) Trudy wants to conduct research on individual differences in proneness to depression. If she wants to first discover what researchers have already found out about this question, she should probably look into research on each of the following except one. Which one?
A) Type A
B) Explanatory style
C) Locus of control
D) Schemas
Q2) Contrast cognitive psychotherapy with the approaches of Freud and Rogers. Use the methods of Kelly as an example of cognitive therapy in your discussion. Next, contrast Kelly's approach to psychotherapy and Ellis's approach. What differences are in the goals of each approach?
Q3) One component of Type A that is a relatively strong predictor of health problems is A) frustration.
B) need for Achievement.
C) anger and hostility.
D) the toxic component.
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