Course Introduction
Clinical Pharmacology Final Exam
Clinical Pharmacology explores the principles and applications of drugs in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in humans. The course covers drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and drug interactions. Students also learn the basics of clinical trials, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, individualized therapy, and the ethical aspects of medication management. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based decision-making in clinical practice and the integration of pharmacological knowledge for optimizing patient care.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions 7th Edition by Ruth Woodrow
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27 Chapters
675 Verified Questions
675 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Consumer Safety and Drug Regulations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ian,a registered nurse,maintains that he is not a drug abuser,so the 1970 Controlled Substances Act has no relevance for him.Is he right?
A)Yes,except that his state licensing board may place additional restrictions on him.
B)Yes,as long as he does not abuse drugs,this act does not impact him.
C)No,as long as he is careful to avoid the appearance of impropriety and is generally responsible in his all aspects of life.
D)No,because the act lays out his responsibilities with respect to record keeping and administration of controlled substances.
Answer: D
Q2) What agency would you expect to inspect plants where food,drugs,medical devices,and cosmetics are made?
A)The Drug Enforcement Agency
B)The Food and Drug Administration
C)The National Formulary
D)The Inspector General
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Drug Names and References
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Q1) Ice cream names such as chocolate,vanilla,and strawberry are similar to .
A)chemical drug names
B)official drug names
C)generic drug names
D)trade drug names
Answer: C
Q2) One of the drawbacks of the United States Pharmacopeia/Dispensing Information is that it .
A)is useful for research but not clinical practice
B)places too much focus on off-label uses
C)is too simplistic for most professionals
D)does not include photographs of drugs
Answer: D
Q3) Who assigns generic names to drugs?
A)FDA
B)manufacturers
C)pharmacies
D)USAN
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Sources and Bodily Effects of Drugs
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Q1) The process of a drug being broken down and altered to more water-soluble by-products is known as .
A)biotransformation
B)degradation
C)disassembly
D)solubility
Answer: A
Q2) You are reading about the treatment of cardiovascular disease and learn that some medications are more effective in African Americans than persons of other races.The study of why medications vary in effectiveness among groups is known as .
A)genetic therapy
B)epigenetics
C)behavioral genetics
D)pharmacogenomics
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Medication Preparations and Supplies
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Q1) As a recovering alcoholic,you know that you should avoid taking oral medication in the form of a(n) .
A)syrup
B)solution
C)suspension
D)elixir
Q2) Your dog is diabetic and you must give her insulin injections twice a day.She is something of a spoiled princess and you want to use needles that have the smallest diameter opening as possible.The size of the opening is specified by the needle's .
A)length
B)gauge
C)capacity
D)rating
Q3) Mandy is preparing an injection and mixes dry particles of drug with a sterile solution.This is called .
A)reconstitution
B)dilution
C)chelation
D)adsorption
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Chapter 5: Abbreviations and Systems of Measurement
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Q1) You have just finished giving medication instructions to 72-year-old Virgil,who seems overwhelmed by both his recent diagnosis and all of the medications he will be taking.How might you approach this situation?
A)Ask him to call a friend or family member and explain the medication instructions to them.
B)Leave him alone so that he can relax,and let the next shift try explaining the medication again.
C)Quiz him on the information and if he answers incorrectly,keep testing him until he gets it right.
D)Ask him to explain to you how the medications should be taken and if he cannot,go over the instructions again.
Q2) Suppose a prescription is written for a controlled substance such as a narcotic pain medication.What information,in addition to that required on all prescriptions,must be included on the written prescription?
A)the patient's social security number
B)the physician's DEA number
C)the physician's license number
D)the physician's provider number
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Chapter 6: Safe Dosage Preparation
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Q1) The ratio and proportion method relies on the .
A)ability to estimate
B)use of conversion factors
C)equality of two ratios
D)equality of two proportions
Q2) The preoperative order reads Demerol 60 mg IM on call.The narcotics drawer contains vials labeled meperidine (Demerol)100 mg/2 mL.How should this be set up in the ratio and proportion method?
A)60 mg : 100 mg = 2 mL : X mL
B)100 mg : 2 mL = 60 mg : X mL
C)X mL : 2 mL = 100 mg : 60 mg
D)2 mL : 60 mg = 100 mg : X mL
Q3) A trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole suspension contains 40 mg / 5 mL.The order is for 120 mg.If you use the ratio and proportion method,the formula should be set up as follows: .
A)5 mL : 120 mg : 40 mg : X mL
B)120 mg : 40 mg = 5 mL : X mL
C)40 mg : X mL = 120 mg : 5 mL
D)40 mg : 5 mL = 120 mg : X mL
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Responsibilities and Principles of Drug Administration
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Q1) Cyndy notices that the doctor has ordered the administration of 400 mg of meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol)every two hours.She knows that the usual dose is 50 to 150 mg every three to four hours.What should she do?
A)Administer the drug as ordered but include your concerns in your documentation.
B)Administer the drug as ordered.
C)Question the dose in accordance with the facility's procedures.
D)Administer the usual dose,chart the change,and ask the doctor at rounds.
Q2) Ms.Vasco's arms are covered with bruises and as a result,she begs you to give her a pill rather than another injection.Under what circumstances can a route be changed?
A)when the patient approved the change
B)only with a physician's order
C)when the ordered form is not available
D)anytime that an equivalent is available
Q3) For what types of medication errors must an incident report be completed?
A)for all medication errors
B)only those witnessed by another health care practitioner
C)only if there is an adverse reaction
D)only those that are potentially dangerous
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Chapter 8: Administration by the Gastrointestinal Route
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Q1) Gastric tubes are sometimes called .
A)peg tubes
B)NG tubes
C)PICC lines
D)ports
Q2) What is the term for medication in liquid form that is administered rectally?
A)retention enema
B)rectal suspension
C)enteric enema
D)suppository
Q3) Four-year-old Tasmin is receiving chemotherapy for neuroblastoma and her doctors have decided to place a nasogastric tube.What is an advantage of such a tube?
A)avoidance of multiple injections
B)slower onset of absorption and action
C)ease of retrieving accidental overdoses
D)economy because most medications are formulated for it
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Chapter 9: Administration by the Parenteral Route
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Q1) Intermittent positive pressure breathing treatments are useful for patients who are .
A)unable to cough on their own
B)unable to take deep breaths on their own
C)not compliant with other methods
D)very physically active
Q2) Why is site selection particularly important when giving IM injections?
A)Once a particular site has been used,it can never be used again.
B)The needles used are so short that they must be precisely placed.
C)Medications given IM are typically more prone to causing infections.
D)There are more large blood vessels and nerves in deep tissue.
Q3) What do topical skin medications,medications applied to the mucous membranes,eye medications,and ear medications have in common?
A)They are all used for local effects.
B)Their usefulness is related to how quickly they are metabolized and distributed.
C)They can cause very dangerous systemic side effects even when used properly.
D)They are all excreted very rapidly.
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Chapter 10: Poison Control Part II: Drug Classifications
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Q1) One of the drawbacks of using activated charcoal is that it .
A)is too risky to use in most poisonings
B)is not well tolerated by patients
C)is often abused by persons with anorexia or bulimia
D)may interfere with the action of antidotes
Q2) Callers to poison control centers should be prepared to give details regarding the poison and the victim's age,weight and ____.
A)state of mind
B)cognitive function
C)health status
D)emotional stability
Q3) You are preparing an insecticide for use in your garden when you splash some on your skin.You should rinse your skin under running water for .
A)20 minutes
B)15 minutes
C)10 minutes
D)5 minutes
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Chapter 11: Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs
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Q1) According to DSHEA,under what circumstances can the FDA place restrictions on a dietary supplement that is already on the market?
A)The FDA must show that the product is unsafe before it can order restrictions.
B)If the FDA determines that the manufacturer did not perform sufficient safety and efficacy testing,it can order restrictions.
C)The FDA must demonstrate that the product is neither safe nor effective in treating the diseases for which it is marketed to be able to order restrictions.
D)If the FDA receives complaints of serious adverse effects in more than 1% of users of the supplement,it can order restrictions.
Q2) Any compound that fights against the destructive effects of free radicals is called a(n) .
A)antiradical
B)antioxidant
C)radical antagonist
D)oxidation inhibitor
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13
Chapter 12: Skin Medications
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Q1) Burton has dandruff and is embarrassed by the flakes that seem to cascade from his scalp.What type of agent might be helpful?
A)antifungal
B)keratolycic
C)protectant
D)pediculicide
Q2) Overuse or extended use of antibacterial agents can lead to .
A)addiction
B)dependence
C)paradoxical reactions
D)resistance
Q3) After many unsuccessful attempts to treat his acne with topical medications including antibiotics,Flynn's doctor has prescribed isotretinoin for him.What action is the isotretinoin likely to have?
A)It will decrease oil production.
B)It will increase male hormones.
C)It will decrease cortisol levels.
D)It will act as an antiviral.
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14
Chapter 13: Autonomic Nervous System Drugs
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Q1) Deanna has angina pectoris and is being treated with a beta-blocker.What side effects might she experience?
A)hyperglycemia
B)bronchospasm
C)hypertension
D)tachycardia
Q2) Kirk has myasthenia gravis,a disease characterized by fluctuating weakness of voluntary muscles.If he is treated with a drug that acts via the autonomic nervous system,what drug will he likely receive?
A)pilocarpine
B)pyridostigmine
C)glycopyrrolate
D)atropine
Q3) Elle is given medication prior to surgery to dry up her secretions.This drug is likely to be a(n) .
A)adrenergic
B)anticholinergic
C)cholinergic
D)adrenergic blocker
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Antineoplastic Drugs
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Q1) Mitch is in treatment for lung cancer with doxorubicin.During the infusion,he should be closely monitored for .
A)hypotension
B)seizures
C)intravenous infiltration
D)hypoglycemia
Q2) Arthur does not have cancer,but does have severe rheumatoid arthritis that has not been responsive to treatment.What class of antineoplastic agents might be used to treat his rheumatoid arthritis?
A)monoclonal antibody
B)alkylating agent
C)antimetabolite
D)radioisotope
Q3) Ziva is in treatment for lymphoma with an antitumor antibiotic.She will be closely monitored for signs of .
A)cardiotoxicity
B)immune system hyperactivity
C)peripheral neuropathy
D)development of a secondary cancer
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Urinary System Drugs
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Q1) Your friend's grandfather is placed on a diuretic and counseled to eat lots of bananas and citrus fruits.Why?
A)Certain diuretics can cause potassium depletion and bananas and citrus fruits are rich in potassium.
B)The vitamin C in the fruits will help prevent adverse reactions associated with diuretics.
C)Eating fruit will help him avoid the constipation that is associated with many diuretics.
D)Fruits are an important part of a healthy diet.
Q2) Following major abdominal surgery.Tommy has difficult urinating.What type of drug might help with this condition?
A)an uricosuric agent
B)a cholinergic
C)a xanthine oxidase inhibitors
D)an antiandrogen
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Chapter 16: Gastrointestinal Drugs
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Q1) Ariella is taking a drug for GERD that acts by blocking H receptors and reducing the amount of gastric acid released in response to stimuli such as food and caffeine.One such drug is .
A)ranitidine
B)lansoprazole
C)sucralfate
D)misoprostol
Q2) Your friend Lyn has been prescribed an antibiotic for a sinus infection.She is concerned that the antibiotic will kill off the "good" bacteria in her gut and has not even started taking it,despite being very uncomfortable from the infection.What probiotic yeast could she take to prevent the diarrhea that is sometimes associated with antibiotic use?
A)bifidobacterium
B)akkermansia muciniphila
C)lactobacillus
D)saccharomyces boulardii
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18
Chapter 17: Anti-Infective Drugs
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Q1) Your great-grandmother is hospitalized from a broken hip and has become critically ill with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)infection.What is the first-line antibiotic for the treatment of MRSA?
A)vancomycin
B)ampicillin
C)amphotericin B
D)sulfamethoxazole
Q2) Jeremy,a healthy 30-year-old,is spring cleaning his garage and sees clear signs of mice having spent the winter months inside.Several weeks later,he experiences severe muscle pain,headache,and fever,and his symptoms progress to include a disconcerting inability to catch his breath.He is hospitalized and diagnosed with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome.What antiviral might save his life?
A)ribavirin
B)oseltamivir
C)valacyclovir
D)zidovudine
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Chapter 18: Eye Medications
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Q1) Brent is taking a beta-adrenergic blocker to treat his glaucoma.What action do beta-adrenergic blockers have?
A)They increase the rate of aqueous humor outflow.
B)They decrease the rate of aqueous humor outflow.
C)They decrease the rate of aqueous humor production.
D)They increase the rate of aqueous humor production.
Q2) Tracy's eyes are inflamed.What type of topical agent would provide a barrier function at the level of the conjunctival mucosa and help to dilute and flush various allergens and inflammatory mediators?
A)NSAIDs
B)corticosteroids
C)ophthalmic lubricants
D)decongestants
Q3) Amos was taken to the emergency room after an industrial accident caused eye injuries.What may be useful in the acute stages of eye injury to prevent scarring?
A)cycloplegics
B)topical corticosteroids
C)mydriatics
D)NSAIDs
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Analgesics, Sedatives, and Hypnotics
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Q1) Arleen is being treated for chronic pain and finds that she is needing higher doses of the pain medication to control her pain.This phenomenon is known as .
A)withdrawal
B)tolerance
C)addiction
D)abuse
Q2) Sybil has been taking high doses of aspirin for arthritis,and is having increasingly serious adverse effects.What medication might her health care provider suggest that has analgesic effects but very limited anti-inflammatory effects and would also allow a reduction of the aspirin dose?
A)ibuprofen
B)acetaminophen
C)naproxen
D)nabumetone
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Chapter 20: Psychotropic Medications, Alcohol, and Drug Abuse
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Q1) Seven-year-old Grant's family and physician are considering pharmacologic treatment of his ADHD with one of the amphetamine/methylphenidate formulations.Accordingly,it is particularly important that the physician screen for personal and family history of .
A)hypothyroidism
B)cardiovascular disease
C)cancer
D)diabetes
Q2) Jillian is taking an antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.This medication is most likely to be .
A)doxepin
B)isocarboxazid
C)venlafaxine
D)citalopram
Q3) Newborn Giana has sleep apnea.The medication of choice is . A)methylphenidate
B)caffeine citrate
C)pseudoephedrine
D)lisdexamfetamine
22
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Chapter 21: Musculoskeletal and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
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Q1) Myra is taking a bisphosphonate for treatment of osteoporosis.She should take the bisphosphonate with a .
A)protein rich breakfast and glass of milk
B)full glass of water,at least 30 minutes before her first food of the day
C)calcium rich snack before bedtime
D)fatty snack upon arising
Q2) Rajesh,an active and fit young adult,injures his shoulder in a weekend baseball game.His doctor tells him to take an NSAID and reminds him of the acronym RICE.What does the R indicate?
A)repair
B)rethink
C)rehabilitation
D)rest
Q3) Marlee has heard that COX-2 inhibitors are less likely to cause GI bleeds than are NSAIDs.What property of COX-2 inhibitors makes them less likely to cause GI bleeds?
A)COX-2 inhibitors form a protective coating in the stomach as they dissolve.
B)COX-2 inhibitors increase the production of protective mucous.
C)COX-2 inhibitors do not inhibit platelet aggregation.
D)COX-2 inhibitors decrease the production of stomach acids.
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Anticonvulsants, Antiparkinsonian Drugs, and Agents for Alzheimers Disease
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Q1) Alex,34 years of age,was recently diagnosed with Parkinson's.What medication might he be prescribed as a "levodopa-sparing" strategy?
A)gabapentin
B)ropinirole
C)galantamine
D)tolcapone
Q2) Epilepsy is defined as the recurrence of .
A)unprovoked seizures
B)ocnvulsive seizures
C)febrile seizures
D)bilaterally symmetric seizures
Q3) Jim has been taking a carbidopa-levodopa agent for almost two years and is experiencing wearing off.What medication might be useful?
A)carbamazepine
B)rivastigmine
C)selegiline
D)levetiracetam
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Endocrine System Drugs
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Q1) Clara has been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes and is being started on an oral antidiabetic agent.What biguanide might she be given?
A)acarbose
B)glipizide
C)metformin
D)exenatide
Q2) Erika has had a kidney transplant and is taking,among her many medications,corticosteroids.The corticosteroids are intended to .
A)improve immune response
B)increase red blood cells
C)prevent rejection
D)limit inflammation
Q3) Erika will be taking corticosteroids for a relatively long period of time.In order to reduce the risk of suppressing her adrenals and causing adrenal atrophy,what type of corticosteroids are most effective?
A)long-acting
B)short-acting
C)mixed
D)intermediate-acting
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Chapter 24: Reproductive System Drugs
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Q1) Brayan has both erectile dysfunction (ED)and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Which PDE inhibitor is approved to treat both ED and BPH?
A)Revatio
B)Viagra
C)Cialis
D)Stendra
Q2) Sarah is breastfeeding her newborn son,and at her six-week check up,asks her obstetrician about birth control.What type of oral contraceptive can safely be used by women who are breastfeeding?
A)continuous cycle
B)biphasic
C)progestin only
D)monophasic
Q3) Dina has AIDS and is experiencing profound weight loss and cachexia.What hormonal medication might help her with these issues?
A)Provera
B)Megace
C)Activella
D)Climara
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Page 26
Chapter 25: Cardiovascular Drugs
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Q1) Irwin has prehypertension,which is defined as .
A)SBP range of 150-189 and DBP range of 90 or higher
B)DBP range of 100-139 and SBP range of 90 to 100
C)SBP range of 120-139 and DBP range of 80-89
D)DBP range of 120-139 and SBP range of 80-89
Q2) Bhu is undergoing rigorous chemotherapy for cancer and has become anemic.What type of medication will increase her body's production of red blood cells?
A)immunostimulants
B)hemoglobin synthesis agonists
C)colony stimulating factors
D)erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
Q3) Huey is given adenosine to convert his PSVT.What advantage does adenosine have over diltiazem?
A)Adenosine is less likely to cause hypotension.
B)Adenosine can be used in patients with symptomatic bradycardia.
C)Adenosine can be used in patients with second- or third-degree heartblock.
D)Adenosine is an oral agent and has a rapid effect.
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Page 27
Chapter 26: Respiratory System Drugs and Antihistamines
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Q1) Clay has COPD and is not responsive to inhaled bronchodilators.What medication might be used?
A)cromolyn
B)montelukast
C)theophylline
D)formoterol
Q2) Lewis uses an antihcolinergic for the prophylaxis of COPD.He is likely using what medication?
A)arformoterol
B)albuterol
C)racepinephrine
D)tiotropium
Q3) Yuri has inflammation of bronchial tubes,which leads to chronic mucus production and a wet cough.What disease does he have?
A)allergies
B)chronic bronchitis
C)emphysema
D)asthma
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28
Chapter 27: Drugs and Older Adults
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Q1) While in a meeting with nursing home staff about your grandfather's health,the head nurse raises the issue of polypharmacy.Polypharmacy refers to the use of .
A)inappropriate medications
B)multiple medications
C)excessive medications
D)dangerous medications
Q2) Gia,85 years of age,is in a specialized nursing home for patients with dementia.Recently,she has been frighteningly aggressive and the staff is exploring pharmacological management using antipsychotics.What risk is elevated in elderly patients with dementia who are given antipsychotics?
A)hypersexuality
B)death
C)blindness
D)COPD
Q3) Randy,82 years of age,has relative achlorhydria.What process will this affect?
A)excretion
B)absorption
C)metabolism
D)distribution
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Page 29