Clinical Nutrition
Question Bank
Course Introduction
Clinical Nutrition explores the relationship between diet, health, and disease, focusing on the assessment and management of nutritional needs in clinical settings. The course covers the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of various health conditions, including metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular disease, and malnutrition. Students will learn to develop individualized nutrition care plans, interpret dietary assessments, and apply evidence-based guidelines to support patients recovery and wellbeing. Emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary collaboration, ethical considerations, and the integration of nutrition therapy into comprehensive healthcare management.
Recommended Textbook
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metaboli 7th Edition Sareen S. Gropper
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14 Chapters
1263 Verified Questions
1263 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cyclic AMP activates which enzymes?
A)protein kinases
B)restriction endonucleases
C)allosteric enzymes
D)adenyl (adenylyl) cyclases
Answer: A
Q2) The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be ____.
A)mutations causing cancer
B)interactions with transcription factors
C)production of SNPs
D)downregulation of translation
Answer: B
Q3) In addition to the mitochondria,which organelle possesses an inner and outer membrane?
A)lysosome
B)lysosome.
C)Golgi apparatus
D)nucleus
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Taking antihistamines might lead to a(n)____.
A)increase in stomach acid production
B)increase in bile release
C)decrease in stomach acid secretion
D)reduction in pancreatic enzyme production
Answer: C
Q2) Villi are s-designed to increase the absorptive surface area of the small
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The most common bariatric procedure performed in the United States is ____.
A)gastric banding
B)sleeve gastrectomy
C)RYGB
D)biliopancreatic diversion
Answer: C
Q4) Secretin stimulates HCl release.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) Due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase,which tissue capable of glycogenesis cannot contribute to blood glucose levels between meals?
A)liver
B)muscle
C)brain
D)kidney
Answer: B
Q2) Chiral carbon atoms have ____.
A)four hydrogens attached to them
B)two methyl groups and two hydrogens attached to them
C)three hydrogen atoms and one methyl group attached to them
D)four different atoms or groups attached to them
Answer: D
Q3) The purpose of the hexose monophosphate shunt is to produce ____.
A)pentose phosphates and NADPH
B)DNA and RNA
C)fatty acids
D)reducing substrates
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Fiber
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are plant polysaccharides found in flax and psyllium that are effective in reducing serum LDL cholesterol?
A)beta-glucans
B)fructans
C)mucilages
D)chitin
Q2) diabetes mellitus
A)viscous,gel-forming fibers improve glycemic control
B)non or less fermentable fibers increase fecal bulk
C)fiber-rich foods and hormones such as ghrelin,peptide YY and cholecystokinin modulate appetite
D)viscous,gel-forming fibers lower total and LDL cholesterol
E)fiber reduces bile concentration,dilutes intestinal contents,and reduces colonic transit time
Q3) What are the components that make up non-fermentable dietary fiber and in what foods are each found?
Q4) Sandwich spreads and dips are naturally high in cellulose.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fat digestion does not require ____.
A)pancreatic lipase
B)colipase
C)bile
D)leucine
Q2) Adipocytes' primary function is to store fat as triacylglycerol; thus,they do not require glycolysis and the TCA cycle for energy needs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Most Americans consume approximately half of their total dietary lipid as triacylglycerols,and the other half as cholesterol; very little is taken in as phospholipids.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Brown fat contains more mitochondria than white fat and is involved in thermogenesis.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which factors contribute to the color of brown fat and why does it generate heat?
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Chapter 6: Protein
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Sample Questions
Q1) It has been suggested that adults over the age of 65 maintain a daily intake of protein in excess of ____.
A)1 g/kg of body weight
B)2 g/kg of body weight
C)3.5 g/kg of body weight
D)5.2 g/kg of body weight
Q2) The production of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source is ____.
A)glycogenolysis
B)glycolysis
C)glycogenesis
D)gluconeogenesis
Q3) Carbamoyl aspartate can only be used for ____ synthesis.
A)pyrimidine
B)purine
C)urea
D)creatine
Q4) Urea synthesis only occurs in the liver and kidneys.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lack of which muscle enzyme causes glucose,when phosphorylated in the muscle,to be trapped?
A)glucose-6-phosphatase
B)glycerol-3-phosphatase
C)6-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
D)glucokinase
Q2) Describe the four phases of the fed-fast cycle and include the time frames associated with each state.
Q3) growth hormone
A)stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
B)stimulates lipolysis and increases triacylglycerol uptake from VLDL
C)stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver
D)stimulates removal of glucose from the blood and anabolic reactions
E)produced from phenylalanine and tyrosine; functions as a neurotransmitter and a stress hormone
Q4) A fasted state is characterized by protein synthesis.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
Q5) Explain how endurance training increases an athlete's ability to perform more aerobically.
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Chapter 8: Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight
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Sample Questions
Q1) Historically,the gross anatomy and chemical composition of the human body were determined using ____.
A)athletes
B)premenopausal women
C)cadavers
D)postmenopausal women
Q2) Quantifying the energy expenditure of physical activity requires measuring ____.
A)RMR (BMR)
B)RQ
C)thermal effect of food
D)thermoneutrality
Q3) Which RQ would not be possible for an ordinary mixed diet of carbohydrate,protein,and fat?
A)0.85
B)0.80
C)0.75
D)0.15
Q4) Explain the difference between direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry.
Page 10
Q5) Describe metabolic syndrome and give the criteria for its clinical diagnosis.
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Chapter 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) gulonolactone oxidase
A)vitamin B<sub>12</sub>
B)vitamin B
C)folate or folic acid
D)vitamin C
Q2) Methionine is used to synthesize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM).This is important so that ____.
A)5-methyl THF is formed
B)dUMP is catalyzed to dTMP
C)fatty acids with an odd-numbered chain can be metabolized D)methyl groups are available
Q3) A primary function of vitamin C is to act as an ____.
A)antiviral agent
B)antioxidant
C)antirachitic agent
D)acyl transferase
Q4) One method to assess vitamin status is using a "load test." Explain how this works-first in a conceptual way,and then specifically using one example.Your specific example can be chosen from either tryptophan or histidine (pick one).Do you think this is a good assessment method? Why or why not?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) The diet that has shown some promise in reducing the risk of progression to advanced macular degeneration is the ____ diet.
A)Paleo
B)Mediterranean
C)Atkins
D)gluten-free
Q2) Discuss the role of calcitonin in maintaining normal blood calcium concentration.
Q3) How does alpha-tocopherol differ from beta-tocopherol?
A)saturation of side chain
B)number and location of methyl groups
C)source in the diet
D)ionic versus covalent bonding
Q4) Rhodopsin is simply the opsin protein after it has been activated by 11-cis-retinal.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the process by which rhodopsin is formed.
Q6) Why are vitamins A and E said to be antagonists of vitamin K?
Q7) Describe how vitamin A affects bone growth.
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Chapter 11: Major Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) calcium
A)neuromuscular hyperexcitability,and CNS effects
B)rickets,osteoporosis,tetany
C)osteomalacia,neuromuscular,cardiac,and hematologic manifestations
D)a deficiency of methionine or cysteine,both containing this element,that might lead to alkalosis
E)affects oxygen carrying capacity
Q2) Meats and grains are poor sources of calcium.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the two mechanisms involved in calcium absorption in the small intestine is
A)diffusion
B)osmosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)Brownian movement
Q4) How does phosphate regulate acid-base balance?
Q5) Vitamin D,fructose,and oligosaccharides may increase magnesium absorption.
A)True
B)False
13
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Chapter 12: Water and Electrolytes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells?
A)calcium
B)sodium
C)potassium
D)bicarbonate
Q2) Which enzyme facilitates formation of carbonic acid?
A)renin
B)angiotensinogen
C)angiotensin
D)carbonic anhydrase
Q3) Explain the relationship between dietary sodium intake and essential hypertension.
Q4) potassium
A)muscular weakness,paralysis
B)anorexia,muscle atrophy
C)decreased BP,reduced GFR
D)sodium loss,dehydration
E)weakness,lethargy
Q5) Explain how ACE inhibitors work to treat hypertension.
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Chapter 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which nonmetal nutrient deficiency is associated with Keshan disease,characterized by cardiomyopathy?
A)iodine
B)zinc
C)selenium
D)molybdenum
Q2) Absorption of dietary iron is regulated by ____,produced by the liver when iron stores are high and released to the blood to act at the surface of enterocytes and macrophages.
A)hepcidin
B)hephaestin
C)ferroportin
D)hemoglobin
Q3) zinc
A)urinary sulfate and urate excretion
B)poor wound healing,anorexia,subnormal growth
C)goiter
D)glucose intolerance
E)anemia,neutropenia,bone abnormalities
Q4) Which factors inhibit the absorption of zinc and by what mechanisms do they act?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which element has a positive influence on collagen synthesis and bone mineralization?
A)silicon
B)vanadium
C)arsenic
D)nickel
Q2) Describe the mechanism by which boron is thought to bring about the beneficial effects of inhibiting inflammation and positively influencing bone composition,structure and strength.
Q3) No federal limits in foods or juices have been established for which ultratrace element,which is well known for its toxicity?
A)arsenic
B)cobalt
C)boron
D)vanadium
Q4) Nickel is considered an essential element and is crucial for several body functions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the paradox between the benefits versus the toxic effects of arsenic.
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