Clinical Nutrition
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Clinical Nutrition focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nutritional issues in clinical settings, emphasizing the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of diseases. This course explores the evaluation of nutritional status, the development of individualized nutrition care plans, and the integration of evidence-based dietary strategies into patient care. Topics include nutrient metabolism, the relationship between diet and disease, nutrition support therapies (such as enteral and parenteral feeding), and the management of nutrition in various clinical populations, including those with chronic conditions, acute illnesses, and special needs. Students will gain practical experience in applying nutritional interventions to improve patient outcomes and support overall health within multidisciplinary healthcare teams.
Recommended Textbook
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metaboli 7th Edition Sareen S. Gropper
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14 Chapters
1263 Verified Questions
1263 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the cell structure,the ____ provides support and controls the movement of cell organelles.
A)endoplasmic reticulum
B)mitochondrion
C)cytoskeleton
D)matrix space
Answer: C
Q2) Most of the metabolic energy produced in cells is made in the mitochondria.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Malformed Apaf-1 molecules in a cell might ____.
A)cause rapid apoptosis of the cell
B)inactivate cytochrome c
C)lead to the development of a tumor
D)have no effect on apoptosis
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Deficiency of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> occurs due to ____.
A)inflammation of the GI tract
B)insufficient intrinsic factor
C)a change in diet
D)excessive stomach acid
Answer: B
Q2) secretin
A)stimulates insulin secretion
B)stimulates pancreas juice secretion
C)inhibits gall bladder contraction
D)stimulates pepsinogen secretion
E)decreases gastric emptying
Answer: B
Q3) Deficiency of which vitamin is associated with neurological deficiencies?
A)vitamin D
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin A
D)thiamin
Answer: D
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Carbohydrates
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the ____,galactose is eventually converted to ____.
A)liver; glucose
B)Kupffer cell; fructose
C)small intestine; glucose
D)chylomicron; glucose
Answer: A
Q2) Glycemic load considers the ____ in the food.
A)protein and carbohydrate content
B)fat and carbohydrate content
C)fat to carbohydrate ratio
D)quantity and quality of carbohydrate
Answer: D
Q3) According to the USDA data for the year 2010,most of the carbohydrates in the American diet came from ____.
A)disaccharides
B)monosaccharides
C)grain products
D)soft drinks
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Fiber
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91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heating and enzymatically treating starch creates ____.
A)chitin
B)lignins
C)resistant dextrins
D)mucilages
Q2) Discuss the benefits of fermentable fibers in terms of their prebiotic function.
Q3) Which plant polysaccharides have a structure similar to gums?
A)mucilages
B)fructans
C) -glucans
D)pectins
Q4) By what mechanism do soluble fibers decrease the absorption of lipids?
A)by increasing growth of bacteria that use the lipids
B)by lowering blood cholesterol
C)by adsorbing/interacting with lipids
D)by reducing mineral absorption
Q5) Dr.Smith has prescribed a high-fiber diet (35-40 g/day)with special emphasis on the water-insoluble fibers for Mr.Brown.How would this diet protect against colorectal cancer? Give examples of foods that contain water-insoluble fibers.
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When fatty acids are completely oxidized,the end products are ____.
A)fatty acid and glycerol
B)carbon dioxide, energy, and water
C)urea and acetate
D)carbon, hydrogen, and phosphate
Q2) Apolipoproteins are unable to ____.
A)stimulate enzymatic reactions that regulate the metabolic functions of lipoproteins
B)stabilize circulating lipoproteins in the blood
C)decrease the density of the lipoprotein
D)confer specificity for recognition by receptors on cells
Q3) An individual whose diet includes foods fried in vegetable oil,flaxseed oil supplements,and very little fish will have an abundance of which category of fatty acids?
A)n-3
B)n-6
C)n-7
D)n-9
Q4) Describe three detrimental physiological effects of excess alcohol consumption and three beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Protein
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90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The DIAAS assesses the digestibility of the amino acids in the ____.
A)ileum versus the colon
B)ileum versus the jejunum
C)ileum versus the duodenum
D)duodenum versus the colon
Q2) transport proteins
A)chemical messengers secreted by endocrine tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes
B)combine with nutrients and regulate their circulation and their flow into and out of cells
C)bind to antigens and inactivate them or cause them to be destroyed
D)catalysts that change the rate of reactions occurring in the body
E)fibrous and contractile proteins found in bone,teeth,skin,muscles,blood vessels,and hair
Q3) What is meant by protein turnover? What general types of protein compounds are made in cells via protein synthesis? How do amino acid catabolism and dietary amino acids factor into protein turnover?
Q4) What are the indicators of visceral protein status and why are some more sensitive to changes than others?
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Chapter 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which GLUT protein is the only one whose function is dependent on insulin?
A)GLUT1
B)GLUT2
C)GLUT3
D)GLUT4
Q2) Only the glycerol portion of triacylglycerols can be converted into ____.
A)fatty acids
B)alcohols
C)protein
D)carbohydrate
Q3) An increase in glycolysis is accompanied by an increase in ____.
A)pyruvate dehydrogenase
B)isocitrate dehydrogenase
C)pyruvate kinase
D)fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Q4) Acetyl-CoA is a junction point for a number of metabolic processes,including metabolism of carbohydrate,lipid,and cholesterol.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the various functions of insulin in the fed state.
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Chapter 8: Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight
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Sample Questions
Q1) Physical activity typically accounts for what percentage of total energy expenditure?
A)10-20%
B)15-30%
C)20-35%
D)25-35%
Q2) The adjustments in metabolism necessary to maintain the body's core temperature are referred to as ____.
A)thermoneutrality
B)thermal effects
C)thermal control
D)thermoregulation
Q3) Underwater weighing,a method used to determine body composition,is based on which principle?
A)Lean body tissue is denser than adipose tissue.
B)Adipose tissue is denser than lean body tissue.
C)Adipose tissue is composed mostly of water.
D)Body fluids are not being weighed using this method.
Q4) Describe metabolic syndrome and give the criteria for its clinical diagnosis.
Page 10
Q5) Explain the difference between direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry.
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Chapter 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in ____ is believed to be the reason that people with scurvy have no energy and are very tired.
A)collagen synthesis
B)creatine synthesis
C)hormone activation
D)carnitine synthesis
Q2) One method to assess nutrient status is to measure the activity of an enzyme that requires the vitamin as a cofactor.Explain how this works-first in a conceptual way,and then specifically using an example.Your specific example choices are thiamin,riboflavin,or folate (pick one).Do you think this is a good assessment method? Why or why not?
Q3) High circulating levels of homocysteine (i.e.,hyperhomocysteinemia)have been implicated in a number of pathologies including cardiovascular disease.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Initial research on vitamin B was aimed at correcting dermatitis in rats.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the process by which vitamin B<sub>12</sub> is digested and absorbed.
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Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) Risk of vitamin K deficiency is greatest in ____.
A)newborns
B)children
C)adolescents
D)older people
Q2) Which molecule is -carotene?
A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
Q3) Xa
A)becomes activated in the presence of thromboplastin
B)creates insoluble fibrin for final clot formation
C)converts prothrombin into thrombin
D)works with factor IXa to activate factor X
E)activates factor IX"
Q4) What is singlet molecular oxygen,how does it form and why is it dangerous? How does vitamin EÂ protect against singlet molecular oxygen?
Q5) Describe how vitamin A affects bone growth.
Q6) Why are vitamins A and E said to be antagonists of vitamin K?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Major Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) A dietary mineral that is an important component of DNA and RNA is ____.
A)calcium
B)magnesium
C)sulfur
D)phosphate
Q2) Which substance can improve calcium absorption?
A)lactose
B)unabsorbed fatty acids
C)phytic acid
D)magnesium
Q3) About 99% of the body's calcium is found in ____.
A)blood plasma
B)liver and kidneys
C)bones and teeth
D)extracellular fluid
Q4) Explain the rationale for a common treatment of hyperphosphatemia associated with chronic kidney failure.
Q5) How does phosphate regulate acid-base balance?
Q6) What role does magnesium play in maintaining calcium homeostasis?
Q7) How is calcium status assessed?
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Chapter 12: Water and Electrolytes
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the DASH study,which type of diet is effective in lowering blood pressure?
A)low-fat rich in fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy
B)average fat, low in fruits and vegetables
C)low fat, low in fruits and vegetables
D)low fat, average fruits and vegetables
Q2) Hydrostatic pressure affects water movement between the interstitial fluid and the plasma.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which enzyme facilitates formation of carbonic acid?
A)renin
B)angiotensinogen
C)angiotensin
D)carbonic anhydrase
Q4) Water moves among the various body compartments in a regulated manner strongly affected by sodium in the intracellular fluid compartment.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A chloride deficiency might lead to problems in which systems? Give details.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) iron
A)superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
B)myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
C)carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
D)dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
E)glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
Q2) Excessive chronic intake of zinc results in a deficiency of ____.
A)iron
B)copper
C)selenium
D)molybdenum
Q3) Nutrient-drug interactions caused by anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital used to treat seizures are most likely to result in ____.
A)poor absorption of nutrients such as iron
B)poor absorption of the drug when taken with grapefruit
C)reduced metabolism of vitamins
D)enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes
Q4) Metallothionein is a storage protein for excess zinc,copper,and iron.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) No federal limits in foods or juices have been established for which ultratrace element,which is well known for its toxicity?
A)arsenic
B)cobalt
C)boron
D)vanadium
Q2) Even though fluoride is a gaseous chemical,it is usually found bound to a metal,nonmetal,or organic compound.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The richest dietary sources of vanadium are ____.
A)fats and oils
B)cereal and grain products
C)sweeteners
D)milk products
Q4) How does nickel work in the human body?
Q5) What is different about cobalt as an ultratrace mineral as compared to the other ultratrace minerals in regard to human nutrition?
Q6) Explain the physiological role of silicon in normal growth and bone development.
Page 16
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