Clinical Neuroscience
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Course Introduction
Clinical Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary course that explores the relationship between the nervous system and a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Covering the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the course examines the underlying neurobiological mechanisms involved in diseases such as epilepsy, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, and schizophrenia. Students will learn about clinical assessment techniques, neuroimaging technologies, and current treatment strategies, gaining a comprehensive understanding of how neuroscience advances inform diagnosis, management, and therapeutic interventions in clinical settings.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychopharmacology
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Q1) ______________,a major area of pharmacology,refers to the passage of drugs through the body.
A) Pharmacogenetics
B) Pharmacokinetics
C) Physiodynamics
D) Pharmacodynamics
Answer: B
Q2) Juanita,a researcher at a pharmaceutical company,is assessing the effects of an experimental drug on lever pressing behavior in laboratory rats.For this study,what type of variable is the experimental drug?
A) Confound variable
B) Experimental variable
C) Independent variable
D) Dependent variable
Answer: C
Q3) Define single-blind procedure,double-blind procedure,and open-label studies.Provide a rationale for each.
Answer: In a single-blind procedure,researchers do not inform study participants which treatment or placebo they received.
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Chapter 2: The Nervous System
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Q1) The part of a neuron that sends neurotransmitters into a synapse is called a(n):
A) receptor.
B) synapse.
C) axon.
D) dendrite.
Answer: C
Q2) The greater the density of spines along dendrites,the greater a neuron's:
A) neurotransmitter system.
B) synaptic zone.
C) firing rate.
D) receptive area.
Answer: D
Q3) Oligodendrocytes form and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The pons is activated when someone startles.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Neurotransmission
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Q1) Why do action potentials only travel down the axon and not the other direction?
A) An area where an action potential just occurred is still in a refractory period.
B) Resting potentials change with direction of the nerve impulse.
C) Sodium-potassium pumps only act in one direction.
D) Actions potential do not cause depolarization.
Answer: A
Q2) Acetylcholinesterase is a key enzyme in the synthesis for acetylcholine.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) All of the following are examples of why vesicular storage of neurotransmitters is important except:
A) provides a protected area for neurotransmitter synthesis to occur.
B) protects neurotransmitter from destruction by enzymes.
C) provides mechanism for immediate release of neurotransmitters.
D) prevents premature release of neurotransmitters.
Answer: A
Q4) The uncovered sections of axons between myelin sheaths are called
Answer: nodes of Ranvier
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Properties of Drugs
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Q1) Which of the following approaches might a pharmacologist take in order to increase concentrations of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?
A) Develop a drug to block membrane transporters.
B) Develop a drug to increase catabolic enzyme activity.
C) Develop a drug to block calcium channels
D) Develop a drug to block postsynaptic receptors.
Q2) Drugs eliminated in half-lives follow zero-order kinetics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________________ is the process by which a drug leaves the body.
A) Elimination
B) Biotransformation
C) Distribution
D) Absorption
Q4) A(n)__________________ inhibitor prevents the passage of a neurotransmitter through a membrane transporter.
Q5) A negative modulator prevents a neurotransmitter from activating a receptor.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Drugs of Abuse
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Q1) A drug classified as schedule _________ has very high abuse potential but also legitimate medical uses.
Q2) All of the following are features of twelve-step anonymous programs except:
A) members are known on a first-name basis.
B) uses a support group structure to encourage adherence to the program.
C) the goal is to reduce drug use to a manageable, socially acceptable level.
D) promotes acceptance of a higher greater moral purpose or power.
Q3) The neurobiological systems most closely linked to intoxication for an addictive substance are:
A) connections between the amygdala and hippocampus.
B) reward circuitry.
C) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus.
D) the orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex.
Q4) A stimulus that,when present,signals the availability of reinforcement is called a(n)_________.
Q5) What role does ghrelin play in enjoying highly palatable foods?
A) reduces likelihood of continuing to eat.
B) reduces hunger through acting in the hypothalamus.
C) increases levels of leptin.
D) stimulates mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Psychostimulants
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Q1) A large pool of stored dopamine molecules in an axon terminal as a result of cocaine administration will:
A) all be catabolized by monoamine oxidase.
B) enter the synaptic cleft through dopamine membrane transporters.
C) be graded and reused for dopamine synthesis.
D) allow a greater release of dopamine when the neuron is stimulated.
Q2) The term freebase means:
A) to separate a salt molecule from a compound.
B) administering a drug through a hypodermic needle.
C) to transport an illegal substance.
D) to harvest plants used to produce an illegal substance.
Q3) Amphetamines,cocaine,and cathinones all increase levels of ______________ in the nucleus accumbens.
Q4) All of the following are related except:
A) purposeless behavior.
B) stereotypy.
C) rate-dependent effects.
D) punding.
Q5) Describe how cocaine causes an increase in dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.
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Chapter 7: Nicotine and Caffeine
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Q1) You are a pharmacologist working for a tobacco company.For an upcoming company meeting,you have been asked to propose ways that tobacco blends and products can be developed to maximize the amount of nicotine a user will absorb.Develop and explain a strategy that you will provide at the meeting.
Q2) Why are the effects of nicotine on memory unclear?
Q3) How might caffeine compromise the use of certain antidepressant drugs used for the treatment of anxiety.
Q4) Which of the following is a waterpipe for smoking tobacco?
A) Dipping tobacco
B) Hookah
C) Nicotine vaporizer
D) Smoking jug
Q5) Biotransformation of nicotine produces the active metabolite:
A) cotinine.
B) choline.
C) acetaldehyde.
D) MAO.
Q6) __________ smoke exposure could occur for a child playing on a carpet in a room where people commonly smoke.
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Chapter 8: Alcohol
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Q1) A total inability to recall event during a set period of time of alcoholic intoxication is called en bloc blackout.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If someone blew a BAC of 0.08,how many grams of alcohol would be found in 100 ml of blood?
A) 80 mg
B) 8 g
C) 80 g
D) 0.8 g
Q3) Beverage alcohol is called ________.
Q4) An increased seizure risk from repeated withdrawals from chronic alcohol use is called:
A) kindling.
B) alcohol poisoning.
C) Type I alcohol addiction.
D) alcohol epilepsy.
Q5) Describe and compare alcoholics anonymous (as a 12-step program)and cognitive-behavioral therapies for treating alcohol addiction.
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Chapter 9: GHP and Inhalants
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Q1) If vesicles store both GABA and GHB molecules,then it is reasonable to conclude all of the following except:
A) that some GABA neurotransmitters are catabolized
B) that receptors for both GABA and GHB are found in the synaptic cleft.
C) that GHB does not play a role in neurotransmission for this neuron.
D) that the neuron releases both GABA and GHB.
Q2) Describe the synthesis process for GHB starting with GABA.
Q3) If someone is begins losing track of what he is saying seems a little unsure about where he is while using an inhalant,he is probably in which stage of an inhalant's effects?
A) Stage 2
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 1
Q4) An inhalant referred to as poppers is called:
A) ethylene.
B) toulene.
C) nitrous oxide.
D) amyl nitrite.
Q5) GHB is used for a sleep disorder called ____________.
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Chapter 10: Opioids
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Q1) Historically,the earliest uses of opium consisted of using as a:
A) medicine.
B) means to feel euphoria.
C) way to spark philospohical discussions.
D) way to prepare soldiers for battle.
Q2) Increased synthesis of propiomelanocortin would lead to greater activation of opioid receptors by:
A) norepinephrine.
B) dynorphin A.
C) beta-endorphin.
D) met-enkaphalin.
Q3) If a student were using a database in order to find articles for a research paper,why might she be unable to find certain key articles?
A) There are special databases for opioids.
B) Little research has been conducted on opioids, meaning fewer articles to find.
C) The Harrison Act prevents the publication of articles about opioids.
D) Some authors use the term opiate, and she didn't also search for this term.
Q4) How do opioid agonists produce analgesic effects?
Q5) How did the Harrison Narcotics act reduce the use of opioids?
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Chapter 11: Cannabinoids
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Q1) Which form of cannabis is likely to be baked into a dessert,like brownies or cookies?
A) Synthetic marijuana.
B) Hashish.
C) Liquid incense.
D) Marijuana.
Q2) The _________ receptor affects the immune system.
Q3) CB1 receptor agonists may produce reinforcing effects by
A) increasing dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.
B) increasing serotonin levels in the raphe nucleus.
C) decreasing dopamine levels in hippocampus.
D) activating opioid neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
Q4) According to the DSM-5,regular use that leads to using more cannabis than intended,having cravings for cannabis,and using cannabis in place of normal activities is an indication of
A) cannabis withdrawal disorder.
B) cannabis use disorder.
C) cannabinoid addiction disorder.
D) cannabis abuse.
Q5) What factors might prolong the effects of delta-9-THC?
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Chapter 12: Psychedelic Drugs
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Q1) A serotonin reuptake inhibitor would likely ________ the hallucinogenic effects of MDMA.
Q2) A true hallucination is an altered perception of things that are real.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An antagonist for 5-HT2A receptors would likely
A) increase the number of hallucinations.
B) prevent hallucinations from occurring.
C) have little or no effect on hallucinations.
D) diminish the refinement of borders around hallucinations.
Q4) The posterior cingulate cortex is involved in the default mode network.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What effect would a depletion of calcium likely have on long-term potentiation?
A) Reduce long-term potentiation.
B) Enhance long-term potentiation.
C) Have no effect on long-term potentiation.
D) Cause a downregulation of MDMA receptors.
Q6) Noticing an object in a room begin to change shape or color after taking LSD is an example of a ________.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Treatments for Depression and Bipolar Disorder
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Q1) The antidepressant drug discovered inhibited the reuptake of serotonin.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Carlsson sedated rabbits in his famous experiment by using A) reserpine.
B) risperidone.
C) raclopride.
D) roflumilast.
Q3) For a tricyclic antidepressant drug,the term tricyclic refers to A) number of neurotransmitters it enhances the levels of.
B) a chemical structure.
C) number of times during the day the drug should be taken.
D) number of compounds originally discovered in this class of drugs.
Q4) A musculoskeletal disorder characterized by widespread pain occurring as muscle tenderness in addition to psychological symptoms is A) a serotonin discontinuation syndrome.
B) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
C) Parkinson's disease.
D) fibromyalgia syndrome.
Q5) Name two reasons why an antidepressant drug may be effective for fibromyalgia.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
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Q1) The fear center of the brain is the ____________.
Q2) All of the following disorders involving anxiety are at least partly mediated by amygdala except
A) panic disorder.
B) social phobia.
C) obsessive compulsive disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
Q3) A fear response occurring to a loud car horn appearing to your right was likely processed through the
A) thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway
B) thalmo-amygdala pathway.
C) mesocortical pathway.
D) auditory-thalamo-prefrontal cortical pathway.
Q4) In response to stress,the adrenal gland releases ____________.
Q5) Anxiety,muscle weakness,and abdominal pain from abruptly quitting a barbiturate is called a(n)
A) withdrawal disorder.
B) barbiturate abstinence syndrome.
C) anxiolytic withdrawal disorder.
D) tranquilier abstinence syndrome.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Antipsychotic Drugs
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Q1) Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia consists of
A) deficits in working memory.
B) impaired attention.
C) reduced reference memory.
D) all of these.
Q2) Patients who do not respond after multiple rounds of antipsychotic treatment are identified as having ________ schizophrenia.
Q3) Risperidone is FDA-approved for the treatment of ________ spectrum disorder.
Q4) Inferred from the dopamine hypothesis and the actions of antipsychotic drugs,activation of ________ receptors likely leads to antipsychotic symptoms.
A) 5-HT A
B) D
C) NMDA
D) GABAA
Q5) A positive symptom in schizophrenia consists of an improvement in mood.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What effects do certain FDA-approved antipsychotic drugs have in patients with autism spectrum disorder?
Page 17
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