Course Introduction
Clinical Dental Radiology Exam Preparation Guide
Clinical Dental Radiology focuses on the principles and applications of radiographic imaging in dentistry. The course covers the fundamental science of X-ray generation, radiation safety protocols, and the interpretation of intraoral and extraoral radiographs. Students will learn about radiographic anatomy, recognizing pathologies, and diagnostic techniques essential for effective patient care. Emphasis is placed on proper patient positioning, technique selection, and minimizing patient exposure to radiation. The course also introduces advanced imaging modalities, such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and discusses their roles in clinical decision-making and comprehensive dental treatment planning.
Recommended Textbook
Dental Radiography Principles and Techniques 5th Edition by Joen Iannucci DDS MS
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885 Verified Questions
885 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Radiation History
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the United States using a live person?
A)Otto Walkoff
B)Wilhelm Roentgen
C)Edmund Kells
D)Weston Price
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following would you place in the patient's mouth in order to take dental x-rays?
A)Image
B)Image receptor
C)Radiograph
D)Dental radiograph
Answer: B
Q3) Which discovery was the precursor to the discovery of x-rays?
A)Beta particles
B)Alpha particles
C)Cathode rays
D)Radioactive materials
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the wave concept of electromagnetic radiation?
A)Wavelength refers to the speed of the wave.
B)Velocity refers to the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time.
C)Frequency is defined as the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next.
D)Frequency and wavelength are inversely related.
Answer: D
Q2) The binding energy or binding force of an electron is
A)determined by the distance between the neutrons and protons within the nucleus.
B)determined by the distance between the orbiting electrons and the nucleus.
C)weaker for electrons located in inner shells than in outer shells.
D)determined by the atomic number.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Radiation Characteristics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aluminum filters
A)remove more penetrating x-rays from the beam.
B)decrease the mean penetrating ability of the x-ray beam.
C)remove high-energy x-rays from the beam.
D)reduce the intensity of the x-ray beam.
Answer: D
Q2) When lower kilovoltage settings are used,an image with ____ will result.
A)high contrast
B)low contrast
C)many shades of gray
D)there is no change in contrast
Answer: A
Q3) According to the inverse square law,the intensity of radiation is __________ proportional to the ______________ from the source of radiation.
A)directly;distance
B)directly;square of the distance
C)inversely;distance
D)inversely;square of the distance
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Radiation Biology
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Q1) Stochastic biologic effects from radiation
A)are directly related to exposure and effect.
B)occur as a result of exposure,but severity is not determined by dose.
C)have a dose threshold.
D)cause significant damage to cell or cell death.
Q2) A nonthreshold dose-response curve suggests that
A)radiation exposure below the threshold will not damage tissues.
B)radiation exposure below the threshold is safe for living tissue.
C)radiation exposure above the threshold amount causes some damage to tissues.
D)radiation exposure,no matter how small,causes damage to living tissue.
Q3) Precautions should be taken during dental imaging procedures to which of the following critical organs in the head and neck region? (1)skin,(2)thyroid gland,(3)lens of the eye,and (4)bone marrow
A)1,2,3,4
B)1,2,3
C)1,2,4
D)2,4
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Chapter 5: Radiation Protection
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are in charge of monitoring the film badges.Film badges are checked on a quarterly basis.Your co-worker is 4 months pregnant.The badge registered 5.0 Sv for the previous quarter.Based on the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP),what information should you give the dentist?
A)The reading is well below the allowable limit.Nothing needs to be done.
B)The reading is at the allowable limit.Nothing needs to be done.
C)The reading is at the allowable limit.She has reached her maximum dosage and cannot have any more exposure during the pregnancy.
D)She has exceeded her maximum dosage and cannot have any more exposure during the pregnancy.
Q2) The thyroid collar
A)is recommended for all intraoral exposures.
B)is recommended for all extraoral exposures.
C)is placed over the patient's chest and lap and extends to protect the thyroid.
D)is recommended for both intraoral and extraoral exposures.
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Chapter 6: Dental X-Ray Equipment
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Q1) During an exposure
A)the exposure button is briefly depressed and then released to initiate the exposure.
B)the exposure button is firmly depressed until the preset exposure time is completed.
C)the exposure light on the control panel is illuminated to signal the completion of the exposure.
D)a beep sounds to signal initiation of the exposure.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of the receptor holder?
A)It is used to align an extraoral dental x-ray receptor.
B)It requires the patient to stabilize the receptor in the mouth.
C)It is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique.
D)It is required when using the intraoral bisecting technique.
Q3) A beam alignment device can be used to help the dental radiographer position the PID in relation to the _____________ and the receptor.
A)control panel
B)extension arm
C)collimator
D)tooth
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Chapter 7: Dental X-Ray Film
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you are placing the film packet in your patient's mouth,which side of the film packet would you place toward the patient's teeth?
A)The side with the flap that is used to open the dental film
B)The solid white side
C)The color-coded side
D)The identification dot side
Q2) (1)Non-screen film is sensitive to fluorescent light.(2)Screen films are sensitive to the visible light emitted from the intensifying screen.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
Q3) The latent image is stored by the ______________ in dental x-ray film.
A)gelatin
B)film base
C)adhesive layer
D)silver halide crystals
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9
Chapter 8: Dental X-Ray Image Characteristics
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the operating kilovoltage is increased,the receptor density ____ because the average energy of the x-rays is raised.
A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains the same
D)is divided by two
Q2) Which of the following areas would appear the most radiopaque on a dental image?
A)Composite
B)Amalgam
C)Air space
D)Enamel
Q3) You are showing your patient a bite-wing image.Your patient points to a portion of the tooth that is the most radiopaque and wants to know what it is.What portion of the tooth is your patient pointing to?
A)The enamel
B)The pulp
C)The denton
D)The periodontal ligament space
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Chapter 9: Dental X-Ray Film Processing
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Q1) Concentrated powder and liquid film processing solutions are mixed with _______ before use.
A)ammonia
B)vinegar
C)tap water
D)distilled water
Q2) Reticulation means the film appears
A)to have white spots.
B)to have dark spots.
C)cracked.
D)as thin,black branching lines.
Q3) Overdeveloped films may result from
A)inadequate development time.
B)overconcentrated developer solution.
C)low developer temperature.
D)depleted or contaminated developer solution.
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11
Chapter 10: Quality Assurance in the Dental Office
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Sample Questions
Q1) The clearing test is used to monitor
A)developer strength.
B)fixer strength.
C)water bath temperature.
D)processing speed.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of the evaluation of the film-screen contact test?
A)Areas of poor film-screen contact appear darker than good contact areas.
B)Areas of poor film-screen contact appear lighter than good contact areas.
C)If the wire mesh image on the film exhibits varying densities,good film-screen contact has taken place.
D)Both a and c
Q3) You are creating a cleaning log for the panoramic intensifying screens.How frequently should the screens be cleaned?
A)Daily
B)Weekly
C)Monthly
D)Yearly
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Chapter 11: Dental Radiographs and the Dental
Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Through the use of dental images,the dental radiographer can detect ________ that cannot be detected clinically.
1)diseases
2)lesions
3)conditions of teeth and bones
A)1,2,3
B)1,2
C)2,3
D)3 only
Q2) Assigned responsibilities of dental auxiliaries in regard to dental imaging may include
A)diagnosing disease on dental images.
B)prescribing dental images.
C)education of patients about dental imaging.
D)creating a treatment plan based on the findings of dental images.
Q3) When should you avoid taking retakes?
A)Whenever it is convenient because the dose is so low
B)Only if the patient is uncomfortable with exposure
C)Only if older (pre-1975)equipment is used
D)At all times
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Chapter 12: Patient Relations and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term facilitation means
A)initiating.
B)the act of making easier.
C)the act of continuing.
D)construction of a facility.
Q2) Which of the following is the best way to show your patient that you are listening to him or her?
A)Interrupt if the patient gets "off track."
B)Correct the patient if he or she is wrong.
C)Finish the patient's sentences to show that the radiographer is following the patient's train of thought.
D)Give the patient undivided attention.
Q3) If,while treating your patient,your nonverbal messages are consistent with your verbal messages,your patient is more likely to A)relax.
B)be distrustful.
C)be apprehensive.
D)be fearful.
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14
Chapter 13: Patient Education and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your patient is 6 months pregnant.According to the "Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs," you should
A)avoid taking images.
B)minimize x-ray exposure.
C)limit dental images to emergency care.
D)not alter treatment;take needed images.
Q2) The frequency for taking images on your pediatric patients should be based on A)their age.
B)the individual needs of the child.
C)a 6-month interval for bite-wing images.
D)a 12-month interval for bite-wing images.
Q3) A panoramic radiograph can be substituted for a complete series of dental images.A panoramic radiograph does not clearly reveal changes in teeth,such as tooth decay,or the details of the supporting bone.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
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Chapter 14: Legal Issues and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following constitutes a person who can provide legal informed consent?
A)An individual under the influence of drugs or alcohol
B)An adult (over the age of 18)who is of sound mind
C)An individual who under duress has consented to the treatment
D)An individual who received an incomplete description of the proposed treatment
Q2) Generally,there are ____ elements to informed consent.
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)six
Q3) The standard of care can be defined as the quality of care that is provided by dental practitioners in _______ locality under _________________ conditions.
A)any;similar or very different
B)a similar;the same or similar
C)any;the same or similar
D)a similar;similar or very different
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16
Chapter 15: Infection Control and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Preparation of supplies and equipment involves sterilizing which of the following items?
A)Film
B)Film-holding devices
C)Lead apron
D)PID
Q2) (1)The contaminated barriers should be removed while the dental radiographer is wearing gloves.(2)The barriers should be disposed of after the patient has left the room.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
Q3) Antiseptic is
A)the absence of pathogens,or disease-causing microorganisms.
B)a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria.
C)the use of a chemical or physical procedure to inhibit or destroy pathogens.
D)the act of sterilizing.
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17
Chapter 16: Introduction to Radiographic Examinations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The CMS is defined as a series of intraoral dental images that shows
A)all the dentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws.
B)all the edentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws.
C)all the dentulous or edentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws.
D)all the dentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws that can be verified clinically.
Q2) Your new adult patient has no clinical sign of disease and no restorations.Which of the following images should you take?
A)Periapicals
B)Bite-wings
C)CMS
D)Occlusals
Q3) The bite-wing image is used in the
A)periapical paralleling technique.
B)periapical bisecting technique.
C)occlusal technique.
D)interproximal examination.
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18
Chapter 17: Paralleling Technique
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Q1) The authors recommend using a size ____ receptor for anterior teeth and a size ____ receptor for posterior teeth.
A)1;1
B)2;2
C)1;2
D)2;1
Q2) According to the basic principles of the paralleling technique,the receptor is placed in the mouth _________ to the long axis of the tooth being x-rayed,and the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed ____________ to the receptor and long axis of the tooth.
A)parallel;perpendicular
B)parallel;parallel
C)perpendicular;parallel
D)perpendicular;perpendicular
Q3) If you are taking an anterior image sequence,which tooth do the authors recommend you begin with?
A)6
B)8
C)9
D)11
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Chapter 18: Bisecting Technique
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Q1) Receptor should be placed approximately ____ inch beyond the incisal or occlusal surfaces when using the bisecting technique.
A)1/16
B)1/8
C)1/4
D)1/2
Q2) You are using the Rinn Stabe Bite-bloc to take a dental image of teeth numbers 23-26.What vertical angulation should you set the PID at to get the proper image?
A)-20 to -30 degrees
B)-15 to -25 degrees
C)+40 to +50 degrees
D)There is no need to set the vertical angulation.
Q3) When Rinn BAI instruments are used,"BAI" refers to which of the following?
A)Bisecting aiming instrument
B)Bisecting angle instrument
C)Bisecting angle integration
D)Both angle integration
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Chapter 19: Bite-Wing Technique
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Q1) Which of the following exposure sequences is recommended for the patient who requires both periapical and bite-wing images?
1)Bite-wing exposures
2)Anterior periapical receptors
3)Posterior periapical receptors
A)1,2,3
B)2,1,3
C)2,3,1
D)3,1,2
Q2) Where should you position the mesial edge of the receptor when taking a molar bite-wing image?
A)Distal of the maxillary first premolar
B)Distal of the mandibular first premolar
C)Midline of the maxillary second premolar
D)Midline of the mandibular second premolar
Q3) In the adult patient,which size receptor is recommended for bite-wing exposures?
A)Size 0
B)Size 1
C)Size 2
D)Size 3
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Chapter 20: Exposure and Technique Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blurred images appear on the dental image when
A)there is patient movement.
B)the film is reversed.
C)there is a double exposure.
D)the film is creased.
Q2) Short teeth with blunted roots appear on the image when
A)the vertical angulation is excessive.
B)the vertical angulation is insufficient.
C)the horizontal angulation is incorrect.
D)there is a cone-cut.
Q3) When the third molar regions are not visible on a molar bite-wing image,the solution is to
A)decrease the vertical angulation of the tubehead.
B)increase the vertical angulation of the tubehead.
C)position the anterior edge of the receptor at the midline of the mandibular first premolar.
D)position the anterior edge of the receptor at the midline of the mandibular second premolar.
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Chapter 21: Occlusal and Localization Techniques
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Q1) When the right-angle technique is used,an occlusal receptor is exposed directing the central ray at ____ degrees to the receptor.
A)20
B)45
C)65
D)90
Q2) Your 17-year-old patient has tooth number 6 impacted.Which of the following would you take to evaluate the tooth?
A)Maxillary pediatric occlusal
B)Mandibular cross-sectional
C)Maxillary lateral occlusal
D)Maxillary occlusal
Q3) The dental image is a _______-dimensional picture of a _______-dimensional object.
A)two;two
B)three;three
C)two;three
D)three;two
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23
Chapter 22: Panoramic Imaging
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Q1) All panoramic units have the same focal trough size and shape.Panoramic units may have different receptor transport mechanisms.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
Q2) A cassette has ________ intensifying screen(s).
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
Q3) Rare earth screens emit _______ light and are considered faster than calcium tungstate screens,which emit _______ light.
A)blue;green
B)blue;blue
C)green;green
D)green;blue
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Chapter 23: Extraoral Imaging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scatter radiation
A)increases film fog.
B)increases image contrast.
C)decreases film fog.
D)decreases density.
Q2) (1)Temporomandibular joint tomography is used to evaluate the condyle,articular eminence,and glenoid fossa.(2)Other landmarks are blurred in TMJ tomography.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
Q3) Extraoral images may be used in conjunction with intraoral images.Extraoral images are not as defined or sharp as intraoral images.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
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Chapter 24: Imaging of Patients With Special Needs
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Q1) The mixed occlusal and periapical examination on an edentulous patient consists of _______ size 4 receptors and ________ size 2 receptors.
A)two;four
B)two;two
C)four;four
D)four;two
Q2) What can you do to reduce the risk of a gag reflex?
A)Help the patient focus on not gagging.
B)Discuss with your patient ways to prevent gagging.
C)Have your patient hold her breath.
D)Give your patient a cup of ice water to drink to try to reduce tactile stimuli.
Q3) The gag reflex is elicited by stimulation of the sensitive tissues of the A)larynx.
B)pharynx.
C)soft palate.
D)hard palate.
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Chapter 25: Digital Imaging
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Q1) Conventional dental x-ray film has a resolution of ___________ lp/mm.
A)6 to 8
B)8 to 12
C)12 to 20
D)20 to 50
Q2) A sensor with a fiber optic cable linked to the computer is placed into the mouth of the patient and exposed to x-radiation.This is an example of
A)phosphor imaging.
B)use of the CCD camera.
C)direct digital imaging.
D)indirect digital imaging.
Q3) In order to be used for digital imaging,the x-ray unit timer must be adapted to allow exposures in a time frame of _______ of a second.
A)1/5
B)1/10
C)1/15
D)1/100
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Chapter 26: Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging
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Q1) Your patient is concerned about the amount of radiation she is receiving from the dental x-rays she has been receiving.You will be taking a CBCT scan.Based on evidence-based research,you can share with your patient that the CBCT scan is equal to which of the following?
A)Three or four panoramic images
B)Three or four full-mouth series of intraoral images
C)A CT procedure of the head and neck
D)A set of bite-wing images
Q2) The specialized equipment necessary for three-dimensional imaging that accepts the raw data and converts it to a stack of axial images called DICOM images is called the
A)computer.
B)control panel.
C)imaging hardware.
D)CBCT machine.
Q3) When viewed together,the axial,coronal,and sagittal images are referred to as
A)three-dimensional digital imaging.
B)multiplanar reconstructed images.
C)cone-beam computed tomography.
D)cone-beam volume tomography.
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Chapter 27: Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Images
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Q1) Nutrient canals appear as ______________ lines on a periapical image.
A)vertical radiolucent
B)horizontal radiolucent
C)vertical radiopaque
D)horizontal radiopaque
Q2) The maxillary tuberosity appears as a ___________ rounded prominence posterior to the ________ molar region.
A)radiolucent;first B)radiolucent;third C)radiopaque;first D)radiopaque;third
Q3) On a periapical image,the submandibular fossa appears as a ___________ area in the molar region _______ the mylohyoid ridge.
A)radiopaque;above B)radiopaque;below C)radiolucent;above D)radiolucent;below
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Chapter 28: Film Mounting and Viewing
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Q1) Radiographs are intended to be placed in a film holder in
A)the order in which they were exposed.
B)the order in which they were processed.
C)anatomic order.
D)the order prescribed by the American Dental Association (ADA)nomenclature.
Q2) Your radiographs have just exited the processor.When should you mount them?
A)Immediately
B)At the end of the day
C)Tomorrow
D)Next week
Q3) Which one of the following is the only member of the dental team who is legally allowed to interpret and diagnose radiographs?
A)Dentist or dental hygienist
B)Dentist or dental assistant
C)Dentist,dental hygienist or dental assistant
D)Dentist
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Chapter 29: Normal Anatomy: Panoramic Images
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Q1) Which of the following structures may be seen on a periapical image?
A)Mastoid process
B)Styloid process
C)External auditory meatus
D)Maxillary tuberosity
Q2) On a panoramic image,the infraorbital foramen may be superimposed over the ____________.
A)mental foramen
B)maxillary sinus
C)frontal sinus
D)external auditory meatus
Q3) Border of the mandible
A)Label A
B)Label B
C)Label C
D)Label I
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31
Chapter 30: Introduction to Image Interpretation
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Q1) After exposing you patient's dental images,you would most likely examine the images in which of the following areas?
A)Business office
B)Darkroom
C)Operatory
D)Reception room
Q2) After exposing the dental images,you should review and interpret your patient's images
A)alone in a quiet room in the evening.
B)in front of the patient.
C)at the end of the week.
D)only when it is convenient.
Q3) The definition of interpret is to
A)establish a diagnosis.
B)offer an explanation.
C)process radiographs.
D)mount radiographs.
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Chapter 31: Descriptive Terminology
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Q1) (1)When you are discussing with your dentist a lesion you notice on your patient's dental image,you should use specific terms to describe it.(2)Use of these terms,known as descriptive terminology,enables you to communicate intelligently with others in a common language that helps prevent confusion.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
Q2) Most pathology on a dental image _______ appear as an even thickness and therefore appears _____________.
A)does;white
B)does not;gray
C)does;black
D)does not;white
Q3) Which of the following would appear radiopaque on a dental image?
A)Dental pulp
B)Dentin
C)Periodontal ligament space
D)Soft tissue
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Page 33
Chapter 32: Identification of Restorations, dental Materials, and Foreign Objects
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Q1) A porcelain-fused-to-metal crown appears
A)uniformly radiopaque.
B)uniformly radiolucent.
C)to have two components.The metal component appears completely radiopaque,and the porcelain component appears slightly radiopaque.
D)to have two components.The metal component appears completely radiolucent,and the porcelain component appears slightly radiolucent.
Q2) (1)The metal framework on a removable partial denture appears radiopaque on dental images.(2)The acrylic portion of a removable partial denture appears radiolucent on dental images.
A)Both statements are true.
B)Both statements are false.
C)The first statement is true;the second statement is false.
D)The first statement is false;the second statement is true.
Q3) The greatest potential negative consequence of an amalgam overhang is
A)unesthetic contour.
B)destruction of interproximal bone.
C)impingement of the interdental papilla.
D)stretching of periodontal ligament fibers.
Page 34
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Chapter 33: Interpretation of Dental Caries
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Q1) You suspect your patient has caries in the molar regions.Which of the following dental images should you take?
A)Periapical
B)Bite-wing
C)Panoramic
D)Occlusal
Q2) Rampant caries are typically seen in children with ________ dietary habits or in adults with __________ salivary flow.
A)poor;increased
B)poor;decreased
C)good;increased
D)good;decreased
Q3) On a dental image,interproximal caries are typically seen at or just below the A)marginal ridge.
B)contact point.
C)cementoenamel junction.
D)crest of the alveolar bone.
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Chapter 34: Interpretation of Periodontal Disease
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Q1) You suspect your patient has periodontal disease in the molar regions.Which of the following dental images should you take?
A)Horizontal bite-wing
B)Vertical bite-wing
C)Panoramic
D)Periapical
Q2) The normal periodontal ligament space appears as a ______________ line.
A)thin radiopaque
B)thin radiolucent
C)thick radiopaque
D)thick radiolucent
Q3) Severe bone loss is defined as a loss of __________.
A)1 to 2 mm
B)2 to 3 mm
C)3 to 4 mm
D)5 mm or greater
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Chapter 35: Interpretation of Trauma and Pulpal and Periapical Lesions
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Q1) Which of the following describes luxation?
A)The atypical movement of teeth
B)The fragments of bone following traumatic injury
C)Hemorrhage,or bleeding
D)Swelling or edema
Q2) Condensing osteitis is seen ________ the apex of a __________ tooth.
A)below;vital
B)below;nonvital
C)above;vital
D)above;nonvital
Q3) Pulp stones _________ cause symptoms and _________ require treatment.
A)do;do
B)do;do not
C)do not;do
D)do not;do not
Q4) Periapical cysts account for ___________ of all cysts in the oral region.
A)10% to 20%
B)20% to 25%
C)25% to 50%
D)50% to 70%
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