Clinical Cardiology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Clinical Cardiology focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice. The course covers fundamental concepts such as cardiac anatomy and physiology, the pathophysiology of common cardiac disorders, and the principles behind diagnostic tools like electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac imaging. Students will learn to assess patient symptoms, interpret investigation results, and implement evidence-based treatment strategies for conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Emphasis is also placed on risk assessment, lifestyle modification, and the multidisciplinary approach required for optimal patient care in both acute and chronic cardiac scenarios.
Recommended Textbook
ECGs Made Easy 5th Edition by Barbara J Aehlert
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10 Chapters
515 Verified Questions
515 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which side of the heart is a low-pressure system that pumps venous blood to the lungs?
A) Left
B) Right
Answer: B
Q2) The _____ are the heart chambers that receive blood.
Answer: atria
Q3) What factors affect afterload?
Answer: Afterload is the pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood.Afterload is influenced by the following: arterial blood pressure,the ability of the arteries to become stretched (arterial distensibility),and arterial resistance.
Q4) Blood pressure is determined by _____ multiplied by _____.
A) stroke volume; heart rate
B) heart rate; cardiac output
C) cardiac output; peripheral vascular resistance
D) stroke volume; peripheral vascular resistance
Answer: C
Q5) Define systole.
Answer: Contraction or the ejection of blood from a chamber of the heart
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Chapter 2: Basic Electrophysiology
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each electrode placed in a "V" position is a(n)_____ electrode.
A)Electrolyte
B)Voltmeter
C)Chemical
D)Ectopic
E)Reciprocal changes
F)Atrial
G)Indicative changes
H)Amplitude
I)Repolarization
J)Supranormal
K)Ventricular
L)Reentry
M)Positive
N)Augmented
Answer: M
Q2) A line between waveforms is called a(n)_____.
Answer: segment
Q3) Name the first positive deflection seen after the P wave on the ECG.
Answer: R wave
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Chapter 3: Sinus Mechanisms
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45 Verified Questions
45 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The rate of sinus tachycardia is _____ beats/min.
A) slower than 60
B) 40 to 80
C) 60 to 100
D) faster than 100
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following are possible causes of sinus bradycardia?
A) Elevated temperature,pain
B) Increased intracranial pressure,beta-blocker overdose
C) Hypoxia,fright,caffeine-containing beverages
D) Hypovolemia,administration of sympathomimetics
Answer: B
Q3) The rate of a sinus rhythm is ____ beats/min.
A) slower than 60
B) 60 to 100
C) 80 to 120
D) faster than 100
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Atrial Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most patients with type I atrial flutter develop atrial fibrillation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Complete the following ECG criteria for atrial tachycardia: Rlythm______________________________________
Rate____________________________________________
p waves_____________________________________________
PR interval_________________________________________
QRS duration____________________________________________
Q3) PACs associated with a wide QRS complex are called _____ _____ PACs,indicating that conduction through the ventricles is abnormal.
Q4) How are frequent PACs usually managed?
A) Defibrillation
B) Synchronized cardioversion
C) Correcting the underlying cause
D) Administration of medications such as atropine or epinephrine
Q5) In atrial fibrillation,fibrillatory waves are referred to as f waves.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Junctional Rhythms
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51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Indicate the ventricular rates for each of the following junctional dysrhythmias: A Junctional bradycardia ________________________________
B. Junctional tachycardia_________________________________
C. Accelerated junctional__________________________________ rhythm
D. Junctional rhythm____________________________________
Q2) A beat originating from the AV junction that appears later than the next expected sinus beat is called a(n)_____ _____ _____.
Q3) In a junctional rhythm viewed in lead II,where is the location of the P wave on the ECG if atrial and ventricular depolarization occur simultaneously?
A) Before the QRS complex
B) During the QRS complex
C) After the QRS complex
Q4) A(n)_____ pause often follows a PJC and represents the delay during which the SA node resets its rhythm for the next beat.
Q5) If the AV junction paces the heart,the electrical impulse must travel in a backward direction to activate the atria.This is called _____ conduction.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ventricular Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Complete the following ECG criteria for ventricular fibrillation: Rlythm________________________________ Rate__________________________________
P waves__________________________________
PR interval_____________________________ QRS duration___________________________________
Q2) Complete the following ECG criteria for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: Rlythm_________________________________________
Rate___________________________________________
P waves_____________________________________________
PR interval___________________________________________
QRS duration__________________________________________
Q3) The term premature ventricular complex is technically more correct than premature ventricular contraction.
A)True B)False
Q4) What is the name given to polymorphic VT that occurs in the presence of a long QT interval?
Q5) List four common causes of premature ventricular complexes.
Q6) List three potential sites of origin of ectopic beats.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Heart Blocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Complete the following ECG criteria for 2:1 AV block:
P waves__________________________
PR interval_________________________________
QRS duration______________________________
Q2) In second-degree and third-degree AV blocks,_____.
A) P waves occur regularly
B) every other P wave is dropped
C) P waves are periodically dropped
D) there are more QRS complexes than P waves
Q3) In 2:1 AV block,_____.
A) the atrial rhythm (P-P interval)is regular
B) the ventricular rhythm (R-R interval)is irregular
C) the PR interval lengthens until a P wave appears with no QRS complex
D) there is no PR interval because the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other
Q4) A _____ bundle branch block produces a QS pattern in lead V?.
Q5) A _____ bundle branch block produces a RSR pattern in lead V?.
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Chapter 8: Pacemaker Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) In pacing,rate modulation refers to _____.
A) the ability of a pacemaker to recognize and respond to intrinsic electrical activity
B) the minimum level of electrical current needed to consistently depolarize the myocardium
C) the ability of a pacemaker to increase the pacing rate in response to physical activity or metabolic demand
D) a pacing lead with a single electrical pole at the distal tip of the pacing lead through which the stimulating pulse is delivered.
Q2) In pacing,sensitivity refers to _____.
A) the ability of a pacemaker to recognize and respond to intrinsic electrical activity
B) a pacing lead with a single electrical pole at the distal tip of the pacing lead through which the stimulating pulse is delivered
C) the successful conduction of an artificial pacemaker's impulse through the myocardium,resulting in depolarization
D) the length of time between an atrial sensed or atrial paced event and the delivery of a ventricular pacing stimulus
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the 12-Lead ECG
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36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hypertrophy refers to a(n)_____.
A) delay in impulse conduction through the SA node
B) disturbance in impulse conduction through the AV junction
C) increase in the diameter of a chamber of the heart caused by volume overload
D) increase in the thickness of a heart chamber because of chronic pressure overload
Q2) Where should the positive electrode for lead V<sub>1</sub> be positioned?
A) Right side of the sternum,fourth intercostal space
B) Left midaxillary line at the same level as V<sub>4</sub>
C) Left side of the sternum,fourth intercostal space
D) Left anterior axillary line at the same level as V<sub>4</sub>
Q3) Explain the meaning of the letters in aVR,aVL,and aVF.
Q4) Lead V<sub>1</sub> views the _____.
A) septum
B) inferior wall of the left ventricle
C) lateral wall of the right ventricle
D) anterior wall of the right ventricle
Q5) List the ECG leads that view the heart in the horizontal plane,allowing a view of the front and left side of the heart.
Q6) Describe the appearance of a pathologic Q wave.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Post-Test
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66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Two conditions must exist to suspect bundle branch block.First,the QRS complex must have an abnormal duration (0.12 seconds or more in width),and second _____.
A) an RSR' complex must be seen in leads V1-V6
B) a QS pattern must be seen in leads I,II,and III
C) a slurred upstroke of the QRS complex must exist
D) the QRS complex must arise as the result of supraventricular activity
Q3) The myocardium is thickest in the ____.
A) left atrium
B) right atrium
C) left ventricle
D) right ventricle
Q4) The six limb leads view the heart in the frontal plane as if the body were flat.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a biphasic waveform?
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