Climate Change and the Oceans Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the interconnected relationship between climate change and the worlds oceans, examining how rising temperatures, changing weather patterns, and increasing levels of greenhouse gases are impacting marine ecosystems. Students will learn about ocean circulation, sea level rise, ocean acidification, and alterations to marine biodiversity, as well as the feedback mechanisms between the atmosphere and oceans. The course will also discuss the societal and environmental implications of these changes and introduce mitigation and adaptation strategies aimed at protecting ocean health in the face of ongoing climate change.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Oceanography 10th Edition by Alan P. Trujillo
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16 Chapters
1029 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Planet Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correct arrangement of astronomical bodies from<b> oldest </b>to <b>youngest</b> is:
A) galaxy, solar system, planet.
B) planet, galaxy, solar system.
C) planet, solar system, galaxy.
D) solar system, galaxy, planet.
E) solar system, planet, galaxy.
Answer: A
Q2) Radiometric age dating is used to determine the age of most rock layers.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The salinity of the oceans has been steadily increasing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Free oxygen was present in the Earth's primordial atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
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Sample Questions
Q1) Paleomagnetism confirms that at particular times in the geologic past Earth has had more than one magnetic north pole.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)Gondwanaland
B)Panamerica
C)Pangea
D)Panthalassa
E)Tethys Sea
Answer: B
Q3) Coral reefs:
A) are most common in the tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean basin.
B) can be found at latitudes above 60º.
C) form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event.
D) include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs.
E) were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to the Caribbean Island of Hispanola.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Marine Provinces
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Sample Questions
Q1) The broadest continental shelves occur in the Arctic Ocean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Describe the relationship between <b>turbidity currents </b>and <b>turbidite deposits</b>.
Answer: Turbidity currents are underwater currents composed of mud, rock, and debris flowing along the continental shelf and down the continental slope. The source of the rock, mud, and debris is continental. Turbidite deposits are formed by turbidity currents when the mud, rock, and debris are deposited on the ocean floor.
Q3) Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with:
A) deep-sea trenches
B) fracture zones
C) hydrothermal vents
D) mid-ocean ridges
E) spreading centers.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Marine Sediments
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is the calcite compensation depth (CCD) related to the world-wide distribution of calcareous oozes.
Q2) A pelagic clay contains lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:
A) less than 30% biogenous material.
B) more than 30% biogenous material.
C) more than 30% hydrogenous material.
D) less than 30% neritic material.
E) more than 30% neritic material.
Q3) halite
A)terrigenous sediment
B)biogenous sediment
C)hydrogenous sediment
D)cosmogenous sediment
Q4) abyssal clay
A)terrigenous sediment
B)biogenous sediment
C)hydrogenous sediment
D)cosmogenous sediment
Q5) Discuss the sources of biogenous sediments.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Water and Seawater
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Sample Questions
Q1) The average salinity of sea water is:
A) 0.35%.
B) 2.0%.
C) 3.5%.
D) 10%.
E) 25%.
Q2) The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is called the:
A) boiling point elevation.
B) calorie.
C) latent heat of condensation.
D) latent heat of evaporation.
E) thermal capacity.
Q3) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain how the pH of seawater remains constant.
Q5) Heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Air-Sea Interface
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Sample Questions
Q1) The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun is directly overhead along the equator in March.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a:
A) darker color.
B) decreased density.
C) higher salinity.
D) higher temperature.
E) lower temperature.
Q3) A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:
A) doldrums
B) horse latitudes.
C) polar easterlies.
D) trade winds.
E) westerlies.
Q5) Discuss the formation of land breezes and sea breezes.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Ocean Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to a western boundary current, which of the following statements is true for an eastern boundary current?
A) Eastern boundary currents are broad and deep.
B) Eastern boundary currents are broad and slow.
C) Eastern boundary currents are deep and swift.
D) Eastern boundary currents are narrow and deep.
E) Eastern boundary currents are shallow and swift.
Q2) The Gulf Stream moves water away from the equator; the Benguela Current moves some of this same water back toward the equator.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Westward intensification causes:
A) a steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compare to the eastern section of the gyre.
B) equatorial countercurrents.
C) the center of the gyre to be shift to the west.
D) very swift western boundary currents.
E) All of the above statements are the result of westward intensification.
Q4) Describe the circulation of deep ocean water.
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Chapter 8: Waves and Water Dynamics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lowest part of the wave corresponds to the number:
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
D) 4.
E) 5.
Q2) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern
A)crest
B)height
C)length
D)period
E)trough
Q3) A standing wave is caused by wave reflection.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe what happens to a deep-water wave when it enters shallow water and eventually breaks.
Q5) Describe the formation of water waves from a still ocean surface.
Q6) Distinguish between wave <b>reflection, refraction,</b> and <b>diffraction</b>.
Q7) Compare shallow water and deep water waves.
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Chapter 9: Tides
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common tidal pattern around the world is:
A) diurnal tides.
B) mixed tides.
C) proxigean tides.
D) semidiurnal tides.
E) spring tides.
Q2) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)full moon
B)neap tide
C)new moon
D)spring tide
E)syzygy
Q3) The difference between centripetal forces and gravitational forces is called the:
A) diurnal force.
B) dynamic force
C) lunar force.
D) residual force.
E) tidal force.
Q4) Compare <b>diurnal, semidiurnal</b>, and </b>mixed tidal patterns.
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Chapter 10: The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The longshore current is caused by waves striking the beach at an angle.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the features associated with depositional coasts and discuss their formation.
Q3) Groins are constructed for the purpose of maintaining or widening beaches that are losing sand.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following landforms shows the greatest erosion rate along U.S. coasts?
A) coralline structures of the Florida Keys
B) crystalline rocks of New England
C) mud flats
D) sandy beaches
E) sedimentary rocks of Pacific Northwest
Q5) The backshore is found between the normal high tide mark and the coastline.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Compare and contrast<b> erosional coasts </b>and <b>depositional coasts</b>.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Coastal Oceans
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Sample Questions
Q1) Point sources of municipal and industrial wastes in the United States are governed by:
A) Federal Clean Water Act.
B) Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act.
C) Oceans Act of 2000.
D) Ocean Dumping Ban Act.
E) Rivers and Harbors Act.
Q2) Distinguish between <b>estuaries, lagoons</b>, and <b>marginal seas</b> and give an example of each.
Q3) An estuary formed from a flooded glacial valley is called a:
A) bar-built estuary.
B) coastal plain estuary.
C) fjord.
D) tectonic estuary.
E) vertically mixed estuary.
Q4) Biomagnification is a result of the inefficiency of trophic transfer in the food web.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Marine Life and the Marine Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss osmotic balance in freshwater and saltwater fishes.
Q2) Phytoplankton are small in size as a result of predation pressure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern
A)kelp
B)krill
C)jellyfish
D)Sargassum
E)zooplankton
Q4) Compare and contrast warm and cold water marine species in terms of life span, body size, and relative abundance.
Q5) Euryhaline organisms:
A) are less common than stenohaline organisms.
B) can survive wide salinity fluctuations.
C) require less oxygen for survival.
D) tolerate a narrow range of salinities.
E) tolerate small temperature changes.
Q6) Define the terms<b> hypotonic, hypertonic</b>, and <b>isotonic </b>and discuss their relationship to osmotic pressure.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) bacteriovores
B) carnivores
C) detritivores
D) frugivores
E) herbivores
Q2) Why do algal blooms frequently occur during spring and fall?
Q3) The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the:
A) coastal areas.
B) epipelagic zone.
C) mesopelagic zone.
D) tropical areas.
E) upwelling areas.
Q4) The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:
A) carbon dioxide.
B) nitrogen.
C) phosphorus.
D) A and B are correct.
E) B and C are correct.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Animals of the Pelagic Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are baleen whales<b> except</b>:
A) blue whales.
B) fin whales.
C) gray whales.
D) right whales.
E) sperm whales.
Q2) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)blue
B)gray
C)killer
D)minke
E)sei
Q3) Define <b>symbiosis</b> and compare and contrast the different types of symbiotic relationships and give an example of each.
Q4) Discuss why schooling behavior is adaptive to fishes.
Q5) The mysticeti whales include the humpback, the gray, and the sperm whales.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss the role of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in regulating commercial whaling.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Animals of the Benthic Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are adaptations to life in the intertidal zone <b>except</b>:
A) ability to withdraw into their shells.
B) holdfasts for attachment to rock surfaces.
C) schooling to avoid predators.
D) shell to cover soft body parts for protection from predators and desiccation.
E) use of biological glue and protein threads for attachment.
Q2) Two frequent inhabitants of a rocky coast tide pool are:
A) buckshot barnacle and rockweed.
B) goose barnacle and mussel.
C) periwinkle snail and kelp.
D) sea anemone and hermit crab
E) sea stars and Ulva.
Q3) What is coral bleaching? List the environmental conditions that contribute to the development of coral bleaching.
Q4) The eastern side of an ocean basin tends to have greater diversity of reef-building corals than the western side.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the role of sea urchins in kelp forest ecosystems.
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Chapter 16: The Oceans and Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by:
A) absorbing surplus heat.
B) increasing oceanic primary productivity.
C) moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean.
D) removing CO and sequestering CO in ocean sediments.
E) trapping CO in sea ice.
Q2) Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to:
A) autotrophic processes.
B) chemosynthesis.
C) metabolism.
D) photosynthesis.
E) respiration.
Q3) Feedback loops are the interactions among the Earth's five spheres that either reinforce or negate changes in climate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and define the components of the Earth's climate system.
Q5) Discuss the sources of information used by scientists to reconstruct climatic data prior to the era of modern climate records.
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