Climate Change and the Oceans Final Exam
Course Introduction
Climate Change and the Oceans explores the dynamic relationship between Earths oceans and the global climate system. This course examines the science behind oceanic processes, such as circulation, heat storage, and carbon cycling, and how these influence and are affected by climate change. Students will analyze topics including ocean acidification, sea level rise, marine ecosystem shifts, and feedback mechanisms that amplify or mitigate climate changes. Emphasis is placed on both the vulnerabilities of marine environments and their critical role in regulating Earths climate, as well as on current research, mitigation efforts, and policy implications related to ocean-atmosphere interactions in a changing world.
Recommended Textbook Essentials Of Oceanography 11th Edition by Alan P. Trujillo
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Planet Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oceanic crust is primarily:
A)basalt.
B)carbonate sedimentary rocks.
C)clay minerals.
D)granite.
E)siltstone.
Answer: A
Q2) Eratosthenes
A)first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean
B)led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe
C)used ecological approach to solve fisheries problem
D)mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude
E)first determination of Earth's circumference
F)led voyage that first used the marine chronometer
G)made important observations about drift of sea ice
H)mapped the Mediterranean Sea for the Greeks
I)established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland
J)incorrectly concluded that no life exists in deep ocean
Answer: E
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking)of volcanic islands was:
A)Harry Hess.
B)Charles Darwin.
C)Alfred Wegener.
D)Drummond Matthews.
E)John Tuzo Wilson.
Answer: B
Q2) mid-ocean ridge
A)transform fault
B)spreading center
C)subduction zone
Answer: B
Q3) At divergent plate boundaries, usually only shallow depth earthquakes can be found.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: Marine Provinces
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Sample Questions
Q1) The method that used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
A)direct observation.
B)drilling.
C)light waves.
D)satellite observation.
E)sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).
Answer: E
Q2) Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Oceans with passive plate margins have continental slopes with more gradual slopes than oceans with active plate margins.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Marine Sediments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ice rafting
A)depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
B)microscopic biogenous sediment
C)associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
D)depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
E)associated with glacial deposits
F)particle size classification
Q3) All of the following are true concerning neritic sediment deposits except:
A)they may contain coarse-grained sand and rock fragments in the sediments.
B)they may contain sediments of lithogenous origin.
C)they may contain sediments transported from rivers onto the continental shelf.
D)they may form in shallow coastal waters.
E)they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin.
Q4) Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Water and Seawater
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:
A)ocean salinity varies as a function of season.
B)ocean salinity varies with geographical location.
C)the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location.
D)the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth.
E)the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.
Q2) change in state from gas to liquid
A)evaporation
B)halocline
C)isocline
D)sublimation
E)thermocline
F)deposition
G)pycnocline
H)condensation
Q3) Water is the only naturally occurring substance on Earth that readily exists in all three states of matter simultaneously (ice, water, and water vapor).
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss how latitude and climatological processes affect seawater salinity.
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Chapter 6: Air-Sea Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the water's high latent heat of fusion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The doldrums refer to the same region as the:
A)inter-tropical convergence zone.
B)jet stream.
C)subtropical jet stream.
D)subtropics.
E)trade winds.
Q3) Describe tropical cyclones, including their origin, patterns of movement, and the types of destruction caused by these atmospheric events. How are the number and frequency of cyclones related to latitude and season?
Q4) A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an:
A)cold front.
B)high pressure system.
C)low pressure system.
D)occluded front.
E)warm front.
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Chapter 7: Ocean Circulation
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Q1) Equatorial currents are driven by the:
A)Coriolis force.
B)density.
C)Ekman transport.
D)trade winds.
E)westerlies.
Q2) Ekman transport
A)seasonal wind pattern
B)water mass found in the Sargasso Sea
C)net water movement to the left or right of the direction of the wind
D)movement of water from the bottom to the top of the water column
E)unit of current velocity
F)water flow driven by gravity and modified by the Coriolis force
G)movement of water from the top to the bottom of the water column
Q3) Sources of deep water in the ocean include all of the following except:
A)southern subpolar latitudes.
B)northern subpolar latitudes.
C)subtropical convergences.
D)Arctic convergence.
E)Antarctic convergence.
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Chapter 8: Waves and Water Dynamics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fetch refers to:
A)a method of shoreline erosion control.
B)a type of wave-cut platform.
C)the circular pattern made by water particles when a wave passes.
D)the distance between the trough of a wave and the still water level.
E)the distance over which the wind blows without interruption.
Q2) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) longitudinal
B) orbital
C) progressive
D) spilling
E) transverse
Q3) A storm surge might form in association with a seafloor avalanche.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A wave will break when wave steepness is equal to 1/20.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Using examples, explain how wave refraction is different from wave reflection.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Tides
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Bay of Fundy is well known for which tidal characteristic?
A)a diurnal tide
B)two amphidromic points
C)very large seiche
D)very low tidal range
E)very high tidal range
Q2) When the Earth is at its greatest distance from the sun, it is said to be at:
A)apogee.
B)aphelion.
C)perigee.
D)perihelion.
E)proxigean.
Q3) An area that experiences diurnal tides will have:
A)one high tide and one low tide daily.
B)one high tide and two low tides daily.
C)one low tide and two high tides daily.
D)two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal height daily.
E)two unequal low and high tides daily.
Q4) Describe the number of high and low tides in a lunar day, including the period, and any inequality of diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed tide types.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following pairs does not belong together?
A)Atlantic-type coast: thick accumulations of sediment
B)emerging shorelines: drowned beaches
C)Pacific-type coast: earthquake activity
D)depositional shores: sand deposits and offshore barrier islands
E)submerging shorelines: submerged dune topography
Q2) rip current
A)exposed at low tide and covered at high tide
B)flows parallel to shore within surf zone
C)young features formed by non-marine processes
D)found between dunes and high marsh
E)beyond the low-tide breakers
F)moves water from swash zone out to sea
G)deposit at mouth of a river
H)colonized by grasses; very productive
Q3) wave-cut cliffs
A)depositional shore
B)erosional shore
Q4) Discuss why deltas do not form at all river mouths and why bay mouth bar formation is not always a problem for coastal harbors.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Coastal Ocean
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Sample Questions
Q1) This wetland coastal area occurs:
A)between 30°N and 30°S latitude.
B)in coastal areas that dissipate wave energy.
C)in coastal areas that do not experience seasonal killing frosts.
D)All of the above conditions control the distribution of this type of coastal wetland.
E)Only A and B determine the distribution of this type of wetland.
Q2) The percentage of the original area of wetlands currently left in the United States is approximately:
A)10%.
B)25%.
C)50%.
D)65%.
E)75%.
Q3) PCBs
A)persistent organic pollutants
B)toxic metals
C)sewage sludge
D)hydrocarbons
Q4) Compare and contrast salt marshes and mangrove swamps.
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Chapter 12: Marine Life and the Marine Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) hadal
A)neritic
B)benthic
C)pelagic, neritic
D)pelagic
Q2) The majority of marine species are associated with the pelagic environment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies camouflaging them against the water-air interface is:
A)countershading.
B)cryptic coloration.
C)defensive coloration.
D)disruptive coloration.
E)warning coloration.
Q4) abyssopelagic
A)neritic
B)benthic
C)pelagic, neritic
D)pelagic
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Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tropical open ocean waters have the highest rate of primary productivity in the world's oceans.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Equatorial upwelling decreases primary productivity in tropical waters.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the:
A)coastal areas.
B)bathypelagic zone.
C)mesopelagic zone.
D)tropical areas.
E)upwelling areas.
Q4) algae
A)decomposer
B)consumer
C)producer
Q5) How can overfishing of target species lead to significant changes in marine ecosystems?
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Chapter 14: Animals of the Pelagic Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Microscopic, shrimplike animals that have a hard exoskeleton that can be either herbivorous, carnivorous, or parasitic are called: A)radiolarians.
B)foraminifers.
C)copepods.
D)cnidarians. E)fishes.
Q2) tiger shark
A)truncate caudal fin
B)rounded caudal fin
C)lunate caudal fin
D)forked caudal fin
E)heterocercal caudal fin
Q3) An example of a "cruiser" is a: A)flounder.
B)grouper.
C)mackerel.
D)shark.
E)tuna.
Q4) Distinguish between poikilotherms and homeotherms and give an example of each.
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Chapter 15: Animals of the Benthic Environment
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Q1) Epifauna are those organisms that are either permanently attached to the bottom or move over it.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The temperature of the ocean water has a significant effect on species diversity of benthic communities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Littorina (periwinkle snail)
A)supratidal zone
B)middle tide zone
C)high tide zone, supratidal zone
D)low tide zone
E)middle tide zone, tide pool
F)high tide zone
Q4) Zooxanthellae are important members of hydrothermal vent communities.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the conditions that limit the distribution of corals worldwide.
Q6) Discuss the role of sea urchins in kelp forest ecosystems.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Oceans and Climate Change
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Q1) Volcanic eruptions have no impact on global climate patterns, they only affect local climate.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If all greenhouse gas emissions by humans were reduced to zero, the Earth is still projected to keep warming for the foreseeable future.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An international agreement to voluntarily limit greenhouse gas emissions is called the:
A)Coriolis Protocol.
B)IPCC.
C)Keating Conference.
D)Kyoto Protocol.
E)United Nations Environmental Programme.
Q4) Greenhouse gases are compounds in the Earth's atmosphere that dissipate heat.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the role of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Q6) List and define the five components of Earth's climate system.
Page 18
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