Climate and Weather Review
Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of the Earth's atmospheric processes, focusing on the fundamental differences and interactions between climate and weather. Students will examine the physical principles that govern atmospheric dynamics, including temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind patterns. The course covers the mechanisms behind various weather phenomena, the factors influencing global and regional climates, and the tools used for weather forecasting and climate modeling. By understanding how short-term weather events connect with long-term climate patterns, students will gain the skills necessary to analyze and interpret atmospheric data, with attention to climate change, extreme weather events, and their broader environmental and societal impacts.
Recommended Textbook
Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 9th Edition by Robert W. Christopherson
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20 Chapters
3026 Verified Questions
3026 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Essentials of Geography
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, communication and diffusion refer to
A) location.
B) place.
C) human-Earth relationships.
D) movement.
E) regions.
Answer: D
Q2) A scale given as "one centimeter to one kilometer" is an example of a A) representative fraction.
B) graphic scale.
C) written scale.
D) relative scale.
Answer: C
Q3) "Geography" literally means
A) place memorization.
B) the study of rocks.
C) map making.
D) to write (about) Earth.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons
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145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Sun's radiant energy is composed primarily of visible light and infrared wavelengths.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Longer falls and earlier springs caused by climate change have lengthened the growing season in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) While seasonality can affect humans, humans cannot affect seasonality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Describe the radiation emitted from both the Sun and the Earth in terms of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Answer: The sun emits shortwave radiation primarily in the visible and infrared wavelengths, while the Earth emits longwave radiation primarily in the thermal infrared wavelengths.
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Chapter 3: Earths Modern Atmosphere
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168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Air consists of
A) a mixture of gases that behaves as if it were a single gas.
B) gases that are not well mixed.
C) oxygen only.
D) mostly carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Answer: A
Q2) What two pollutants react with water to produce acid rain?
A) sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides
B) sulfur oxides and ozone
C) nitrogen oxides and ozone
D) sulfur oxides and PAN
Answer: A
Q3) The atmospheric portion of the biosphere occurs in the A) heterosphere.
B) troposphere.
C) ozonosphere.
D) lithosphere.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances
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130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study of jet contrails following the grounding of commercial flights after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks found that
A) contrails have a very limited effect on the Earth's energy budget.
B) contrails reduce diurnal temperature ranges in regions with a high density aircraft.
C) contrails contribute more to cloud-albedo forcing than cloud-greenhouse forcing.
D) contrails are difficult to distinguish from natural cirrus clouds.
Q2) Earth's main energy outputs are
A) gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation.
B) ultraviolet radiation and visible radiation.
C) visible and infrared radiation.
D) thermal infrared radiation.
Q3) A(n) ________ is trapped airborne pollution that can raise temperatures by absorbing insolation and reradiating heat to the surface.
A) urban heat island (UHI)
B) "cool" roof
C) urban canyon effect
D) dust dome
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Chapter 5: Global Temperatures
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135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within the troposphere, temperatures and density________ with increasing altitude above the Earth's surface.
A) both increase
B) decrease and increase, respectively
C) both decrease
D) increase and decrease, respectively
Q2) On average, the illuminated zone in oceans is to a depth of ________, but in some oceans may be as deep as ________.
A) 20 m (66 ft); 30 m (100 ft)
B) 100 m (330 ft); 500 m (1,640 ft)
C) 60 m (200 ft); 300 m (1,000 ft)
D) 30 m (100 ft); 900 m (3,000 ft)
Q3) During summer, cities located near the coast are ________ than those in the interior at the same latitude, while in the winter they are ________.
A) warmer; warmer
B) warmer; cooler
C) cooler; warmer
D) cooler; cooler
Q4) How does wind affect the wind-chill factor and the heat index?
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Chapter 6: Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations
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181 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 2006, a wayward oil platform was carried via ocean and wind currents to the remote island of Tristan da Cunha, bringing with it
A) 30,000 rubber ducks, turtles, and frogs.
B) a massive oil spill.
C) 62 non-native marine species.
D) much needed food and other supplies.
Q2) During an ENSO event, a low pressure system develops over Tahiti, while a high pressure system develops over Darwin, Australia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Wind is a non-renewable resource shown to have adverse effects on human health. A)True
B)False
Q4) The European Union has a goal of 20% of all energy from renewable resources by 2020.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Using an example explain the Coriolis force. Examine and explain the effect of the Coriolis force on wind speed and direction.
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Chapter 7: Water and Atmospheric Moisture
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145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Condensation nuclei over the ocean consist primarily of A) pieces of coral.
B) minute fragments of sea shells.
C) salt particles.
D) clay particles.
Q2) Compare and contrast the normal lapse rate, environmental lapse rate, the dry adiabatic rate, and the moist adiabatic rate.
Q3) Thunderheads are cumulonimbus clouds.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is incorrect?
A) fog = a stratus cloud that is high in elevation off the ground
B) cumulus cloud = vertically developed cloud
C) precipitation = rain, sleet, snow, hail
D) cloud droplets = condensation nuclei and water
Q5) The cooling of air by emitting infrared energy to space is an example of adiabatically cooling.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List several of water's unique properties.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Weather
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hail forms
A) when water falls from a cloud and freezes during its fall to the ground.
B) every time water condenses onto dust particles.
C) from repeated circulation of raindrops above and below the freezing level in a cloud.
D) when water vapor sublimates (deposits) inside a cirrus cloud.
Q2) Yearly weather-related damage costs have risen 500% since 1975.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the Southern Hemisphere, a migrating center of low pressure, with converging, ascending air that spirals clockwise, is a wave cyclone.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following "ingredients" is not associated with thunderstorm formation?
A) warm, moist air
B) rising, unstable air
C) a lifting mechanism
D) strong high pressure cell
Q5) How do air masses form? What are their general characteristics?
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Chapter 9: Water Resources
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176 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Drawdown refers to
A) the potentiometric surface of an aquifer.
B) effluent conditions where groundwater feed streamflow.
C) the aquifer recharge area.
D) the lowering of an aquifer from overuse
Q2) Which of the following is not considered an issue pertaining to water resources in the future?
A) Growing populations will continue to exploit water resources.
B) Pollution will limit the water-resource base.
C) Regional drought will increase pressure on groundwater resources.
D) Desalination will exacerbate dwindling freshwater supplies.
Q3) If precipitation and soil moisture are inadequate to meet potential evapotranspiration demands, the moisture condition is described as
A) actual evapotranspiration.
B) a surplus.
C) a deficit.
D) soil moisture utilization.
Q4) An erupting geyser is an example of outgassing.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 10: Global Climate Systems
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149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shifting subtropical high pressure systems may create drier conditions in otherwise humid mesothermal climates.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Weather and climate are essentially different terms for the same phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A climate classifications based on the interaction of air masses is an example of an empirical classification.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is false regarding the tropical rain forest climate?
A) It is influenced by the ITCZ year-round.
B) It does not experience a winter season.
C) The annual temperature range is larger than the daily temperature range.
D) Thunderstorms occur almost daily.
Q5) Microthermal climates are predominately influenced by continental tropical (cT) air masses.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Climate Change
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141 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The United States leads the world in per capita carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The majority of human population growth is now occurring in
A) less-developed countries (LDCs).
B) more-developed countries (MDCs).
C) evenly between LDCs and MDCs.
D) neither LDCs or MDCs; world populations are declining.
Q3) The current data indicate that the record high global temperatures of the past two decades correspond to record high atmospheric CO .
A)True
B)False
Q4) The average individual is helpless to do anything about climate change.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is radiative forcing? List gases and aerosols that have positive or negative radiative forcing. What is the primary source of each.
Q6) What methods do scientists use to reconstruct both long-term and shorter term climate histories?
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Chapter 12: The Dynamic Planet
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184 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The deepest places in the ocean are those in which rifting occurs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Briefly review the history of the theory of plate tectonics. What was Alfred Wegener's role? What evidence did he present? Why was his theory not widely accepted initially? What new evidence led to its later acceptance?
Q3) The crust is thickest under mountains and thinnest under the oceans.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Earth's magnetic field has reversed nine times in the last four million years.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which part of Earth is primarily responsible for Earth's magnetic field? Why? What are the characteristics of magnetic reversals? How often do they occur? When will the next one occur, and what will happen when it does?
Q6) The formation of clastic sedimentary rock may involve weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with A) subduction and melting of plates along collision zones.
B) hot spots.
C) rift zones.
D) all of the above.
Q2) The San Andreas system in California is an example of a A) strike-slip fault.
B) transform fault.
C) thrust fault.
D) both a strike-slip and transform fault.
Q3) Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a A) reverse fault.
B) thrust fault.
C) normal fault.
D) strike-slip fault.
Q4) The Appalachian Mountains are older than the Rocky Mountains.
A)True B)False
Q5) Describe the typical formation and characteristics of a continental shield.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement
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125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because the climate of a region slowly changes and tectonic adjustments slowly occur, the landscape
A) is constantly at a threshold condition.
B) is continuously adjusting to new conditions that develop.
C) is usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
D) is constantly at a threshold, continuously adjusting, and in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
E) is continuously adjusting, and in a state of dynamic equilibrium, but not constantly at a threshold.
Q2) Hydrolis involves
A) the chemical reaction of water.
B) the addition of water with little chemical change.
C) frost action.
D) salt crystal growth from evaporation.
Q3) Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming
A) karst topography.
B) hydrolysis plains.
C) pressure-release jointing.
D) exfoliation domes and arch-like forms.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: River Systems and Landforms
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154 Verified Questions
154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Drainage basins are closed systems in terms of matter.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A drainage basin is defined by ridges that form drainage divides.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An alluvial terrace is evidence of aggradation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following tends to occur when an area experiences tectonic uplift in its headwater region?
A) The stream will begin to deposit more of its load.
B) The channel will begin to erode downward at a faster rate.
C) The stream will lose energy.
D) The amount of turbulence will decrease.
Q5) Deforestation in the headwater regions of a river can cause the river to flood more frequently in downstream areas.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the formation and typical characteristics of a floodplain.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Oceans, Coastal Processes, and Wind Processes
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159 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a "hard" shoreline protection measure?
A) groins.
B) beach nourishment.
C) jetties.
D) breakwater.
Q2) Pebbles can be moved by ________ in a process known as ________.
A) deflation; saltation
B) deflation; surface creep
C) saltating particles; deflation
D) saltating particles; surface creep
Q3) Seawater with less than 35 is termed
A) brackish.
B) brine.
C) metahaline.
D) freshwater.
Q4) Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform?
A) sea arch
B) tombolo
C) wave-cut platform
D) notched cliff
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Chapter 17: Glacial and Periglacial Processes and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between alpine and continental glaciers, ice caps and ice fields.
Q2) The upper portion of a glacier flows ________ the lower portion of the glacier. A) faster B) slower C) at the same speed.
Q3) Glacial ice can form during the duration of a single winter season in most glacial areas.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Permafrost describes those portions of the ocean that are constantly covered by floating ice.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps is an example of a nunatak.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Glacial erosion and deposition produce landforms similar to fluvial processes and are, therefore, difficult to ascertain their origins.
A)True
B)False Page 19
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Page 20
Chapter 18: The Geography of Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of pedogenic regimes, the process that concentrates salts in soils in climates with high evapotranspiration is
A) laterization.
B) salinization.
C) calcification.
D) podzolization.
E) gleization.
Q2) The A horizon is also commonly called topsoil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Human activities, such as agriculture and cattle grazing, may affect soil development.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Over 15,000 soil series have been classified up to this time in the United States and Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List and briefly describe the various chemical properties used to differentiate soils.
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Chapter 19: Ecosystem Essentials
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a forest fire destroyed the vegetation in an area, but left some vestiges of the previously functioning community and the soil intact, what type of succession would follow?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
Q2) The specific, unique role that a species performs within a given area is known as a(n)
A) ecotone.
B) habitat.
C) community.
D) niche.
Q3) Species extinctions have occurred throughout Earth's history, so the recent loss of species is likely something of little concern.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Atmospheric nitrogen is readily available to living organisms.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Terrestrial Biomes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fire is an important maintenance factor in the tropical savanna and midlatitude grasslands biomes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Trees and shrubs that seasonally loose their leaves are called
A) evergreens.
B) annual herbs.
C) deciduous.
D) bryophytes.
Q3) Which of the following regarding biomes is not true?
A) Biomes are defined by native species to a region.
B) Most biomes have been greatly altered by human intervention.
C) The boundaries between most biomes are sharp and easily delineated.
D) Biomes often reflect potential mature vegetation, rather than actual vegetation of an area.
Q4) Describe the concept of an anthropogenic biome. In which anthropogenic biome do you live?
Q5) Most forests in the temperate rain forest are old growth.
A)True
B)False
23
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