Climate and the Oceans Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Climate and the Oceans explores the dynamic interactions between the Earth's oceans and the global climate system. The course examines the physical and chemical properties of seawater, ocean circulation patterns, and key processes such as heat transport, carbon cycling, and the exchange of gases between the ocean and atmosphere. Students will learn how ocean dynamics influence weather, climate variability, and long-term climate change, including phenomena like El Niño and La Niña. Emphasis is placed on observational techniques, climate models, and the critical role oceans play in mitigating and amplifying the effects of anthropogenic climate change.
Recommended Textbook Oceanography 8th Edition by Tom S. Garrison
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Chapter 1: The Origin of the Ocean
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Q1) What had the most influence in irreversibly changing the Earth's atmosphere?
A) Formation of carbonic acid in the ocean
B) Production of oxygen from photosynthesis
C) Chemical breakup of water vapor by sunlight
D) Fluctuation in the atmospheric composition
Answer: B
Q2) Scientists believe that some answers to proposed question will ultimately never be known.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A(n) ____ is a test involving manipulations made on conditions of a particular observation.
A) hypothesis
B) experiment
C) theory
D) scientific method
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: A History of Marine Science
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Q1) Longitudinal lines run parallel to the equator.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Alfred Thayer Mahan recognized and emphasized that military and commercial control of commerce and transportation had a great effect on the overall success of a nation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What information was not available for early cartographers to put on charts?
A) Direction of currents
B) Water depths and related information
C) Location of rocks in harbors
D) Sailing times
Answer: B
Q4) Christopher Columbus was the first person to discover the "New World".
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
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Q1) Density is defined as:
A) layers that are separated.
B) the speed at which a liquid moves.
C) the weight of a substance.
D) the mass per unit of volume.
Answer: D
Q2) What process intensified arguments about Earth's age because it would require long periods of time to occur?
A) Uniformitarianism
B) Catastrophism
C) Natural Selection
D) Biblical creation
Answer: C
Q3) What specifically describes the balance between the lithosphere floating atop the asthenosphere?
A) Buoyancy
B) Isostatic equilibrium
C) Density stratification
D) Compensation
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Ocean Basins
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Q1) What is a hydrothermal vent? What process is involved in their making? Who is responsible for discovering these vents?
Q2) The submerged outer edge of a continent is called:
A) a continental shelf
B) a continental margin
C) an active margin
D) a continental rise
Q3) What is a characteristic of transform faults?
A) They are fractures along two plates that slide vertically.
B) They move in opposite directions, horizontally of each other.
C) They are just as active as fracture zones.
D) All of these choices are true.
Q4) Continental rises are found along active margins due to the variation in topography. A)True
B)False
Q5) Active margins tend to be narrow in comparison to broad passive margins. A)True B)False
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Chapter 5: Ocean Sediments
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Q1) What kind of information can marine microfossils not provide?
A) Temperature variations in the surface and deep water.
B) Patterns in ocean circulation
C) The orientation of the magnetic poles based on trace metals found within the shells
D) Productivity of the marine biosphere and upwelling
Q2) What was the primary way sediment was transported to North America (east coast) continental margin during the last ice age?
A) Rivers carry the sediment right to the shelf edge.
B) Strong currents carry the sediment to the contential shelf edge.
C) Wind blows sediment from the continent to the shelf edge
D) Glaciers
Q3) If there is an abundance of foraminifera shells found in a sediment, it would be categorized as:
A) hydrogenous sediment.
B) calcareous ooze.
C) coccolithophore.
D) siliceous ooze.
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Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure
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Q1) The most stable layer in terms of temperature and density is the mixed layer.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which does not have an effect on water's density?
A) Temperature
B) Pressure
C) Viscosity
D) Salinity
Q3) Explain how light and sound waves behave in seawater. What kind of effects do they have on inhabitants of the ocean?
Q4) Sound and light waves bend because they travel at different speeds in different media.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Scattering occurs more in water than air due to the greater density of water.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How is heat moved from the tropics to the poles? Be specific. How is most heat energy transported?
Q7) How do the properties of water help our oceans to remain in liquid form?
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Chapter 7: Ocean Chemistry
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Q1) What is the general behavior of pH in seawater? What affect can pH levels at various depths?
Q2) What is the difference between major constituents, minor constituents, and trace elements? What are some examples of each?
Q3) The pH scale is the logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentrations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is diffusion?
A) The rate at which solute molecules present in a solution is equal to the rate they are being dissolved
B) The reforming of crystals
C) The amount of substances tied to biological cycles
D) The random movement of materials through a solution
Q5) The level of ____ increases with depth which is a factor in the calcium carbonate compensation depth.
A) Nitrogen
B) Oxygen
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Ammonia
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Chapter 8: Circulation of the Atmosphere
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Q1) What causes the solar heating of Earth to have seasonal variations?
A) The length of the Earth's rotation
B) The tilt of the Earth's axis from the sun
C) The Coriolis Effect
D) The shape of the Earth's rotation around the sun
Q2) Why are there multiple atmospheric cells as air moves from the equator to the poles instead of one single cell?
A) There are variations in the solar radiation.
B) There are intermediate precipitation events which break up the air into circulation cells.
C) There are variations in the speed of wind.
D) The Coriolis effect breaks the air mass into atmospheric cells.
Q3) The intensity and location of monsoon activity is dependent upon the proximity to the geographical equator.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Coriolis effect causes the wind directions of circulation cells.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Circulation of the Ocean
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Q1) What is La Niña?
A) A warmer than normal circulation event
B) A circulation due to density and salinity
C) A colder than normal circulation event
D) The result of volcanic eruptions
Q2) Although gyres flow continuously, oceanographers categorize them into four interconnected currents.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is a characteristic of Antarctic Bottom Water?
A) Extreme density
B) The water moves south towards Antarctica along the seafloor
C) Fast moving
D) Most is produced near the Mediterranean and joins the deep bottom layer
Q4) The Antarctic Bottom Water in the Pacific retains its characteristics for up to 1,600 years.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is an El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event? La Niña? How are they connected to each other?
11
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Chapter 10: Waves
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Q1) What happens when a tsunami approaches the shore?
A) Its velocity drops rapidly.
B) Its period remains the same.
C) Its wave height increases
D) All of these choices
Q2) What determines the characteristics of ocean waves?
A) The wavelength and wave period
B) The wave height and wave frequency
C) The wavelength and water depth
D) The wave period and wave frequency
Q3) What maintains a forced wave?
A) Wavelength
B) Wind
C) Disturbing force
D) Restoring force
Q4) What factors are needed in wind wave development? What occurs after these waves develop?
Q5) The restoring force for capillary waves, like most ocean waves, is gravity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Tides
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Q1) What determines the velocity of a tidal wave?
A) Ocean depth
B) Gravity
C) Trade winds
D) Coriolis effect
Q2) The resonant oscillation of seismic waves can be enhanced by tides on a smaller scale
A)True
B)False
Q3) Spring tides are seasonal tidal events.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the reference level to which a tidal height is compared to?
A) Datum
B) Amphidromic point
C) Tidal range
D) Bore point
Q5) What are the different types of tidal patterns? What can influence the tidal pattern of a coastline?
Q6) How do various organisms utilize the tides? Can you think of examples of these?
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Chapter 12: Coasts
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Q1) What is a fjord?
A) A broad, protected channel
B) A deep, narrow bay
C) The submerged limit of marine erosion
D) A retreating glacier
Q2) A beach slope in equilibrium will grow at slower rates than heavy depositional beaches.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How do sediments move along a beach?
Q4) Why are erosional coasts prone to become smooth and straight shorelines?
A) Wave refraction
B) Wave energy focuses on headlands
C) Sediments begin to collect at beaches
D) All of these choices
Q5) How much of the United States coastline is considered to be depositional?
A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 70%
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Chapter 13: Life in the Ocean
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Q1) What is a more accurate term for the feeding relationship of organisms?
A) Food chain
B) Food web
C) Trophic chains
D) Primary consumption
Q2) How does carbon enter the atmosphere? What effect does it have on Earth? How does it cycle back for use in biological components?
Q3) Chemosynthesis is the main method of binding energy into carbohydrates on the planet.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is rarely a limiting factor for marine organisms?
A) Salinity
B) pH
C) Hydrostatic pressure
D) Nitrogen
Q5) Phytoplankton is responsible for the synthesis of 90% to 96% of the surface ocean's carbohydrates.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Plankton, Algae, and Plants
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Q1) What is usually responsible for a harmful algal bloom?
A) Diatoms
B) Viruses
C) Cyanobactiera
D) Dinoflagellates
Q2) After a plankton bloom, nonconservative nutrients are produced in high levels.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Where is phytoplankton the most productive?
A) Tropical latitudes
B) Temperate latitudes
C) North polar latitudes
D) Equator
Q4) Consumption in phytoplankton usually exceeds carbohydrate production which is why we end up with oxygen.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Seaweeds are not a type of plant.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Marine Animals
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Q1) What is considered the most advanced animal phyla?
A) Chordata
B) Echinodermata
C) Mollusca
D) Arthropoda
Q2) Which marine reptiles make long migrations to lay eggs on the very same beach they hatched from?
A) Sea turtles
B) Crocodiles
C) Lizards
D) Sea snakes
Q3) Which animal is considered to be a suspension feeder?
A) Fish
B) Sea stars
C) Sponges
D) Conches
Q4) Cnidarians exhibit bilateral symmetry, an advancement from the phylum Porifera.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Marine Communities
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Q1) If an environment is changed by disruption, a different climax community always establishes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If an animal is tightly attached to the rocks during intense wave activity, it is said to be:
A) sessile.
B) motile.
C) desiccated.
D) benthic
Q3) The carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the largest marine community?
A) Intertidal community
B) Photic zone community
C) Between the photic zone and the deep bottom
D) Deep bottom communities
Q5) What are the types of symbiotic relationships that organisms exhibit? Give examples of each.
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Chapter 17: Marine Resources
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Q1) When did the harvesting of commercial whale species cease?
A) When the International Whaling Commission formed
B) When there were substitutes for the products produced from whales
C) When the hunting of whales became uneconomical
D) CITES- Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species
Q2) What marine resource has been rendered uneconomical due to the cost of excavation?
A) Magnesium compounds
B) Manganese nodules
C) Sand and gravel
D) Salt
Q3) Why does oil seep to the surface from its source rock?
A) Capillary actions
B) Convection
C) Oil is less dense than surrounding sediments
D) Porosity is higher at the surface
Q4) The single largest sand mining operation is in Alaska.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: The Ocean and The Environment
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Q1) Approximately 70% of discarded plastic sinks to the bottom of the ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is a feasible alternative to fossil fuels that might be able to generate enough energy to meet the world's needs?
A) Methane hydrate
B) Nuclear power
C) Wind power
D) Tide power
Q3) What could happen if global warming were to continue?
A) Changes in global winds and rainfall
B) Rise in ocean temperatures
C) Decrease in dissolved gases
D) All of these choices
Q4) Human demands and pressures have surpassed Earth's ability to regenerate resources.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are some of the dangers corals have to face right now? What impact will global warming have on these factors?
Page 20
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