Climate and Society Final
Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between climate systems and human societies, examining how climate patterns, variability, and change influence cultures, economies, health, and policy worldwide. Students will analyze the science of climate change alongside its social dimensions, including risk perception, adaptation, mitigation strategies, and the ethical considerations of climate action. Case studies and interdisciplinary approaches will provide insight into local and global responses to climate challenges, preparing students to critically assess and contribute to societal resilience and policy development in a rapidly changing world.
Recommended Textbook
Atmosphere An Introduction to Meteorology 12th Edition by Frederick K. Lutgens
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16 Chapters
1763 Verified Questions
1763 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Atmosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) Photosynthesis:
A)was prevalent during the first years of the earth's atmosphere.
B)releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
C)is carried out primarily by bacteria.
D)releases oxygen into the atmosphere.
Answer: D
Q2) The least dense portion of the solid Earth is the: A)mantle. B)center.
C)core.
D)crust.
Answer: D
Q3) The ionosphere is an atmospheric region defined on the basis of: A)temperature structure. B)composition.
C)electrical charges.
D)pressure.
Answer: C
Q4) What are the two energy sources for the earth system?
Answer: the Sun and the earth's interior
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Chapter 2: Heating Earths Surface and Atmosphere
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scattering:
A)prevents nearly half of incoming solar radiation from reaching the surface of the earth.
B)changes the wavelength of light.
C)is responsible for the redness of sunsets.
D)is the primary mechanism of heat transfer in the atmosphere.
Answer: C
Q2) Advection refers to vertical convection motions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that:
A)the rate of radiation emitted by a body is based on its size.
B)the wavelength of radiation emitted by a body is determined by its temperature.
C)all bodies emit equivalent wavelengths of energy,regardless of size or temperature.
D)the rate of radiation emitted by a body is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature.
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Temperature
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Sample Questions
Q1) The annual temperature range at most latitudes in the southern hemisphere is much smaller than in the northern hemisphere.Why?
A)Rainfall and cloudiness are greater in the southern hemisphere.
B)Earth is closer to the Sun during southern hemisphere summer.
C)There is more area covered by water in the southern hemisphere.
D)There is less desert area in the southern hemisphere.
E)There is more mountainous area in the southern hemisphere.
Answer: C
Q2) The California coast is influenced by a cold ocean current.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The most important cause of temperature variations is:
A)altitude.
B)differences in receipt of solar radiation.
C)cloud cover and albedo.
D)differential heating of land and water.
E)ocean currents.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Moisture and Atmospheric Stability
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adiabatic temperature changes refer to parcels of air that rise or sink.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As the temperature of air is reduced to its dew point,which of these is most likely to occur?
A)freezing
B)condensation
C)melting
D)supercooling
E)evaporation
Q3) If the environmental lapse rate is less than the wet adiabatic lapse rate,then the atmosphere is:
A)absolutely stable.
B)absolutely unstable
C)conditionally unstable
D)cannot determine from this information.
Q4) That part of the total atmospheric pressure attributable to its water vapor content is termed ________.
Q5) The instrument consisting of a wet bulb thermometer and a dry bulb thermometer is termed a ________.
6
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Chapter 5: Forms of Condensation and Precipitation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A halo around the Sun or the Moon indicates the cloud ________ is present.
A)nimbostratus
B)cirrostratus
C)cirrus
D)altostratus
E)cumulonimbus
Q2) Nimbostratus clouds can produce long,steady periods of precipitation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The conditions that persist along the West Coast of the U.S.that are conducive to fog formation are:
A)inversions and a warm land surface.
B)moist air moving over a cold surface.
C)inversions and a warm water surface.
D)steep lapse rate and cold surface.
E)steep lapse rate and a warm surface.
Q4) At -15°C,clouds contain both ice crystals and supercooled water droplets.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Steam fogs and frontal fogs are both types of ________ fogs.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Air Pressure and Winds
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Sample Questions
Q1) The geostrophic wind concept is most like the real atmospheric winds:
A)in an anticyclone.
B)near the surface.
C)near the equator.
D)in a cyclone.
E)at high altitudes.
Q2) Instead of the air flowing straight out of a high pressure system,it spirals out in a clockwise direction.The cause of the clockwise spiraling motion is:
A)pressure gradient force.
B)centripetal force.
C)Coriolis force.
D)inertia.
E)turbulence.
Q3) Upper air winds:
A)are greatly influenced by friction.
B)are generally faster than surface winds.
C)are unaffected by the Coriolis force.
D)do not influence surface weather.
Q4) How does friction act to change the direction of the wind near the earth's surface?
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Chapter 7: Circulation of the Atmosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following can result from a strong El Niño event EXCEPT:
A)the suppression of the Southern Oscillation.
B)depletion of fish populations as upwelling is suppressed along the western coast of South America.
C)weakening or reversing of the Pacific tradewinds.
D)abnormally high air pressure over Indonesia.
Q2) The prevailing winds that blow from the horse latitudes toward the doldrums are called:
A)subtropical northerlies.
B)westerlies.
C)trade winds.
D)polar easterlies.
E)southerlies.
Q3) The major features of precipitation distribution patterns are determined by:
A)general circulation and pressure patterns.
B)solar radiation available.
C)temperature lapse rates.
D)ocean water temperature.
E)annual temperature range.
Q4) The southeast and northeast trades converge at the ________.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Air Masses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The physical properties of an air mass are independent of its place of origin.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the air mass type and source region for "nor'easters"?
Q3) Maritime tropical (mT)air masses are the most important source of moisture along the Pacific Coast.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which air mass code letter is paired with the wrong word?
A)c = continental
B)t = temperate
C)m = maritime
D)a = arctic
Q5) An air mass is an immense body of air characterized by homogeneous temperature and moisture content.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Name three processes by which an air mass can be modified.
Q7) Why are the boundary zones of air masses of special concern?
Q8) Name two source regions for Maritime Tropical air masses.
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Chapter 9: Weather Patterns
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Sample Questions
Q1) Much less study has been devoted to anticyclones as compared to cyclones.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following lists the stages of the mid-latitude cyclone life cycle in the proper order?
A)cyclogenesis,open-wave,occlusion,dissipation
B)open-wave,occlusion,cyclogenesis,dissipation
C)occlusion,dissipation,open-wave,cyclogenesis
D)cyclogenesis,open-wave,dissipation,occlusion
Q3) When surface cyclones form,they almost invariably occur just ahead of an upper air ridge.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What type of occluded front is most common along the Pacific Coast?
Q5) The lowest pressure would be found at which one of the following points?
A)point E
B)point B
C)point J
D)point A
E)point D
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Chapter 10: Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
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118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thunderstorm tops most likely occur:
A)in the lower troposphere.
B)in the middle stratosphere.
C)in the mesosphere.
D)near the tropopause.
Q2) The airflow pattern aloft is not usually related to severe thunderstorm development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An overshooting top means that:
A)a thunderstorm will definitely produce a tornado
B)the thunderstorm has very strong updrafts causing the cloud to grow into the stratosphere
C)the thunderstorm is dissipating.
D)lightning strikes will be especially intense.
Q4) The central United States sees more tornadoes than any other region in the world. A)True
B)False
Q5) What makes the narrow,rotating air column or vortex of a tornado visible?
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Chapter 11: Hurricanes
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name two retired names of hurricanes.
Q2) Which of the following has historically proven most susceptible to large losses of life (>100,000)from storm surge in the twentieth century?
A)Bangladesh
B)Galveston,Texas
C)Myanmar
D)Both A and C
E)A large loss of life has not occurred in the 20th century.
Q3) The greatest number of hurricane-related deaths may be attributed to:
A)strong winds.
B)inland freshwater flooding.
C)lightning.
D)storm surge.
E)tornadoes.
Q4) A hurricane's most important source of energy is solar radiation on its cloud tops.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ________ scale is used to rank the relative intensity of hurricanes.
Q6) List three tools used to study and observe hurricanes.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Weather Analysis and Forecasting
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Sample Questions
Q1) Larger north-south temperature contrasts occur in summer.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All satellites have the disadvantage that their orbits place them very far (over 20,000 miles)above the earth.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Satellites can only provide photographs;no measurements of properties such as temperature are possible.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Upper-air maps are commonly drawn for all the following pressures,except:
A)500 millibars.
B)700 millibars.
C)200 millibars.
D)850 millibars.
E)1000 millibars.
Q5) The jet stream experiences stronger flow in the winter than summer.
A)True
B)False
14
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Chapter 13: Air Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ determines the extent to which vertical motions will mix the pollution with cleaner air above surface layers.
Q2) The factor involved with air pollution that is most subject to control by man is:
A)stability.
B)wind speed.
C)sources.
D)lapse rates.
E)turbulence.
Q3) The ozone in smog is unrelated to the ozone in the stratosphere. A)True
B)False
Q4) Pollutants emitted directly from identifiable sources are termed primary pollutants. A)True B)False
Q5) Acid rain can be classified as a type of wet deposition. A)True B)False
Q6) These are also known as hydrocarbons: ________.
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Chapter 14: The Changing Climate
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Sample Questions
Q1) The eccentricity portion of Milankovitch's astronomical theory refers to:
A)changes in the tilt of Earth's axis.
B)the unpredictability of Earth's weather.
C)changes in the rate of Earth's rotation.
D)variations in the energy emitted by the Sun.
E)changes in the shape of Earth's orbit.
Q2) Stronger and more numerous hurricanes have been predicted as a possible result of global warming.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Positive feedback processes are self limiting.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas that has displayed increasing concentrations over the last century.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Global warming is not expected to involve changes in rainfall.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: World Climates
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the cities described below are in North America and are classified as humid continental climates.Which of the three cities would have the highest annual temperature range?
A)city A,a leeward coastal city at 40 degrees north latitude
B)city C,a city in the interior of the continent at 50 degrees north latitude
C)city B,a city in the interior of the continent at 40 degrees north latitude
Q2) The ________ is also called taiga.
A)subarctic climate
B)tundra climate
C)ice cap climate
D)humid subtropical climate
E)Siberia region
Q3) Mountains often have rainy climates on their windward slopes and dry climates on their leeward slopes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Some ecologists think the creation of savanna was not due to climate.What alternative explanation do they give?
Q5) Semiarid climates are also called ________ climates.
Q6) For Köppen,the ________ best demonstrated the totality of a climate.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Optical Phenomena of the Atmosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sun dogs create the appearance of:
A)a ring around the sun.
B)two "mock suns" on the outer rim of a halo.
C)a rainbow around the observer's shadow.
D)shimmering water on the horizon.
Q2) Which of these are the primary optical phenomena causing a rainbow?
A)diffraction,reflection
B)dispersion,interference
C)reflection,interference
D)refraction,reflection
E)reflection,diffraction
Q3) The desert vision of palm trees reflected in water is usually not reality but an example of:
A)an inferior mirage.
B)looming.
C)a superior mirage.
D)a lunar glory.
Q4) The curving of light by air is greater when the light source is near the zenith.
A)True
B)False
18
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