Civilization and Its Discontents: Europe After 1500
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the profound political, social, cultural, and intellectual transformations that shaped Europe from 1500 to the present. Beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation, students will investigate how Europe responded to challenges brought by scientific discovery, religious conflict, the Enlightenment, revolutionary movements, imperial expansion, and the rise of nationalism. Emphasis will be placed on how European societies grappled with questions of identity, authority, and individual freedom in the face of modernization, industrialization, and two world wars. Through a combination of primary sources and scholarly analysis, the course encourages critical reflection on the ongoing tensions and achievements that have defined European civilization over the past five centuries.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization Volume II Since 1500 9th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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17 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was the focus of Luther's pamphlet, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church?
A)He attacked the sacramental system of the church.
B)He outlined the doctrine of Luther in German.
C)He explained the Lutheran liturgy.
D)He attacked abuses of the Catholic clergy in north Africa.
E)He justified transubstantiation.
Answer: A
Q2) The Council of Trent had little lasting influence on the Catholic Church.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of these reformers is most closely associated with the idea of predestination?
A)Thomas More
B)Ulrich Zwingli
C)Erasmus
D)Martin Luther
E)John Calvin
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: Europe and the World: New Encounters
1500-1800
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who was most adversely affected by the price revolution?
A)Land owners
B)Wage earners
C)Merchants
D)Clergy
E)Soldiers
Answer: B
Q2) Which of these factors contributed to the decline of the Ming dynasty?
A)Pressure by the English
B)A series of weak rulers
C)Pressure by the Dutch
D)Religious strife
E)Climate change
Answer: B
Q3) Mercantilist policy makers sought to establish a favorable balance of trade.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Sample Questions
Q1) Louis XIV described himself as the _____ King.
A)One
B)Sun
C)Accidental
D)Humble
E)God
Answer: B
Q2) The sixteenth century saw significant population decline in Europe. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Leopold I's policy of eastward expansion was challenged by A)the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.
B)a coalition of western European powers.
C)an energized Sweden.
D)the collapse of the Romanov dynasty.
E)the revival of Ottoman power.
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Except in ____, judicial torture remained an important tool of European criminal-justice systems in the eighteenth century.
A)Russia
B)France
C)Spain
D)England
E)Prussia
Q2) Compare and contrast baroque and Rococo art and architecture.
Q3) What was the main purpose of the Encyclopedia, according to Diderot?
A)To get the uneducated masses to respect authority
B)To usher in God's kingdom on earth
C)To dispute the claims of science
D)To exacerbate the hedonism of his peers
E)To change the general way of thinking
Q4) What is the main idea of deism?
A)It posits that religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B)It suggests that if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C)It argues that God created the universe, but has no direct involvement in it.
D)It suggests that a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E)It argues that praying matters.
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Chapter 5: The Eighteenth Century: European States
International Wars and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement best describes the Austrian Empire under Joseph II?
A)It reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa.
B)It rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C)It saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away.
D)It witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
E)It saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.
Q2) What was life like for Europe's peasants in the eighteenth century? How did conditions vary depending on region?
Q3) Monarchs ruled most European states in the eighteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q4) By far the biggest conflicts of the Seven Years' War took place in
A)East Asia.
B)India.
C)North America.
D)Central Europe.
E)Eastern Europe.
Q5) What role did the nobility play in European politics in the eighteenth century?
Q6) How did European family structure and life change in the eighteenth century?
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Chapter 6: A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Sample Questions
Q1) With whom did Napoleon make peace with the Concordat of 1801?
A)The Church
B)The Directory
C)Austria
D)England
E)The aristocrats
Q2) During the reign of Napoleon as emperor of France, ____ was a dependent kingdom.
A)Prussia
B)Britain
C)Spain
D)Austria
E)Russia
Q3) The Paris Commune was composed mainly of lawyers and merchants.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How did the French revolutionary government deal with the issue of slavery?
Q5) What factors help to explain the Reign of Terror? Was the "terror" justified or did it demonstrate the excesses of revolutionary fervor?
Q6) How did Louis XVI respond to the revolutionary challenges to the Old Regime? Page 8
Q7) What were the most important weaknesses of Napoleon's empire?
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Page 9
Chapter 7: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) What did Britain attempt to do in order to maintain its industrial monopoly?
A)Export fewer goods to continental countries.
B)Prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
C)Limit financial investment overseas.
D)Increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods.
E)Permanently dismantle its empire.
Q2) charcoal
Q3) Which statement is correct concerning the Luddites?
A)They received little support in their areas of activity.
B)They destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
C)They were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain.
D)They were the first movement driven by working-class consciousness on the Continent.
E)They demanded the establishment of a socialist economy.
Q4) Under whose control did much of India fall in the early nineteenth century?
A)The Dutch East India Company
B)The French Foreign Legion
C)The Qing dynasty of China
D)The British East India Company
E)The United States military
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Chapter 8: Reaction Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850
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Q1) Which social group was the foremost in embracing liberalism?
A)Factory workers
B)The industrial middle class
C)Radical aristocrats
D)Army officers
E)The landed gentry
Q2) How did Britain avoid the political turmoil that rocked the Continent in the 1830s and 1840s?
Q3) What did John Stuart Mill's On the Subjection of Women state?
A)Women should be kept in the home to improve men's chances of finding work.
B)Men and women did not possess different natures.
C)Parliament should admit women members immediately.
D)Female convicts should be shipped out to colonize Australia.
E)God and nature had ordained the permanent inferiority of women.
Q4) Pantheism is best defined as
A)the worship of one deity.
B)the worship of multiple deities.
C)the unbelief in any deity.
D)the equation of nature with God.
E)the desire to turn away from nature.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: An Age of Nationalism and Realism 1850-1871
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Q1) Who was the dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification?
A)France
B)Spain
C)Papal States
D)Savoy
E)Austria
Q2) Count Camillo di Cavour led the unification movement in southern Italy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Who was the leading realist novelist of the nineteenth century?
A)Rudyard Kipling
B)Gustave Flaubert
C)Thomas Gainsborough
D)Gustave Courbet
E)Anthony Powell
Q4) How did Marx explain historical change? How did he apply his theory of historical change to the times in which he lived?
Q5) The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary had two monarchs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Mass Society in an Age of Progress 1871-1894
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families. How do you explain the similarities and the differences?
Q2) What was the single largest political party in Germany by 1912?
A)Nazis
B)Greens
C)Social Democrats
D)Bolsheviks
E)Mensheviks
Q3) Which of these nations was the least industrially advanced by 1900?
A)Britain
B)Germany
C)France
D)Belgium
E)Spain
Q4) What is meant by the phrase "mass society"? How was the growth of this mass society related to changes in the urban environment?
Q5) In 1910, Britain led the world in annual steel production.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: An Age of Modernity Anxiety and Imperialism
1894-1914
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Sample Questions
Q1) German polices after 1890
A)made the Americas a new imperialist battle ground.
B)created friendship between Germany and England.
C)brought Russia and Germany closer together.
D)drew France and Britain closer together.
E)eased tensions in the Balkans.?roug
Q2) What did Émile Zola say to explain his use of naturalism in his novels and his depiction of characters?
A)"I have never given up on nature and the uplifting lessons it can teach us."
B)"I have simply done on living bodies the work of analysis which surgeons perform on corpses."
C)"People are naturally bad and all my fictions are truths."
D)"My stories tell of a new Enlightenment."
E)"All life is a wasteland."
Q3) By the early twentieth century, British liberalism had abandoned laissez-faire in favor of governmental activism and social reform.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What did nineteenth-century women's rights activists hope to achieve?
Page 14
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Chapter 12: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) Most Europeans went to war in 1914 with considerable concern, fear, and trepidation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What was the chief reason for the United States' entry into World War I?
A)Compelling British propaganda
B)German violations of the principles of neutrality and freedom of the seas
C)Expulsion of the American consul from Berlin
D)Diplomatic chicanery on the part of the Austrians
E)Threats by Mexico to invade the southwestern United States
Q3) European military machines ____ between 1890 and 1914.
A)shrank considerably in size
B)doubled in size
C)were largely unchanged in size
D)increased fivefold in size
E)increased tenfold in size
Q4) How did events in the Balkans in 1914 spark World War I?
Q5) Who were the Bolsheviks and what did they want?
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Q6) In your opinion, what nation or nations was most responsible for starting World War I?
Chapter 13: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) Above all else, the German Expressionists were influenced by the ideas of Freud.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In your opinion, did Europe develop totalitarian states in the 1930s? Why or why not?
Q3) What best describes the first Popular Front government in France?
A)It solved the nation's budget problems by eliminating workers' benefits.
B)It gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits including a minimum wage.
C)It was able to solve the problems of economic depression.
D)It collapsed in 1926, allowing Raymond Poincaré's Cartel of the Left to take power.
E)It remained in power until the German invasion of 1942.
Q4) What 1925 settlement saw Germany agree to accept its western borders with France?
A)Berne Protocol
B)Treaty of Versailles
C)Rapollo Agreement
D)Geneva Accord
E)Treaty of Locarno
Q5) How did radio and movies contribute to the development of mass culture?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War 2
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Q1) In Hitler's view, which group threatened Germany from the east?
A)The Japanese
B)The Chinese
C)The Muslims
D)The Slavs
E)The Mongols
Q2) Why did Germany have so success in the early phases of the war? Why did the German advance slow and then stall?
Q3) What was the chief argument between Truman and Stalin at Potsdam in July of 1945?
A)Free elections in eastern Europe
B)The numbers of tanks Americans and Russians could keep in Europe
C)What to do with German prisoners of war
D)Whether or not the Soviet Union would be in the United Nations
E)Whether the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan
Q4) Marshall Petain of France vowed to fight the Nazis to the bitter end, no matter what the cost.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
Q5) What role did racial considerations play in the Nazi rule of their empire?
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Chapter 15: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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Q1) How was the Cuban missile crisis resolved? What changes were made in its aftermath?
Q2) In 1951, ____ joined with five other countries to form the European Coal and Steel Community.
A)Britain
B)Spain
C)West Germany
D)Portugal
E)Greece
Q3) The Marshall Plan provided $13 billion for ____ in Europe.
A)economic recovery
B)medical aid
C)military hardware
D)the construction of U.S.military bases
E)espionage and information gathering
Q4) Why did American policy makers feel it necessary to intervene militarily in Korea?
Q5) What did Mao hope to achieve with the Great Leap Forward? Why was it such a disaster?
Q6) What was the Truman Doctrine? How did it shape U.S. foreign policy?
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Protest and Stagnation: the Western World
1965-1985
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Q1) Would "Americanization" be the proper word to use when describing the popular culture of the Western world since World War II? Why and/or why not? Be specific.
Q2) What is the main tenet of postmodernism?
A)The belief in an objective, fixed truth
B)The belief in a divine power
C)The rejection of an objective truth
D)The belief in the power of art to change the world
E)The belief in the need for strong central governments
Q3) What was true about the outcome of the Vietnam War?
A)It was resolved in 1975 with the Helsinki Agreements.
B)It ended in 1973 with the defeat of North Korea.
C)It showed the limitations of American power, and led to improved Soviet-American relations.
D)It marked the beginning of the total domination of Southeast Asia by the Soviet Union.
E)It led to an immediate end of the Cold War in 1975 with the final withdrawal of Americans from Vietnam.
Q4) Discuss the impact of the birth control pill and the sexual revolution upon western society. Give examples.
Page 19
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Chapter 17: After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) What was one of the underlying causes of the end of the Cold War?
A)The fall of Khrushchev in the Soviet Union and the election of Reagan in the United States
B)Financial difficulties for both superpowers and the unbearable expenses of the arms race
C)Peace movements in both countries
D)The end of the Afghan War
E)The death of Gorbachev
Q2) Which area witnessed the first independence movement among the Soviet republics during Gorbachev's rule?
A)Afghanistan
B)Azerbaijan
C)Lithuania
D)Georgia
E)Chechnya
Q3) The number of Muslims in Europe and the U.S. has declined since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
A)True
B)False
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Q4) How and why did the Cold War end? Did anyone "win" this conflict? Who? Why?