Childhood and Adolescence Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of individuals from infancy through adolescence. Emphasizing both theoretical perspectives and practical applications, the course examines key developmental milestones, the influence of family, peers, school, and culture, and the challenges and transitions that characterize these formative years. Students will gain insight into typical and atypical development, as well as contemporary issues such as technology use, mental health, and identity formation, preparing them to better understand and support children and adolescents in various contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development 9th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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15 Chapters
1978 Verified Questions
1978 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Applied Directions
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was originally constructed to A) measure individual differences among children with the same IQ.
B) document developmental improvements in children's intellectual functioning.
C) identify gifted and talented children who required educational enrichment.
D) identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes.
Answer: D
Q2) During the Reformation, the Puritans
A) characterized children as innocent and close to angels.
B) regarded children as fully mature by the time they were 7 or 8 years old.
C) suggested that parents reward children with praise and approval.
D) believed that children were born evil and stubborn and had to be civilized.
Answer: D
Q3) Dynamic system theorists regard development as
A) a single, continuous line.
B) stagewise.
C) a web of fibers branching out in many directions.
D) static.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Control over the treatment is generally weaker in a __________ experiment than in a __________ experiment.
A) field; natural, or quasi-,
B) laboratory; field
C) field; laboratory
D) laboratory; natural, or quasi-,
Answer: C
Q2) Research suggests that to produce lasting gains in mental-test scores using music, interventions must
A) begin in infancy.
B) begin before birth.
C) be long-lasting and involve children's active participation.
D) occur during REM sleep.
Answer: C
Q3) A microgenetic design is especially useful for
A) assessing emotional bonding among family members.
B) studying cognitive development.
C) measuring the impact of selective attrition and practice effects.
D) determining the cause of cohort effects.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sperm live for up to _____ days and can lie in wait for the ovum, which survives for _____ day(s).
A) 2; 1
B) 4; 2
C) 6; 1
D) 8; 2
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about the period of the zygote?
A) It lasts from implantation to the eighth week of pregnancy.
B) During this period, the primitive brain and spinal cord appear.
C) During this period, the blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining.
D) It spans the first and second trimester of pregnancy.
Answer: C
Q3) During the period of the fetus,
A) neurons are first produced.
B) the organism remains awake about 6 hours a day.
C) brain weight increases tenfold.
D) teratogenic damage is the most severe.
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) T. Berry Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
A) is specially designed for use with newborns at risk for developmental problems.
B) is useful in Western cultures, but is not helpful in cross-cultural research.
C) evaluates a baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to physical and social stimuli.
D) evaluates a baby's skin color, complexion, pulse rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and breathing.
Q2) Babies with poor sleep organization are likely to
A) nap excessively during the day.
B) grow out of it by the end of the first year.
C) be behaviorally disorganized.
D) be cognitively advanced.
Q3) When Western parents choose to practice __________, amount of crying in the early months is reduced by about one-third.
A) proximal care
B) the "cry it out" method
C) nighttime cosleeping
D) kangaroo care
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Chapter 5: Physical Growth
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about individual and group differences in pubertal growth?
A) Heredity contributes substantially to the timing of pubertal changes.
B) In developing countries, boys and girls reach pubertal milestones at about the same age.
C) Girls who begin rigorous athletic training at an early age usually experience early puberty.
D) In developing countries, girls from affluent families consistently reach menarche 6 to 18 months later than those from economically disadvantaged homes.
Q2) The most important hormones for human growth are released by the __________ gland, which is located at the base of the brain near the __________.
A) pituitary; hypothalamus
B) pituitary; cerebellum
C) thyroid; cerebrum
D) endocrine; hypothalamus
Q3) Discuss the factors that contribute to adolescent moodiness.
Q4) Discuss the factors that influence adolescents' decisions about contraceptive use.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core
Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives
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137 Verified Questions
137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some researchers believe that before the end of the first year, babies undergo a fundamental shift from a(n) __________ basis to a(n) __________ basis for constructing categories
A) logical; abstract
B) perceptual; abstract
C) logical; conceptual
D) perceptual; conceptual
Q2) Which of the following would signal to Christie, a toddler, that her mother is engaging in make-believe play with her?
A) She smiles less and is more serious with Christie.
B) She uses more "we" talk than she would during the same real-life event.
C) She always waits for the cues to come from Christie before participating in make-believe play with Christie.
D) She rarely offers any cues, and so Christie has to learn on her own when her mother is pretending and when she is not.
Q3) Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on children's private speech, and evaluate each on the basis of research findings.
Q4) Describe how Vygotsky's ideas influence trends in education today.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major strength of the information-processing approach is A) its explicitness and precision in breaking down complex cognitive activities into their components.
B) that it offers a comprehensive theory of cognitive development.
C) its exclusive focus on linear and logical aspects of cognition.
D) its emphasis on the biological bases of cognitive development.
Q2) Yolanda has learned how to solve math problems by rote, which means she A) seldom makes errors on new problems.
B) understands why certain strategies are essential for solid mastery of basic math.
C) often invents successful strategies to solve new problems.
D) cannot apply the procedure to new problems.
Q3) Autobiographical memory refers to representations of A) what occurs generally and the specific time frame in which it occurs.
B) fuzzy information that preserves essential content without specific details.
C) one-time events that are long-lasting because they are imbued with personal meaning.
D) the vast, intricately organized knowledge system in long-term memory.
Q4) Describe and evaluate Siegler's model of strategy choice.
Q5) How can adults influence children's autobiographical narratives?
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler tests
A) are used mainly for instructional planning.
B) require very little training to administer and score.
C) are most often used to identify highly intelligent children and diagnose those with learning problems.
D) fail to take into account the child's behavior during the administration of the test.
Q2) According to the environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis, A) the effects of underprivileged rearing conditions on IQ tend to improve in middle childhood.
B) most poor children are resilient to the effects of living in an underprivileged environment and are average in intelligence.
C) the more economically disadvantaged the child, the more often the IQ test must be administered to obtain a stable score.
D) the negative effects of underprivileged rearing conditions on IQ increase the longer the child remains in those conditions.
Q3) Describe Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and its similarity to the core knowledge perspective (discussed in Chapter 6).
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reuben is a young child with a language impairment. He has difficulty expressing concepts using words and word combinations. Reuben has problems with A) grammar.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) phonology.
Q2) To communicate effectively, 9-year-old Arpita must use her __________, through which she produces clear verbal messages and recognizes when messages she receives are unclear so she can ask for more information.
A) referential communication skills
B) illocutionary intent
C) narrative skills
D) sociolinguistic understanding
Q3) Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, plays a role in
A) comprehending word meaning.
B) supporting grammatical processing.
C) communicating with motor areas involved in speaking.
D) supporting language production.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ reflects faster processing of information than smiling.
A) Anger
B) Withdrawal
C) Crying
D) Laughter
Q2) As an unfamiliar adult starts to talk to three-year-old Rose, she becomes anxious and looks at her father, who smiles calmly at her. Reassured, Rose relaxes and responds to the new adult. Rose is demonstrating the use of
A) sympathy.
B) social referencing.
C) empathy.
D) emotional display rules.
Q3) A special form of communication called __________ separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies.
A) interactional synchrony
B) harmonious rhythm
C) goodness-of-fit
D) the maternal waltz
Q4) Discuss the concept of stranger anxiety.
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Chapter 11: Self and Social Understanding
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Beginning in __________, self-descriptions emphasize positive and negative traits.
A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) early adolescence
D) late adolescence
Q2) Research on social problem solving shows that A) without adult intervention, quarrels among preschoolers often result in physical violence.
B) social conflicts have a negative impact on children's problem-solving skills.
C) children who get along well with agemates tend to hold biased social expectations.
D) children with peer difficulties often misinterpret others' behaviors.
Q3) __________ is crucial for a wide variety of social-cognitive achievements, including understanding others' emotions, referential communication skills, and self-concept and self-esteem.
A) Metacognition
B) Making social comparisons
C) Understanding of moral imperatives
D) Perspective taking
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13
Chapter 12: Moral Development
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following parenting behaviors is linked to aggression from early childhood through adolescence in diverse cultures?
A) reinforcement of prosocial modeling
B) inductive discipline
C) consistent discipline
D) power assertion
Q2) As part of a school project, Pritindra gathers food donations for the poor and homeless. What is the likely result of Pritindra's participation in this project?
A) a belief that personal factors, such as low intelligence or addiction problems, are the cause of an individual's plight
B) a commitment to future community service and a gain further in moral maturity
C) a distaste for community service that is forced upon him by those in positions of authority
D) a sense of sympathy, but not empathy, for those in need
Q3) Describe the development of aggression, including individual differences in aggressive behavior.
Q4) What is moral identity, and why is it important to identify its origins?
Q5) Describe the biological bases for morality.
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Chapter 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender
Roles
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Haruko scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Haruko is displaying
A) a gender stereotype.
B) gender-atypicality.
C) gender congruence.
D) androgyny.
Q2) Which of the following traits is considered expressive?
A) excitable in a major crisis
B) takes a stand
C) not easily influenced
D) holds up well under pressure
Q3) Research shows that sex differences in mental abilities and personality traits
A) usually account for no more than 5 to 10 percent of individual differences.
B) account for 50 to 60 percent of individual differences.
C) are more pronounced in high-SES individuals than low-SES individuals.
D) are primarily influenced by genetic factors.
Q4) Describe instrumental traits and expressive traits, including how they contribute to our views about what is "feminine" and "masculine."
Q5) Describe the development of gender constancy.
Q6) Explain the observed differences in the emotional sensitivity of girls and boys. Page 15
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Page 16
Chapter 14: The Family
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132 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Newell is fearful and inhibited. Newell will benefit most if his parents
A) adopt an authoritarian child-rearing style.
B) take over and help him solve social problems.
C) become overprotective and restrict his activities.
D) provide extra encouragement to be assertive and express his autonomy.
Q2) A few U.S. states ban gay and lesbian couples from adopting children. Using research to support your answer, describe the development of children raised by gay or lesbian parents.
Q3) Sixteen-year-old Bonita strives to develop a sense of herself as a separate, self-governing individual. Bonita is developing
A) maturation.
B) autonomy.
C) coregulation.
D) individuality.
Q4) Throughout adolescence, the __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.
A) development of a friendship between parent and child
B) use of coregulation
C) level of autonomy achieved
D) quality of the parent-child relationship
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Peers, Media, and Schooling
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research shows that school recess
A) subtracts from classroom learning.
B) offers few benefits to children over the age of 8.
C) boosts classroom learning.
D) only benefits students who are in good physical shape.
Q2) Not until age __________ do children acquire an adult-level understanding of the technical complexity of the Internet as a networklike system linking a computing center with many computers.
A) 7 or 8
B) 10 or 11
C) 13 or 15
D) 16 or 17
Q3) __________ grants children the confidence, social-cognition understandings, and social skills they need to enter the world and form gratifying peer relationships.
A) A secure attachment bond
B) Authoritarian parenting
C) Emotional support
D) Coregulation
Q4) Describe the relationship between television violence and aggression.
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