Child Development Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Child Development explores the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth of children from conception through adolescence. The course examines key developmental theories, stages of growth, and factors that influence development such as family, culture, and environment. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of milestones, individual differences, and current research in child development, preparing them to apply this knowledge in educational, caregiving, and social service settings.
Recommended Textbook
Children 13th Edition by John Santrock
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16 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evaluate the psychoanalytic theories in terms of their contributions and criticisms.
Answer: The contributions of psychoanalytic theories include these ideas: Criticisms of psychoanalytic theories include:
Q2) According to Erikson's theory,during the _____ stage of psychosocial development,children are asked to assume responsibility for their bodies.
A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)initiative versus guilt
C)intimacy versus isolation
D)trust versus mistrust
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding laboratory observations?
A)It allows a researcher to control most factors that influence behavior.
B)It permits a researcher to see behavior in a natural setting.
C)Virtually any aspect of development can be observed in such a setting.
D)People who are willing to come to a university laboratory fairly represent groups from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Which of the following is a neural tube disorder that can be treated with corrective surgery at birth?
A)Huntington's disease
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)Spina bifida
D)Diabetes
Answer: C
Q2) _____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
A)Eugenics
B)Behavior genetics
C)Genomics
D)Genetic engineering
Answer: B
Q3) Give examples of nonshared environmental experiences that siblings can have even when they are raised within the same family.
Answer: Students' answers may vary. Following are a few nonshared environmental experiences that siblings can have even when they are raised within the same family:
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
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Q1) Julia has eaten a lot of sharks,swordfishes,and king mackarels during her pregnancy because eating fish is often recommended as part of a healthy diet.What are the risks this may pose to her child?
Answer: Even though eating fish is often recommended as part of a healthy diet,high levels of mercury can accumulate in large fishes such as sharks,swordfishes,and king mackarels.By eating large quantities of such fishes,Julia has exposed her child to mercury.Mercury can easily cross the placenta and affect an embryo's developing brain and nervous system.Risks associated with high levels of prenatal mercury exposures include miscarriage,preterm birth,and lower intelligence.
Q2) The probability of a structural defect is greatest _____ when organs are being formed.
A)at the end of the fetal period
B)early in the germinal period
C)early in the embryonic period
D)at the time of implantation
Answer: C
Q3) Laura contracted AIDS a few months before her pregnancy.What are the ways her child can get infected?
Answer: Laura's child can get infected with HIV/AIDS in three ways:
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Birth
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Q1) In the developing world,low birth weight stems mainly from
A)the high age of the mothers.
B)lack of exercise by the mother.
C)excessive smoking by the father.
D)the mother's poor health and nutrition.
Q2) Immediately after Renée delivered her baby boy,the nurse took the baby to the doctor for an assessment of the various aspects of the newborn's functioning that may signal developmental problems.The doctor rated the newborn's heart rate,respiratory effort,body color,reflex irritability,and muscle tone on a scale of 0-2 and the cumulated rating was used to pronounce her baby healthy.The doctor is using the _____ here.
A)Apgar Scale
B)Preterm Outcome Scale
C)Denver Developmental Screening Test
D)Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale
Q3) The birth process occurs in _____ stages.
A)two
B)five
C)three
D)four
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden,intense noise or movement is called the _____ reflex.
A)Moro
B)grasping
C)stepping
D)sucking
Q2) The evidence obtained from the studies conducted on maternal benefits of breast feeding for mothers indicates that breast feeding
A)reduces the occurrence of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
B)helps women to return to prepregnancy weight.
C)reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
D)helps to overcome postpartum depression.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill in infants?
A)Walking
B)Grasping
C)Crawling
D)Creeping
Q4) What are the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns? Give examples for each.
Q5) List out the benefits of breast feeding for the child.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) When an individual experiences brain damage affecting his or her Broca's area or Wernicke's area,it leads to specific language deficiencies that are collectively referred to as
A)anoxia.
B)ataxia.
C)aphasia.
D)amnesia.
Q2) _____ is a term devised by Noam Chomsky that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language,including phonology,syntax,and semantics.
A)Language acquisition device
B)Linguistic relativity tendency
C)Infinite generativity potential
D)Genetic imprinting potential
Q3) The focusing of mental resources on select information that improves cognitive processing on many tasks is defined as A)sensation.
B)attention.
C)perception.
D)transduction.
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Chapter 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) Brianna is playing with her son,Kevin.When Brianna smiles at Kevin,he smiles back at her,and when Kevin smiles at his mother she responds by smiling back at him.This shows that Brianna and Kevin are engaging in
A)reciprocal socialization.
B)social referencing.
C)secure attachment.
D)indirect interactions.
Q2) Kagan's uninhibited children fall into which of the following dimensions of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates classification?
A)Negative affectivity
B)Extraversion/surgency
C)Shyness
D)Effortful control
Q3) Which of the following is characterized as a negative emotion?
A)Joy
B)Love
C)Enthusiasm
D)Anxiety
Q4) What is attachment? Explain the view of Sigmund Freud on attachment in infants.
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Chapter 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following was NOT one of the recommended strategies to improve young children's eating behavior mentioned in your text?
A)Eating on a predictable schedule
B)Eating in front of the television
C)Modeling eating healthy food
D)Making mealtime a pleasant occasion
Q2) A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that the two most important contributors to height differences are _____ and nutrition.
A)ethnic origin
B)cultural variation
C)obesity
D)activity levels
Q3) Jameis was more aggressive than his peers at age eight and now as a teenager he exhibits excessive motor behavior.It is likely that as a child Jameis
A)suffered from malnutrition.
B)was tall for his age.
C)came from a high SES family.
D)was the firstborn child.
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Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the symbolic function substage of Piaget's preoperational stage?
A)During this stage,children have the ability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.
B)This substage occurrs roughly between the ages of five and six years.
C)This is the second substage of Piaget's peroperational stage.
D)During this stage,children believe that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
Q2) Studies of the _____ view the child as "a thinker who is trying to explain,predict,and understand people's thoughts,feelings,and utterances."
A)theory of sociocultural environment
B)theory of relative development
C)theory of mind
D)theory of cognitivity
Q3) What are the factors that influence the accuracy of a young child's memory?
Q4) What is a developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)?
Q5) What is scaffolding?
Q6) According to Vygotsky,what is the significance of private speech?
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Parents can proactively avert potential misbehavior in young children by
A)talking to them about values that they deem important.
B)punishing them for not internalizing the rules and values.
C)ignoring them when they misbehave.
D)distracting their attention or moving them to alternative activities.
Q2) Which of the following is a common characteristic of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles?
A)Parents allowing little verbal exchange
B)Parents showing pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior
C)Parents placing limits and controls on children's behavior
D)Parents being warm and nurturant toward the child
Q3) Gender identity is defined as the
A)expectations that prescribe how females or males should think,act,and feel.
B)process of acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
C)sense of one's own gender,including knowledge,understanding,and acceptance of being male or female.
D)genotypic and biological factors that cause differentiation on the basis of gender.
Q4) How do parents influence gender development in children?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) According to recent research,obesity among Chinese children has _____ significantly from 1993-2009.
A)increased
B)decreased
C)stayed the same
D)increased for Chinese boys,but not Chinese girls
Q2) What are the main characteristics of cancers that affect children?
Q3) A major aspect of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA involved aligning it with the government's _____ legislation,which was designed to improve the educational achievement of all students,including those with disabilities.
A)education in the least restrictive environment
B)No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
C)individualized education plan (IEP)
D)Public Law 94-142
Q4) The increase in myelination during middle and late childhood is linked to
A)a more effective processing of information on cognitive tasks.
B)the increase in the volume of blood platelets.
C)the incidence of aphasia.
D)the increase in height and the loss of baby fat in middle and late childhood.
Q5) How does heredity affect children's weight?
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) List a few strategies for encouraging children's creative thinking.
Q2) Computerized training targeting working memory,aerobic exercise,and mindfulness have all been used to improve children's
A)executive function.
B)theory of mind.
C)smiles.
D)profiles on social media.
Q3) A child's ability to consider different strategies and perspectives fall under which dimension of executive function?
A)self-control/inhibition
B)working memory
C)flexibility
D)creativity
Q4) A child,who concentrates on learning strategies when faced with a difficulty or a challenge,is a child with a
A)helpless orientation.
B)mastery orientation.
C)neutral mindset.
D)high extrinsic motivation.
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Chapter 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) Which approach is criticized for turning children into passive learners?
A)The constructivist approach
B)The learner-centered approach
C)The direct instruction approach
D)The problem-solving approach
Q2) Which child is MOST at risk for being a victim of bullying?
A)Marsha,an attractive female on the track team
B)Alice,an overweight female who angers easily
C)Chad,an athletic male who plays football
D)Ben,an intelligent male with a large group of friends
Q3) _____ talk is the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.
A)Report
B)Rapport
C)Relative
D)Responsive
Q4) What are the three common types of stepfamily structure?
Q5) Describe the six functions of children's friendships.
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Q6) What are Gilligan's criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Chapter 14: Physical Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Difficulties controlling their emotions and a highly perfectionist mentality are characteristics of individuals suffering from A)anorexia nervosa.
B)intellectual disabilities.
C)type 2 diabetes.
D)asthma.
Q2) The transition from adolescence to adulthood has recently been referred to as A)precocious adolescence.
B)emerging adulthood.
C)precocious puberty.
D)young adulthood.
Q3) Early maturation in girls is associated with high levels of A)self-esteem throughout life.
B)self-efficacy,especially in the adolescent years.
C)sexual abstinence when compared to late maturing girls.
D)vulnerability for depression and eating disorders.
Q4) Briefly describe sexually transmitted infections.
Q5) Explain the role of testosterone and estradiol in bringing about pubertal changes.
Q6) What are the gender differences regarding body image among adolescents?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Hidden curriculum differs from values clarification in that hidden curriculum
A)is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.
B)is based on the belief that students should develop such values as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.
C)fails to stress distinctions between right and wrong behavior.
D)does not tell students what their values should be.
Q2) Gladys demonstrated high levels of inhibitory control early in her development.We can predict that she will
A)make more money in her career than her peers who struggled with inhibitory control.
B)drop out of high school.
C)engage in risk-taking behavior such as the use of illicit drugs.
D)struggle with weight issues in adulthood.
Q3) ______ invulnerability,involves the adolescent's sense of indestructibility and a tendency to take on physical risks.
A)Psychological
B)Natural
C)Danger
D)Induced
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) _____ is a self-portrait composed of many pieces.
A)Self-esteem
B)Identity
C)Self-concept
D)Morality
Q2) How does suicidal behavior of female adolescents differ from that of male adolescents?
Q3) Six individuals of the same sex and same age who hang around together would be known as a
A)clique.
B)crowd.
C)club.
D)cluster.
Q4) Mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of A)identity diffusion.
B)self-concept.
C)individuality.
D)connectedness.
Q5) What is a psychological moratorium?
Q6) Describe the nature of friendship in adolescence.
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