Child Development
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Child Development explores the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth of children from conception through adolescence. The course examines major theories and research findings on developmental milestones, with an emphasis on the impact of family, culture, and environment on a childs growth. Students will analyze various factors influencing development, including language acquisition, moral reasoning, and identity formation, while also considering contemporary challenges facing children today. This foundational understanding equips students with the knowledge necessary for informed practice in educational, clinical, and social settings.
Recommended Textbook Children and Their Development 6th Edition by Robert V. Kail
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of Child Development
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Q1) Erikson emphasized
A)psychological and social aspects of development.
B)biological and physical aspects of development.
C)environmental influences on development.
D)cognitive development.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following designs used in child-development research provides information about continuity and allows researchers to determine the presence of practice and cohort effects?
A)microgenetic design
B)cross-sectional design
C)longitudinal-sequential design
D)quasi-experimental design
Answer: C
Q3) Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally in a study with a A)cross-sectional design.
B)longitudinal design.
C)longitudinal-sequential design.
D)microgenetic design.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Genetic Bases of Child Development
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Q1) Teenage girls begin to menstruate at a younger age if they've had a stressful childhood.This is an example of epigenesist.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) If the allele for Type O blood is recessive,and the alleles for Type A and B blood are dominant,which of the following individuals would have Type O blood?
A)a person with an AO genotype
B)a person with a BO genotype
C)a person with an OO genotype
D)all of these
Answer: C
Q3) Tom has Huntington's disease.You would expect him to begin to show signs of nervous system deterioration
A)at birth.
B)during childhood.
C)during adolescence.
D)during middle adulthood.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn
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Q1) The general principle that the impact of a teratogen depends upon the genotype of the organism is best illustrated by
A)rubella being more likely to cause birth defects during some times of pregnancy than during others.
B)thalidomide during pregnancy causing deformed limbs,but not low birth weight,while the use of marijuana during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight but not deformed limbs.
C)the effects of eating PCB-contaminated fish while pregnant not being obvious when a child is born,but appearing later in the child's life.
D)two women who both drank heavily during pregnancy with one of them giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome and the other giving birth to a normal,healthy child. Answer: D
Q2) Most babies don't sleep through the night until they are 9 months old.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Growth and Health
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Q1) Early adolescence is a period of rapid growth.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How does the environment influence obesity? Given that obesity has reached epidemic proportions,what could be done to help obese youth lose weight? What are the features of effective weight loss programs?
Q3) Obesity may be caused by
A)one's heredity setting a low basal metabolic rate.
B)television advertising that emphasizes the cultural ideal of thinness.
C)parents who emphasize internal signals,rather than external signals to control eating.
D)one's heredity determining a high-activity level.
Q4) Growth hormone (GH)is secreted by the
A)pituitary gland.
B)thyroid gland.
C)epiphyses.
D)myelin.
Q5) What methods have scientists used to map functions onto particular brain regions?
Q6) Describe neurons,cell bodies,dendrites,and axons.
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Chapter 5: Perceptual and Motor Development
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Q1) Combining the component skills of a complex motion to form a working whole is called
A)a fine-motor skill.
B)myelinization.
C)differentiation.
D)integration.
Q2) Jeremiah was born with a hearing impairment.The most likely cause of his hearing impairment is A)heredity.
B)maternal disease during pregnancy.
C)maternal drug use during pregnancy.
D)maternal exposure to environmental contaminants during pregnancy.
Q3) After first learning to do a backbend and then learning to stand up from a backbend,Janine combined those two elements to do a complete back walkover.Janine's combining of the two component skills to perform a more complex skill is referred to as A)differentiation. B)locomotion.
C)a fine-motor skill. D)integration.
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Chapter 6: Theories of Cognitive Development
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Q1) Compared to an older child,a younger child is likely to use problem-solving strategies that are
A)faster.
B)less efficient.
C)more accurate.
D)easier.
Q2) Before you read this question,the name of the first president of the United States was most likely stored in your
A)information processor.
B)sensory memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)working memory.
Q3) Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)find hidden objects faster than typically developing children do,but this emphasis on perceptual details usually comes at the expense of maintaining a coherent overall picture.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the development of object permanence.
Q5) What are some commonly accepted weaknesses of Piaget's theory?
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills
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Q1) Knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes is known as A)metamemory.
B)metacognitive knowledge.
C)cognitive self-regulation.
D)metacognition.
Q2) Your friend,Jason,is a concerned father and he would like to do all that he can to help his 4-year-old daughter,Gwen,learn to read.What can you tell Jason about prereading skills that are related to more skilled reading in first grade?
Q3) "Sounding out" words
A)is more common in older readers than in beginning readers.
B)is commonly done by beginning readers.
C)hinders reading ability.
D)involves recognizing words through direct retrieval from long-term memory.
Q4) Being able to hear the distinctive sounds made by different letters is called A)comprehension.
B)word decoding.
C)the stable-order principle.
D)phonological awareness.
Q5) What are some factors that contribute to improved reading comprehension?
Page 9
Q6) What are some common features of children's and adolescents' problem solving?
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Chapter 8: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition
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Q1) Which of the following requires convergent thinking?
A)Finding the sum of 398 + 471.
B)Naming all the different ways you can think of to use a paper cup.
C)Discussing what the world would be like if there were no longer any automobiles.
D)Drawing as many pictures as you can,starting with two parallel lines.
Q2) Mrs.Crichton is a 4<sup>th</sup> grade teacher who wants to help foster creativity in her classroom.What are some things that she can do to cultivate creativity in her students?
Q3) Hierarchical theories of intelligence
A)include only general factors of intelligence.
B)include only specific factors of intelligence.
C)include both general and specific factors of intelligence.
D)are based on research and theories of cognitive development.
Q4) If you wanted to determine the IQ of 6-year-old Betsy,as well as determine her verbal and performance skills,which test would be best to use?
A)Stanford-Binet
B)WISC-IV
C)Bayley's Scales
D)a habituation measure
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Chapter 9: Language and Communication
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Q1) Cheyenne makes a sarcastic comment,but does not use a mocking or overly enthusiastic tone of voice.Who is likely to realize that sarcasm is intended?
A)25-year-old Stephen
B)25-year-old Stephen and 15-year-old Emily
C)25-year-old Stephen,15-year-old Emily,and 9-year-old Stuart
D)25-year-old Stephen,15-year-old Emily,9-year-old Stuart,and 4-year-old Rachel
Q2) When does conversational turn-taking between parents and children usually begin?
A)before or soon after infants say their first word
B)when children are about 2 years of age
C)when children are about 3 years of age
D)when children begin school
Q3) School-age children are more likely to be polite to adults and demanding with peers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Your friends Tom and Susan have an 18-month-old daughter,Lynda,who has a vocabulary of approximately 50 words.Almost all of Lynda's words are names of objects,people,or actions.Tom and Susan wonder if this is normal.What can you tell them about the different language-learning styles?
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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Q1) A study of helping behavior in 2-year-olds who are shy and those who are outgoing indicated that
A)outgoing children were more likely than shy children to help their mothers when they were hurt.
B)shy children expressed more concern for both their mothers and a stranger than did outgoing children.
C)shy children were more likely to help the hurt stranger than were outgoing children.
D)shy and outgoing children did not differ in their concern for the hurt stranger.
Q2) Studies of temperament in twins have found that
A)fraternal twins are more alike in temperament than are identical twins.
B)identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins.
C)there are no differences in the degree of similarity in temperament in fraternal and identical twins.
D)heredity does not seem to influence temperament.
Q3) What are some new ways to regulate emotions that children develop as they get older?
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Chapter 11: Understanding Self and Others
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Q1) Adolescents are more likely to achieve an ethnic identity when their parents encourage them to explore alternatives,rather than pressuring them to adopt a particular identity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Your friends think there is something wrong with their 16-year-old son.One week he says that he wants to be a rock star and the next he says that he wants to be a pediatrician.Your friends don't think that a normal adolescent can change identities so rapidly.Based on what you know about achieving an identity in adolescence what can you tell your friends to make them feel better?
Q3) Marcia studied identity development in adolescents.He documented four identity statuses which reflect the progress adolescents take in formulating mature identities.Describe each status.How do individuals typically go through these states?
Q4) In Selman's self-reflective stage of perspective-taking,children can step out of the immediate situation and see how they and another person are viewed by a third person.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Moral Understanding and Behavior
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Q1) Who is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?
A)Juanita,whose moral reasoning is based on a personal moral code
B)Kelly,whose moral reasoning is based on looking out for her own needs
C)Ivan,whose moral reasoning is based on avoidance of punishment
D)Linda,whose moral reasoning is based on the approval of other people
Q2) Longitudinal studies measuring individuals' level of moral reasoning over time found that
A)many individuals skipped at least one of Kohlberg's stages.
B)it was common for individuals to regress to lower levels of reasoning.
C)most individuals progress to the highest levels of reasoning.
D)higher levels of moral reasoning were more common in older adolescents and adults.
Q3) Children who are most likely to resist temptation
A)frequently look at the tempting object.
B)remind themselves of rules against touching the tempting object.
C)do not try to divert attention from the object of temptation.
D)do not have a concrete way of handling the temptation.
Q4) Hostile aggression emerges later than instrumental aggression.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Gender and Development
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Q1) Gender stereotypes are more extreme in America than in many other countries.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Matthew,a preschooler,sees a boy playing with dolls.Matthew is likely to
A)also want to play with dolls.
B)not yet understand that the boy is engaged in cross-gender play.
C)tease the boy for playing with dolls.
D)be accepting of the boy even though he knows that he is playing with a girls' toy.
Q3) The right hemisphere of the brain may be more specialized for spatial processing in females than in males.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is an instrumental trait?
A)independence
B)emotionality
C)kindness
D)awareness of others' feelings
Q5) What are some of the explanations for gender differences in spatial ability?
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Chapter 14: Family Relationships
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Q1) To help children adjust to their new life circumstances following a divorce,parents should compete with each other for their children's love and attention.
A)True
B)False
Q2) 57 Research on the impact of divorce on children suggests that
A)children whose parents divorce fare more poorly than children from intact homes in school achievement and adjustment.
B)girls are more likely than boys to have harmful effects.
C)divorce is most harmful when it occurs during children's preschool years.
D)children who are temperamentally emotional are impacted less by divorce.
Q3) 38 After Amber saw her parents punish her older sister for using profanity,Amber became less likely to use profanity.This is an example of A)reinforcement.
B)a negative reinforcement trap.
C)counterimitation.
D)time-out.
Q4) According to Bronfenbrenner the child is embedded in a series of complex and interactive systems.Name and describe these five interacting systems.
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Chapter 15: Influences Beyond the Family
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Q1) 123 During parallel play children engage in similar activities,talk or smile at one another,and offer each other toys.
A)True
B)False
Q2) 60 Which adolescent is likely to have the highest self-esteem?
A)James,who is in a high-status crowd
B)Evan,who is in a medium-status crowd
C)Derrick,who is in a low-status crowd
D)Dustin,who is not a member of a crowd
Q3) What are some strategies that parents can use to help limit the negative effects of TV and boost the positive ones?
Q4) 101 What would you recommend to parents who are concerned about the effects television has on their children?
A)Do not allow your children to watch any television because television has many negative influences on children and no positive influences.
B)Allow your children to decide how much and what television shows they watch.
C)Encourage your children to watch TV when they are bored.
D)Watch TV with your children and discuss the programs you see.
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