Child and Adolescent Development
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of children and adolescents from conception through late adolescence. Emphasizing major theories and current research, the course addresses topics such as language acquisition, identity formation, family and peer relationships, and the impact of culture and environment on development. Students will gain an understanding of typical and atypical growth patterns, developmental milestones, and effective strategies for supporting healthy development in diverse educational and social contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Developmental Psychology Childhood and Adolescence 9th Edition by David R. Shaffer
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15 Chapters
3224 Verified Questions
3224 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies
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192 Verified Questions
192 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about confounding variables in experiments is FALSE?
A)Every experiment has at least one confounding variable.
B)Confounding variables should be avoided or minimized.
C)Random assignment controls confounding variables.
D)Confounding variables lead to incorrect conclusions.
Answer: A
Q2) In their study designed to assess the growth of moodiness and negativity as children transition to adolescence, Larson, Monetta, Richards, and Wilson used the ____ methodology.
A)interview
B)diary study
C)correlation
D)longitudinal
Answer: B
Q3) The correlational design is WEAKEST at
A)describing the direction of a relationship.
B)describing the strength of a relationship.
C)making predictions from one variable to the second variable.
D)identifying which variable causes changes in the other.
Answer: D
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Hereditary Influences on Development
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229 Verified Questions
229 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sickle-cell anemia is a rare disease generally, but it is more common among ____ than among people of other races.
A)Hispanics
B)African Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Caucasians
Answer: B
Q2) Concerning sex-linked genetic characteristics, most are ____ and appear most often in ____ phenotypes.
A)beneficial; male
B)beneficial; female
C)disabling; male
D)disabling; female
Answer: C
Q3) Conception involves the
A)division of cells via mitosis.
B)study of concordance rates among twins.
C)dominance of some alleles over others.
D)union of sperm and egg.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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220 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sam and Nina are in the delivery room, waiting for their child's birth. The doctor tells them that the child's head has just passed through the cervix and has entered the vagina. Nina is in the
A)first stage of labor.
B)second stage of labor.
C)third stage of labor.
D)fourth stage of labor.
Answer: B
Q2) Of the various illicit drugs, ____ clearly induces the worst physical defects on the preborn child.
A)marijuana
B)heroin
C)cocaine
D)methadone
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Infancy
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218 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primitive reflexes are similar because each of them
A)shows the downward evolutionary degradation of the human species.
B)triggers specific actions that are needed for survival.
C)withers away during the first months following birth.
D)strengthens with each month of postnatal maturity.
Q2) Identify two areas where culture can influence perceptual development. For each area, present the results from a research study to support the conclusion that culture can influence the ability to make perceptual discriminations.
Q3) Gibson and Walk's "visual cliff" is used to study
A)children's early aptitude for hang-gliding.
B)depth perception in crawling babies.
C)visual imagination for high places.
D)the fear of heights.
Q4) A doctor tells a parent, "Your baby is infected with otitis media, and her ____ will be affected."
A)hearing
B)movements of large muscles
C)sensitivity to touch stimuli
D)vision, especially movement perception
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Chapter 5: Physical Development: the Brain, the Body, Motor
Skills, and Sexual Development
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206 Verified Questions
206 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Zelazo and associates have found that the stepping reflex
A)invariably disappears early in life.
B)invariably persists throughout life.
C)strengthens if neonates are held upright and encouraged to practice the reflex.
D)strengthens if neonates are placed on their tummies.
Q2) Identify which glands produce each of the following hormones, and describe how each hormone affects growth and development: (a) thyroxine, (b) growth hormone, (c) estrogen, (d) testosterone, and (e) androgen.
Q3) Outline the typical developmental sequence of voluntary reaching, and identify the cues that are used to guide it.
Q4) Which of these is NOT a type of environmental influence on the child's growth?
A)Myelinization
B)Illnesses
C)Diet
D)Nurturant care
Q5) Jenny's baby is one-year-old and still not walking. She wonders if her baby is delayed. What should you tell her?
Q6) Explain what the secular trend is.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagets Theory and
Vygotskys Sociocultural Viewpoint
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264 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vygotsky's private speech is important because private speech helps the child
A)passively report on recent thoughts.
B)become a patient and polite listener.
C)consider moral judgments about right and wrong.
D)plan and regulate behaviors or mental activities.
Q2) Summarize the results from studies that have provided new evidence on egocentrism, causal reasoning, and conservation during the preoperational stage of cognitive development.
Q3) Dino, age 10, is a "dinosaur expert." At a dinosaur museum, all of the most recent information matches what Dino already knows. Dino experiences
A)transitivity of mental seriation.
B)a secondary circular reaction.
C)cognitive equilibrium.
D)an A-not-B error.
Q4) Instruction for preschoolers on conservation is called
A)inoculation against retardation.
B)environmental education.
C)pushing for precocity.
D)identity training.
Page 8
Q5) Differentiate between organization and adaptation.
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives
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230 Verified Questions
230 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Free recall refers to recalling
A)imaginary material that has no basis in reality.
B)materials that are devoid of meaningful content.
C)in the absence of useful hints or retrieval cues.
D)storylike narratives from one's remote childhood past.
Q2) A teacher says, "Your child is strong in the area of metamemory." The parent has been told that her child is well developed in the domain of A)having a slow rate of forgetting.
B)knowledge about her own memory processes.
C)being able to reason with verbal analogies.
D)willingness to attempt difficult memory feats.
Q3) "Domain specificity" of mental performance means that A)performance is best for areas of one's expertise.
B)performance increases broadly while the child matures.
C)errors are common among children in everything they do.
D)expertise applies broadly to many types of tasks.
Q4) Identify two maturational developments that may partially account for age-related increases in speed of processing.
Q5) List three ways in which fuzzy traces differ from verbatim traces.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance
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247 Verified Questions
247 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these is NOT among the attributes of creative people, according to the investment theory?
A)A genotype for creativity
B)A legislative cognitive style
C)Being intrinsically motivated by the work itself
D)Being persuasive toward others
Q2) Head Start is an example of a(n) ____ program.
A)minority-focused college scholarship
B)racially biased job-hiring
C)elite rich/famous preschool
D)compensatory educational intervention
Q3) Hierarchical models, such as Carroll's, conceive of intelligence as
A)a global general ability factor.
B)essentially social in its nature.
C)a collection of many separate skills.
D)combining a general factor with many specific abilities.
Q4) Identify the two aspects of intellectual performance proposed by Charles Spearman.
Q5) Describe the general stability of IQ scores across childhood and adolescence within groups, and within individuals.
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Chapter 9: Development of Language and Communication Skills
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225 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) List and describe the five categories that typically characterize a toddler's first 50 words, and provide examples of words that would belong in each category.
Q2) Which of these is NOT a cognitive consequence of bilingualism?
A)Appreciation that language symbols are arbitrary
B)Better metalinguistic awareness
C)Prolonged holophrastic period
D)Higher intelligence test performance
Q3) First-born children tend to adopt a(n) ____ style in their productive/expressive language usage.
A)sensitive-period
B)expressive
C)vocable
D)referential
Q4) Some of toddlers' persistent mispronunciations are similar across languages. This implies that these errors
A)are caused by inadequate parental instruction.
B)result from immature development of the vocal tract.
C)may be due to excessive sugar/carbohydrates in the diet.
D)reflect the child's disinterest in language at this age.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment
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212 Verified Questions
212 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Baby Huey is securely attached to his dad, yet insecurely attached to his mom. This attachment pattern ____ Kagan's temperament hypothesis.
A)strongly supports
B)weakly supports
C)is irrelevant and immaterial to
D)contradicts
Q2) Infants develop an attachment secure base between the ages of seven and nine months. This interval is called the A)asocial phase.
B)phase of indiscriminate attachments.
C)specific attachment phase.
D)phase of multiple attachments.
Q3) The adaptive regulation of emotions involves
A)suppressing all types of emotions, positive or negative.
B)suppressing all negative emotions.
C)maintaining or intensifying all positive emotions.
D)suppressing some types of arousal while maintaining or intensifying others.
Q4) Describe four patterns of attachment, and indicate the proportion of children who fit each pattern.
12
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Chapter 11: Development of the Self-Concept
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define "relational self-worth," and describe how it affects the adolescent's perceptions of his or her own self-worth.
Q2) Prior to the age of seven, many children's attitudes about achievement is summarized as,
A)"The work is too hard for me to do."
B)"I can do anything and do it well."
C)"When I fail, it is because of discrimination."
D)"Why bother even to try?"
Q3) Identify three of the first dimensions that toddlers typically incorporate into their categorical self.
Q4) Describe the "rouge test" of self-recognition, and discuss the typical responses that are seen in nine-month-old, 16-month-old, and 21-month-old infants.
Q5) What is "extended" in the extended self?
A)Nurturance is extended from parent to child.
B)Nurturance is extended from child to family pets.
C)The child knows that the self is stable over time.
D)Child-to-child scaffolding help is given to friends.
Q6) Contrast an incremental view of ability with an entity view of ability.
Q7) Contrast a mastery orientation with a learned-helplessness orientation.
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Chapter 12: Sex Differences and Gender-Role Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pat was conceived as a normal XY-male, but at birth, his parents decided that Pat's genitals looked like a girl's. They then called him Patricia and raised him as a girl. The events Pat experienced after his birth are ____ influences on Pat's gender development.
A)Electra complex
B)non-genetic prenatal
C)genetic
D)social
Q2) Mead's field research on tribal customs in New Guinea suggests that gender roles A)are canalized traits that occur universally without variation.
B)reflect the unique personalities of family members. C)are influenced by observations of family friends. D)vary widely among cultures.
Q3) In Ruble and Martin's integrative theory, biosocial/psychobiosocial theories are judged to apply to A)the prenatal period.
B)infancy and toddlerhood.
C)the preschool period.
D)middle childhood.
Q4) Explain when and why gender intensification seems to occur.
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Chapter 13: Aggression, Altruism, and Moral Development
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225 Verified Questions
225 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe at least three general child-rearing factors that are thought to contribute to altruism in children.
Q2) Boys behave more aggressively than girls
A)beginning at the age of about 30 months.
B)at younger rather than older ages.
C)mainly when parents are watching.
D)at every age.
Q3) In the Early Care Research Network study on aggression, ____ percent of children displayed high levels of aggression that remained stable.
A)3
B)10
C)20
D)35
Q4) A parent consciously attends to her child and praises positive prosocial actions. This strategy is intended to
A)encourage postconventional morality.
B)eliminate the attentional payoffs for aggression.
C)encourage reactive aggression but not hostile aggression.
D)create a nonaggressive environment.
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Chapter 14: The Context of Development I: the Family
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180 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juliana's teachers at school work closely with her parents to align what happens at school and home for Juliana. This cooperation between school and home illustrates Juliana's
A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.
Q2) Which of the following is a direct effect of marital conflict on child development?
A)The stress of watching parents fight puts children on edge emotionally.
B)Parents who are fighting pay less attention to their children.
C)A child whose parents are stressed and unhappy is less sensitive and warm.
D)When parents are arguing, it redirects their energy away from the kids.
Q3) Is the idea that an only child is spoiled supported by current research? Explain.
Q4) How did Robert Stewart study sibling emotional support?
A)Through interviews with parents about sibling relationships
B)Using a variation of Ainsworth's Strange Situation
C)Having siblings rate each other using sociometrics
D)By watching sibling interactions on public playgrounds
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Chapter 15: The Context of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The relations between a child and her immediate environment illustrate Bronfenbrenner's
A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.
Q2) What processes explain why violent video games may have greater impact on aggression than violent television?
A)Active planning
B)Reinforcement
C)Passive planning
D)Active planning and reinforcement
Q3) TV viewing promotes obesity because it reduces physical activity and A)encourages an ideally obese body image in commercials.
B)increases sleep.
C)reduces social interactions.
D)promotes poor eating habits through advertising.
Q4) Describe the impact of monetary support on school effectiveness.
Q5) Describe the difference between social and cognitive complexity of play.
Q6) Explain what is meant by the term "television literacy."
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