Child and Adolescent Development Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Child and Adolescent Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth of individuals from infancy through adolescence. The course examines major theories of development, including those of Piaget, Erikson, and Vygotsky, and considers how biological and environmental factors interact to influence developmental outcomes. Topics include early attachment, language acquisition, identity formation, the impact of family, peers, and culture, and issues such as atypical development and mental health. Through case studies, current research, and practical applications, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the milestones and challenges integral to child and adolescent development.
Recommended Textbook Development Through the Lifespan 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2482 Verified Questions
2482 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ influences are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable.
A) Nonnormative
B) History-graded
C) Age-graded
D) Bio-historical
Answer: A
Q2) __________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement.
A) Charles Darwin
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) Alfred Binet
D) Sigmund Freud
Answer: B
Q3) Which major theory of human development emphasizes plasticity at all ages?
A) psychoanalytic perspective
B) ethology
C) evolutionary developmental psychology
D) lifespan perspective
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the male,__________ are produced when meiosis is complete.
A) no sperm
B) four sperm
C) 40,000 sperm
D) no sex cells
Answer: B
Q2) In females,the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is called __________.
A) an autosome
B) dizygotic
C) XX
D) XY
Answer: C
Q3) Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because __________.
A) males are more likely than females to inherit harmful recessive alleles
B) the Y chromosome is much longer than the X chromosome
C) the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those on the X chromosome
D) his sex chromosomes match, which makes him more susceptible to disease
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kathryn would like to give birth in a medical facility that permits maternal control over labor and delivery,including choice of delivery positions,and allows the presence of family members and friends.Kathryn should consider giving birth at a __________.
A) private home
B) local hospital
C) doula center
D) freestanding birth center
Answer: D
Q2) Certified nurse-midwives __________.
A) cannot legally deliver babies at home in most states
B) have degrees in nursing and additional training in childbirth management
C) can perform cesarean deliveries and administer medication to control pain
D) are not medical professionals, but are trained in labor and delivery support
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Are chubby babies at risk for later overweight and obesity? How can concerned parents prevent their infants from becoming overweight children and adults?
Q2) The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is __________.
A) chronological age
B) skeletal age
C) birth weight
D) arm span
Q3) Newborn Sam's __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
A) heart
B) brain
C) spinal cord
D) femur
Q4) Dr.Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see.Dr.Sardoza studies __________.
A) sensation
B) habituation
C) perception
D) imitation
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room.Another group watches the same event on a video screen.Which of the following is likely to occur?
A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.
B) Children in the video condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the direct viewing condition will have difficulty.
C) Both groups of children will have difficulty retrieving the toy.
D) Children in both groups will be able to retrieve the toy easily.
Q2) __________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.
A) Automatic processing
B) Sustained attention
C) Working memory
D) The sensory register
Q3) Describe the signs of developmentally appropriate infant and toddler child care.
Q4) What are the two distinct styles of early language learning? What accounts for a toddler's language style?
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once wariness develops,infants __________.
A) show little stranger anxiety
B) lose interest in peers
C) refuse to explore their surroundings
D) use the familiar caregiver as a secure base
Q2) A researcher places a red dot on 2-year-old Raven's nose.When she looks into a mirror,she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror.This behavior indicates that she has developed __________.
A) effortful control
B) a categorical self
C) continuity of control
D) self-recognition
Q3) According to Erikson,a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the
A) amount of food offered
B) amount of oral stimulation offered
C) channeling of biological drives
D) quality of caregiving
Q4) Describe separation anxiety.When does it occur?
Page 8
Q5) What is the goodness-of-fit model? Explain the relationship between temperament and child rearing.
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one reason the United States lags behind Australia,Canada,Denmark,the Netherlands,Norway,Sweden,and the United Kingdom in immunizations?
A) Uninsured U.S. children do not receive free immunizations.
B) Childhood diseases have been virtually eradicated in the United States, making immunization unnecessary.
C) Many low-income U.S. families do not have adequate health insurance coverage.
D) More U.S. parents are aware that immunizations cause autism.
Q2) Worldwide,__________ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are __________.
A) 28; due to infectious diseases
B) 58; in industrialized nations
C) 78; due to infectious diseases
D) 98; in developing countries
Q3) Expansions __________.
A) are used in all cultures
B) increase the complexity of speech
C) eliminate errors in speech
D) restructure inaccurate speech into correct form
Q4) Describe a Vygotskian early childhood classroom.How does it differ from a Piagetian classroom?
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence __________.
A) decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions, but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers
B) has a negative impact on preschool children, but does not increase aggression in older children
C) is common on nighttime programming, but perpetrators are almost always punished D) increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behavior in viewers
Q2) Eduoard spreads a rumor about Nicholas after Nicholas is cast as the lead in the school play,the role Eduoard desired.This is an example of __________ aggression. A) physical
B) proactive
C) reactive
D) verbal
Q3) Discuss factors within the family that heighten the risk of child maltreatment.
Q4) Discuss some ways to reduce gender stereotyping in young children.
Q5) Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood.How can adults promote high self-esteem?
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Enrique's fourth-grade class,the teacher asks the children to attend to their own breathing or to manipulate an object held behind their backs while noticing how it feels.Enrique's teacher is using __________ training to promote children's
A) elaboration; working memory
B) organization; flexible shifting
C) mindfulness; executive function
D) theory of the mind; metacognition
Q2) For most children,joining community athletic teams is associated with
A) decreased self-esteem
B) increased impulsivity
C) increased social skills
D) decreased physical fitness
Q3) Which American would be the most likely to mention cognitive traits when asked to describe an intelligent first grader?
A) Barbara, a European-American
B) Lupe, a Mexican-American
C) Kiri, a Cambodian immigrant
D) Danilo, a Filipino immigrant
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chao is a Chinese second grader.Compared to his Western agemates,when asked to describe himself,Chao is more likely to say __________.
A) "I'm really smart"
B) "I like to read both fiction and nonfiction"
C) "I like math and building things"
D) "My little brother is crazy about me"
Q2) Around age 10,__________.
A) minority children's prejudice against out-group members often strengthens B) intergroup contact increases prejudice in both white and minority children
C) white children's prejudice against out-group members often strengthens D) white children start to avoid talking about race in order to appear unbiased
Q3) Edris tries hard and enjoys science.He thinks math is a useful subject as well.Edris probably has __________ competence.
A) high academic
B) high athletic
C) low athletic
D) low academic
Q4) Describe development in middle childhood of only children in the United States and China.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle growth and notices the growth of body and facial hair.Which hormone is responsible for this change?
A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) adrenal androgens
D) thyroxine
Q2) Most potential high school dropouts need __________.
A) intensive remedial instruction in small classes
B) less exposure to vocational education classes
C) to curb their extracurricular involvement
D) larger, more diverse classroom environments
Q3) Compared with adult mothers,adolescent mothers __________.
A) have lower expectations of their infants
B) perceive their babies as more difficult
C) less often engage in abusive parenting
D) interact more effectively with their infants
Q4) What is the role of heredity in sexual orientation?
Q5) Describe the sleep patterns of teenagers today.Discuss sleep deprivation and sleep rebound.
Q6) Discuss the effects of part-time work during high school. Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about adolescent depression is true?
A) Serious depression affects 15 to 20 percent of U.S. adolescents.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to report a depressed mood.
C) Many adults minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression.
D) Heredity plays little to no role in adolescent depression.
Q2) Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive
Q3) In a study in which ethnically diverse boys from low-income families were asked to describe their friendships,__________ boys were more likely than others to resist conforming to gender stereotypes.
A) Hispanic
B) European-American
C) Asian-American
D) African-American
Q4) Define and discuss moral identity.What are some factors that strengthen moral identity?
Q5) Discuss gender differences in friendship quality in adolescence.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sexual problem most often reported by men is __________.
A) lack of interest in sex
B) inability to achieve orgasm
C) climaxing too early
D) a partner's lack of technique
Q2) Victims of rape and other sexual crimes report __________.
A) less alcohol and substance use, but more social anxiety
B) less fatigue and depression, but more substance abuse
C) more symptoms of illness across almost all body systems
D) fewer negative health behaviors, like smoking and drinking
Q3) The __________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that longevity is a family trait.
A) genetically programmed
B) wear-and-tear
C) random events
D) cross-linkage
Q4) How does psychological stress affect health in early adulthood?
Q5) Describe the theory of biological aging that emphasizes the programmed effects of specific genes.
Q6) Briefly describe the psychological impact of attending college. Page 17
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Page 18
Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In traditionally masculine fields,newly hired women whose training is equivalent to that of newly hired men are __________.
A) paid the same as the newly hired men
B) promoted more quickly than men
C) nevertheless paid less than men
D) more likely to find supportive mentors
Q2) When Paul started his job,he developed a close relationship with Richard,a senior colleague.Richard helped Paul succeed in his job,and with Richard's help,Paul was quickly promoted.According to Levinson,Richard __________.
A) was acting out Paul's dream
B) was probably going through the age-30 transition
C) acted as a mentor to Paul
D) probably jeopardized his own dream
Q3) From the college years through career exploration and settling into work roles,__________.
A) other-sex friendships increase
B) same-sex friendships cease to be vital contexts for sharing
C) same-sex friendships decrease in importance
D) siblings become more frequent companions
Page 19
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) People often rate middle-aged women as __________ than middle-aged men.
A) less emotional
B) more confident
C) more versatile
D) less attractive
Q2) Women with either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations are __________.
A) unlikely to develop breast cancer before age 40
B) especially likely to develop breast cancer in late adulthood
C) especially likely to develop early-onset breast cancer
D) unlikely to develop breast cancer after age 40
Q3) Some theorists believe that a general slowing of __________ underlies nearly all age-related declines in cognitive performance.
A) processing speed
B) synaptic connections
C) verbal and emotional IQ
D) central nervous system functioning
Q4) Discuss hormone therapy,which is used to reduce the physical symptoms of menopause.What are the risks and benefits?
Q5) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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129 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experiencing regrets is consistently associated with __________.
A) hardiness
B) greater life satisfaction
C) confidence, assertiveness, and autonomy
D) less favorable psychological well-being
Q2) Which statement is true about retirement in the United States?
A) Retirees' income typically drops by 50 percent.
B) Retirement is the most stress-free transition in the life cycle.
C) The government guarantees retirees an adequate standard of living.
D) Retirement is less challenging for people who strongly identify with their work role.
Q3) Which caregiving grandparents are especially likely to be living in extreme poverty while caring for several grandchildren?
A) the Montagues, who are European American
B) the Bucks, who are African American
C) the Wynns, who are Native American
D) the Herreras, who are Hispanic
Q4) Define possible selves and explain how they shift from early to middle adulthood.
Q5) Describe the sandwich generation.
Page 21
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Devices such as smart caps and sensor-activated room lights are __________.
A) too technically complicated to be useful to most older adults
B) cost-effective and available to most older adults in industrialized countries
C) not usually covered as essential medical equipment by U.S. medical insurance
D) considered invasions of privacy by the majority of older people with disabilities
Q2) Familial Alzheimer's __________.
A) typically appears after age 65
B) progresses more slowly than sporadic Alzheimer's
C) is responsible for 1 percent or fewer cases
D) is caused by an abnormal gene on chromosome 19
Q3) Mrs.Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older,things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs.Nguyen's self-perception __________.
A) is an example of a stereotype threat
B) may help her live a longer life
C) suggests that she is in denial
D) is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype
Q4) Define and describe ADLs and IADLs.What percentage of U.S.older adults have limitations carrying out these activities?
Page 22
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marion,age 78,has come to terms with life despite its imperfections.She has become increasingly generous,acquiescent,and good-natured.Marion shows gains in
A) neuroticism
B) agreeableness
C) extroversion
D) openness to experience
Q2) Typically,aging siblings __________.
A) do not communicate regularly
B) live more than 100 miles from each other
C) visit at least several times a year
D) provide one another with direct assistance
Q3) May stops by her mother June's house every day.If June is having trouble getting dressed or making the bed,then May helps her,and the two women chat while they work.May's behavior toward June illustrates the __________ script.
A) dependency-support
B) independence-ignore
C) assisted independence
D) codependency-support
Q4) Describe George Vaillant's findings regarding successful aging.
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Geraldine's husband died two years ago,just after she turned 81.Which statement is most likely true?
A) Geraldine still displays many negative outcomes.
B) The loss profoundly disrupted Geraldine's life goals.
C) After a period of intense grieving, Geraldine is faring well.
D) Geraldine is experiencing disenfranchised grief.
Q2) __________ are usually more distressed during the dying process.
A) People with strong relationships
B) People with few disappointments in life
C) Poorly adjusted individuals
D) Extremely well-adjusted individuals
Q3) According to Kübler-Ross,the weakened patient who reaches a state of peace
A) avoids discussions with doctors to escape from the prospect of death
B) realizes the inevitability of death but attempts to bargain for extra time
C) usually does so in the last few days before death
D) becomes despondent and depressed in the last days
Q4) What is an advance medical directive? What types are available in the United States?
Q5) Define and describe the three phases of death.
Page 24
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