Chemistry for Biologists Test Questions
Course Introduction
Chemistry for Biologists introduces the fundamental principles of chemistry with a focus on their applications in biological systems. The course covers atomic and molecular structure, chemical bonding, reactions in aqueous solutions, thermodynamics, and pH, with emphasis on how these concepts underpin cellular processes and the structure and function of biomolecules. Students will explore topics such as the chemistry of water, organic molecules, enzymes, and metabolic pathways, providing a strong foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of life. This course is tailored for students in the biological sciences, aiming to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology through relevant examples and laboratory experiences.
Recommended Textbook
Organic Chemistry 8th Edition by Paula Yurkanis Bruice
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Chapter 1: Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic
Structure and Bonding
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Sample Questions
Q1) The carbon-carbon double bond in ethene is ________ and ________ than the carbon-carbon triple bond in ethyne. A)stronger; shorter B)stronger; longer C)weaker; shorter D)weaker; longer E)stronger; more polar
Answer: D
Q2) What orbitals overlap to create the H-C bond in CH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>?
A)sp<sup>3</sup>-sp<sup>3</sup>
B)sp<sup>2</sup>-sp<sup>3</sup>
C)s-p
D)s-sp<sup>2</sup>
E)s-sp<sup>3</sup>
Answer: D
Q3) Give the hybridization,shape,and bond angle for each carbon in CH<sub>3</sub>CN. Answer: CH<sub>3 </sub>- sp<sup>3</sup>,tetrahedral,109.5; C - sp,linear,180
Q4) Draw the shape of a 2p orbital.
Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c63_d968_b657_1fe9b52ce705_TB1831_00
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) If H<sub>2</sub>O has a pK<sub>a</sub> value of 15.7 and HF has a pK<sub>a</sub> value of 3.2,which is a stronger base,HO<sup>-</sup> or F<sup>-</sup>? Explain.
Answer: HO<sup>-</sup> is a stronger base than F<sup>-</sup> because HF is a stronger acid than H<sub>2</sub>O,and the stronger the acid the weaker its conjugate base.
Q2) 2-Propanol is shown below.Draw the structure of its conjugate base. (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHOH
Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c70_5cae_b657_8b854b4ecf1f_TB1831_00
Q3) The pKa of CH<sub>3</sub>COOH is 4.8 and the pKa of HCOOH is 3.8.Given this information,one knows that
A)CH<sub>3</sub>COOH completely ionizes in water.
B)HCOOH is a weaker acid than CH<sub>3</sub>COOH.
C)HCOO<sup>-</sup> is a weaker base than CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-.</sup>
D)CH<sub>3</sub>COOH reacts with HO<sup>-</sup> while HCOOH does not.
E)HCOOH reacts with HO<sup>-</sup> while CH<sub>3</sub>COOH does not.
Answer: C
Q4) At what pH will 25% of a compound with a pKa of 5.3 be in its basic form?
Answer: 4.8
Page 4
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Chapter 3: An Introduction to Organic Compounds:
Nomenclature, physical Properties, and Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the compounds below will form hydrogen bonds between its molecules?
A)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>F
B)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> C)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>N
D)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub> E)CH<sub>3</sub>NHCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>
Answer: E
Q2) Draw an acceptable structure for sec-butylcyclopentane. Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c77_3aa5_b657_ff9a6f328763_TB1831_00
Q3) Provide the chair structure of cis-decalin,two cis-fused six-membered rings. Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c7f_9f52_b657_93cf9ae01146_TB1831_00
Q4) In the chair conformation of cyclohexane,how many hydrogen atoms are eclipsed?
A)0
B)2
C)4
D)6
E)8
Answer: A
Page 5
Q5) Draw a Newman projection of the most stable conformation of 2-methylpropane. Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c7c_91fc_b657_331bb83a49c5_TB1831_00
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Chapter 4: Isomers: the Arrangement of Atoms in Space
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Sample Questions
Q1) Draw the structure of a meso form of 1,3-dichlorocyclopentane.Take particular care to indicate three-dimensional stereochemistry detail properly.
Q2) A mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers
A)is called a racemic mixture.
B)is optically inactive.
C)implies that the enantiomers are meso forms.
D)both A and B.
E)none of the above
Q3) Which of the following statements correctly pertains to a pair of enantiomers?
A)They rotate the plane of polarized light by exactly the same amount and in opposite directions.
B)They rotate the plane of polarized light by differing amounts and in opposite directions.
C)They rotate the plane of polarized light by differing amounts and in the same direction.
D)They have different melting points.
E)They have the same melting point,but they have different boiling points.
Q4) Provide a careful structure for (2S,3S)-2,3-dibromohexane.
Q5) Draw the stereoisomers of 1,3-dichlorocyclopentane.
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Chapter 5: Alkenes: Structure,nomenclature,and an
Introduction to Reactivity - Thermodynamics and Kinetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) An increase in which of the following will occur if the reaction temperature is increased? I.Energy of activation
II)Collision frequency
III)Fraction of collisions with sufficient energy
A)I and II
B)I and III
C)II and III
D)I,II,and III
E)I
Q2) What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon that contains 5 carbon atoms,one ring,and one bond?
Q3) Draw all the possible constitutional isomers of C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>.
Q4) Why do reactions tend to proceed at a faster rate as T increases?
Q5) Draw the structure of (Z)-4-ethyl-3,6-dimethyl-3-heptene.
Q6) Draw the structure of propyl vinyl ether.
Q7) Draw and name the six alkenes which have the molecular formula C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>.
Q8) Muscalure,the sex attractant of the common housefly,is an acyclic alkene that contains 23 carbons.How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of muscalure? Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Reactions of Alkenes - the Stereochemistry of Addition
Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give the product for the reaction of 1-butene with methanol in the presence of acid.
A)1-ethoxybutane
B)2-ethoxybutane
C)1-methoxybutane
D)2-methoxybutane
E)1-butanol
Q2) Which is more highly regioselective the addition of HCl to methylenecyclohexane or to 1-methylcyclohexene? Explain.
Q3) A reaction in which a mixture of two constitutional isomers is obtained but one is formed in higher amounts than the other is called a
A)regioselective reaction.
B)regiospecific reaction.
C)stereospecific reaction.
D)stereoselective reaction.
E)successful reaction.
Q4) Based on the relative stabilities of the intermediates involved,explain the basis for Markovnikov's rule in the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes.
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Chapter 7: The Reactions of Alkynes - Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the compounds water,1-butyne,2-butyne,and ethane,which are stronger acids than ammonia?
A)1-butyne and ethane
B)water and 1-butyne
C)water and ethane
D)1-butyne and 2-butyne
Q2) Draw an acceptable structure for 3-sec-butyl-1-heptyne.
Q3) Although you might expect 1-propyne to be more reactive than 1-propene in electrophilic addition reactions,the reverse is true.Explain this using your knowledge of the mechanism of electrophilic additions to both alkynes and alkenes.
Q4) Provide the structure of the major organic product that results when 2-butyne is treated with 2 equivalents of HCl.
Q5) Which of the species below is less basic than acetylide?
A)CH<sub>3</sub>Li
B)CH<sub>3</sub>ONa
C)NaOH
D)both B and C
E)all of the above
Q6) Provide the structure of (2E,4E)-2-chloro-2,4-octadiene.
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Chapter
Electronic Effects: an Introduction to the Reactions of
Benzene
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the hybridization of the central carbon of allene (1,2-propadiene)?
A)sp
B)sp<sup>2</sup>
C)sp<sup>3</sup>
D)p
E)none of the above
Q2) Which of the following statements concerning resonance contributors and resonance hybrids is not correct?
A)The fewer nearly equivalent resonance contributors are in the structure,the greater the resonance energy.
B)A resonance hybrid is more stable than the predicted stability of any of its resonance contributors.
C)The greater the number of relatively stable resonance contributors,the greater the resonance energy.
D)The greater the predicted stability of a resonance contributor,the more it contributes to the resonance hybrid.
E)none of the above
Q3) Mark the most electron-rich carbon atom in the compound below with an asterisk. Page 11
Q4) Draw the HOMO of 1,3,5-hexatriene.
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Chapter 9: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following S<sub>N</sub>2 reactions is the slowest?
A)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHBrCH<sub>3</sub> + OH<sup>-</sup> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHOHCH<sub>3</sub> + Br<sup>-</sup>
B)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHBrCH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHOHCH<sub>3</sub> + HBr
C)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Br + OH<sup>-</sup> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH + Br<sup>-</sup>
D)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Br + H<sub>2</sub>O CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH + HBr
Q2) Assuming no other changes,what is the effect of doubling only the concentration of the alkyl halide in the above S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction?
A)no change
B)doubles the rate
C)triples the rate
D)quadruples the rate
E)rate is halved
Q3) Why is the E1 not a likely mechanism when 1-chloropentane is heated in ethanol?
Page 13
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Chapter 10: Reactions of Alcohols, ethers, epoxides, amines and
Sulfur-Containing Compounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Predict the major product of the reaction below and provide a stepwise mechanism which accounts for its formation.
CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH + HBr
Q2) Which of the following alcohols will react most rapidly with the Lucas reagent (HCl,ZnCl<sub>2</sub>)?
A)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COH
B)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH
C)CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>
D)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>OH
Q3) Which of the following reagents is best used in the conversion of methyl alcohol to methyl chloride?
A)Cl<sub>2</sub>/CCl<sub>4</sub>
B)Cl<sub>2</sub>/h
C)Cl<sup>-</sup>
D)SOCl<sub>2</sub>
E)NaCl
Q4) Draw the tosylate ion and explain why it is a particularly good leaving group.
Q5) Why are alcohols typically poor electrophiles?
Q6) How are certain arene oxides believed to cause cancer?
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Chapter 11: Organometallic Compounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Is an organolithium reagent more reactive than the comparable Grignard reagent or less reactive? Explain briefly.
Q2) In a Grignard reagent,the carbon bonded to the magnesium has a partial ________ charge,because carbon is ________ electronegative than magnesium.This makes this carbon of the Grignard ________.
A)negative,more,nucleophilic B)negative,less,electrophilic C)positive,more,electrophilic D)positive,less,nucleophilic E)positive,less,electrophilic
Q3) Provide the structure of the major organic product that results when 1-bromocyclohexene reacts with metallic magnesium in diethyl ether.
Q4) Provide the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when bromobenzene is treated with metallic lithium in hexanes.
Q5) Name the three major alkene products that result when 1-pentene is treated with Grubbs catalyst.
Q6) List the sequence of reagents necessary to prepare the appropriate Gilman reagent from ethyl iodide.
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Chapter 12: Radicals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why alkanes are generally considered unreactive compounds.
Q2) Name each distinct alkyl chloride (including stereoisomers)that can be generated from monochlorination of 2,2-dimethylbutane.
Q3) Provide the reagents necessary for carrying out the transformation of 2-methylheptane to 2-methyl-2-heptene.
Q4) Species with unpaired electrons are called ________.
Q5) How many distinct alkyl chlorides can be obtained from monochlorination of 2,3-dimethylpentane?
A)5
B)8
C)10
D)12
E)16
Q6) Write the structures of all of the monobromination products of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylcyclobutane.
Q7) When light is shown on a mixture of chlorine and chloromethane,carbon tetrachloride is one of the components of the final reaction mixture.Propose a series of mechanistic steps which explain this observation.
Q8) Provide the structure of semiquinone radical.
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Chapter 13: Mass Spectrometry,infrared Spectroscopy,and Uvvis Spectroscopy
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Q1) Is the <sub>max</sub> of phenol in aqueous solution affected by the pH of the solution? If so,explain how and why <sub>max</sub> changes.
Q2) Which of the following increases the absorbance of a solution of phenol in ethanol?
A)increasing the amount of phenol in the solution
B)decreasing the amount of ethanol in the solution
C)decreasing the light path through the solution
D)both A and B
E)both B and C
Q3) Which of the following statements best explains how a hydrocarbon can show an M+2 peak in mass spectrometry?
A)from <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>1</sup>H
B)from <sup>12</sup>C and <sup>2</sup>H
C)from a single <sup>13</sup>C
D)from a single <sup>3</sup>H
E)from two <sup>13</sup>C's
Q4) Give the m/z ratio of the molecular ion in the mass spectrum of 1-butanol.
Q5) Provide the structure of the two ions which result when the molecular ion of 2-methoxypentane undergoes fragmentation by <sup> -cleavage</sup>.
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Chapter 14: Nmr Spectroscopy
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many signals would you expect to see in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of the following compound?
CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>
A)1
B)3
C)2
D)4
E)6
Q2) Deduce the identity of the following compound from the spectral data given. C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>12</sub> : <sup>13</sup>C NMR, 21.3 (quartet),127.2 (doublet),138.0 (singlet)(ppm)
Q3) Which of the following electromagnetic wave types is used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy?
A)X-ray
B)infrared
C)visible
D)radio
E)ultraviolet
Q4) What is indicated by a cross peak in the COSY spectrum of a compound?
Q5) What information does a COSY spectrum give?
Page 18
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Chapter 15: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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Q1) What is the main intramolecular force between two molecules of acetonitrile?
A)London dispersion forces
B)dipole-dipole interaction
C)hydrogen bonding
D)induced dipole interactions
E)none of the above
Q2) What is the hybridization and geometry of the carbonyl carbon in carboxylic acids and their derivatives?
A)sp<sup>3</sup>,tetrahedral B)sp<sup>2</sup>,trigonal planar
C)sp<sup>2</sup>,tetrahedral D)sp<sup>3</sup>,trigonal planar E)sp,trigonal planar
Q3) Provide the proper IUPAC name for (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CN)CH<sub>3</s ub>.
Q4) Provide the structure of the tetrahedral intermediate in the reaction of sodium methoxide with propanoyl chloride.
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Q5) Provide a detailed,stepwise mechanism for the reaction of propanoic anhydride with phenol.
Chapter 16: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
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Q1) Provide the proper IUPAC name for PhCH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHO.
Q2) Which of the following alcohols can be prepared by the reaction of methyl formate with excess Grignard reagent?
A)1-pentanol
B)2-pentanol
C)3-pentanol
D)2-methyl-2-pentanol
E)3-methyl-3-pentanol
Q3) When HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COCH<sub>2</sub >CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH is heated in the presence of an acid catalyst,a reaction occurs.The product has the formula C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.Provide the structure of this product.
Q4) Provide a detailed,stepwise mechanism for the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between cyclohexanone and H<sub>2</sub>NOH.
Q5) Draw the structure of 4-hydroxypentanal.
Q6) Provide the structure of the cyanohydrin that results when 4-heptanone is treated with HCN/KCN.
Page 20
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Chapter 17: Reactions at the -Carbon
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Q1) Provide the structure of the major organic product which results when PhCO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> and CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> are heated in the presence of sodium ethoxide and the compound generated is subsequently treated with cold,dilute acid.
Q2) In the Michael reaction,addition to the , -unsaturated carbonyl occurs in a
A)1,2-fashion
B)1,3-fashion
C)1,4-fashion
D)1,5-fashion
E)Diels-Alder reaction
Q3) Provide a detailed,stepwise mechanism for the acid-catalyzed enolization of acetaldehyde.
Q4) Provide the structure of the Claisen product in the self-condensation of methyl phenylacetate.
Q5) Why is the pKa of acetone 20 while that of ethane is 50? Explain the origin for this difference in acidity.
Q6) Show how an enolate can add to a carbonyl.
Q7) Provide a detailed,stepwise mechanism for the -bromination of acetone in base.
Q8) How would you convert cyclohexene to 2-methylcyclohexanone?
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Chapter 18: Reactions of Benzene and Substituted
Benzenes
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Q1) Which of the following fails to produce benzoic acid when heated in the presence of acidic sodium dichromate?
A)1-phenylethanol
B)2-phenylethanol
C)2-phenylheptane
D)2-methyl-2-phenylheptane
E)1-phenylheptanol
Q2) Which of the following electrophilic aromatic substitution is reversible?
A)halogenation
B)nitration
C)Friedel-Crafts Acylation
D)Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
E)sulfonation
Q3) In the bromination of benzene using Br<sub>2</sub> and FeBr<sub>3</sub>,is the intermediate carbocation aromatic? Explain.
Q4) Rank the following groups in order of increasing activating power in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions: -OCH<sub>3</sub>,-OCOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>,-CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3< /sub>,-Br.
Page 22
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Chapter 19: More About Amines - Reactions of Heterocylic Compounds
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Q1) What results when cis-2-butene is subjected to the following reaction sequence? (1)Cl<sub>2</sub>,H<sub>2</sub>O,(2)NaOH,(3)H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>?
A)a meso epoxide
B)a 1:1 mixture of enantiomeric epoxides
C)a meso diol
D)a 1:1 mixture of enantiomeric diols
E)2-butanol
Q2) Which of the following lists the correct order of reactivity of the substrates in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions?
A)thiophene > pyrrole > furan > benzene
B)benzene > furan > thiophene > pyrrole
C)furan > pyrrole > benzene > thiophene
D)benzene > pyrrole > thiophene > furan
E)pyrrole > furan > thiophene > benzene
Q3) Draw 4-methylisoquinoline.
Q4) What is the stereochemistry of the product in the acid hydrolysis of trans-2,3-epoxybutane?
Q5) Provide a structural representation of cis-3-ethyl-1,2-epoxycyclopentane.
Q6) Provide the structure of thymine; How is it used by organisms?
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Chapter 20: The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates
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Q1) An optically active D-aldopentose produced an optically active alditol upon treatment with NaBH<sub>4</sub>.When this aldopentose was subjected to a Ruff degradation,a D-aldotetrose was generated.This aldotetrose gave an optically active aldaric acid upon oxidation with HNO<sub>3</sub>.Use these data to provide the structure of the starting D-aldopentose.
Q2) Draw the most stable chair conformer of D-glucose.
Q3) A carbohydrate composed of three to ten sugar molecules is called a(n)
A)single carbohydrate.
B)disaccharide.
C)oligosaccharide.
D)polysaccharide.
E)monosaccharide.
Q4) In solution,glucose exists as
A)the open-chain form only.
B)the cyclic hemiacetal form only.
C)the cyclic acetal form only.
D)an equilibrium mixture of the open-chain form and cyclic acetal forms.
E)an equilibrium mixture of the open-chain form and cyclic hemiacetal forms.
Q5) Draw the Fischer projection for the open-chain form of D-erythrose.
Q6) Draw the Haworth structure of -D-ribofuranose.
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Chapter 21: Amino Acids,peptides,and Proteins
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Q1) Draw the form of L-tryptophan which is present at biological pH.
Q2) Provide the structure of the tripeptide val-gly-ser at biological pH.
Q3) Draw the form in which glutamate exists at pH = 0.
Q4) Provide the structure of the tripeptide glu-ser-ala at pH 2.
Q5) Draw structures for the forms of glycine present in basic,neutral,and acidic solutions.
Q6) Provide the structure of Ala-Ser-Gly at biological pH.
Q7) Draw the dipeptide Val-Tyr at pH 7.0.
Q8) You are given a mixture that contains glutamic acid (pI = 3.2),arginine (pI = 10.8),and valine (pI = 6.0),and you subject the mixture to electrophoresis.
a)Which amino acids migrate toward the cathode when the electrophoresis is carried out at a pH of 7.1?
b)Which amino acids migrate toward the anode when the electrophoresis is carried out at a pH of 7.1?
c)Which amino acid migrates farthest toward the anode at a pH of 7.1?
d)Since amino acids themselves are colorless,how is the separation of amino acids after electrophoresis detected?
Q9) How is the enzyme chymotrypsin used in peptide structure determination?
Q10) Draw glutamate.
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Chapter 22: Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in
Enzymatic Reactions
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Q1) Provide the two general ways that metal ions catalyze organic reactions.
Q2) Stabilization of a charge by an opposite charge is called ________ catalysis.
A)electrostatic
B)osmotic
C)substrate
D)activated
E)covalent
Q3) Why is histidine a versatile catalytic group?
Q4) Which of the following intermediates is produced in the second step of the mechanism for bovine chymotrypsin hydrolysis of a peptide bond?
A)epoxy-enzyme intermediate
B)carboxy-enzyme intermediate
C)acyl-enzyme intermediate
D)phenoxy-enzyme intermediate
E)oxy-enzyme intermediate
Q5) In what kind of acid catalysis is the proton transferred completely to the reactant before a subsequent slow step?
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Q6) Explain what is meant by site-specific mutagenesis.
Q7) How does an acid catalyst increase the rate of reaction?
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Chapter 23: The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes, compounds
Derived From Vitamins
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Q1) Identify all group(s)that tetrahydrofolate transfers.
A)methylene
B)methyl
C)ethyl
D)formyl
E)A,B,and D
Q2) Give the purpose of thymidylate synthase.
A)converts cytosine to guanine
B)converts guanine to cytosine
C)converts thymine to uracil
D)converts uracil to thymine
E)converts adenine to guanine
Q3) Show the transimination (trans-Schiffization)reaction that happens in all PLP-requiring enzymes in which the amino acid substrate forms a Schiff base with PLP,thereby freeing the lysine side chain.
Q4) Give the purpose of coenzyme B<sub>12 </sub>in rearrangement reactions.
Q5) What structural feature of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions requires the presence of a coenzyme for reaction to occur?
Q6) Through what enzymatic pathway is thymine biosynthesized?
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Chapter 24: The Organic Chemistry of the Metabolic Pathways
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Q1) In the second stage of the catabolism of phenylalanine,what two compounds are produced to enter the citric acid cycle?
Q2) Describe what's happening mechanistically when glucose reacts with ATP to yield glucose-6-phosphate.
Q3) Why are nucleophiles more readily phosphorylated by ATP than by hydrogen phosphate?
Q4) In the first stage of catabolism,fats are hydrolyzed to ________ and ________.
Q5) In the citric acid cycle,each molecule of acetyl-CoA is converted into two molecules of what?
A)oxygen
B)pyruvate
C)lactic acid
D)acetone
E)carbon dioxide
Q6) How many citric acid cycles would be needed to produce nine molecules of NADH?
A)nine citric acid cycles
B)one citric acid cycle
C)two citric acid cycles
D)four citric acid cycles
E)three citric acid cycles
Page 28
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Chapter 25: The Organic Chemistry of Lipids
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Q1) Biosynthesis of terpenes start from A)phosphoglyceride.
B)acetyl CoA.
C)squalene.
D)prostaglandin.
E)cholesterol.
Q2) Squalene is a A)monoterpene.
B)sesquiterpene.
C)diterpene.
D)triterpene.
E)carotenoid.
Q3) What is the precursor of bile acids?
A)phosphoglyceride
B)acetyl CoA
C)squalene
D)prostaglandin
E)cholesterol
Q4) Provide the structure of -farnesene,a simple,acyclic sesquiterpene.
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Chapter 26: The Chemistry of the Nucleic Acids
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Q1) Give the second step of PCR.
A)esterification
B)strand separation
C)base-pairing of the primers
D)DNA synthesis
E)hydrolysis
Q2) Which of the following statements concerning nucleic acids is not correct?
A)The enzymes that catalyze DNA synthesis are known as DNA polymerases.
B)The growing DNA polymer is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.
C)RNA strands are synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction.
D)In DNA the distance between the strands of the double helix is relatively constant.
E)Unlike DNA,RNA is easily cleaved because the 2'-OH group of the ribose can act as the nucleophile that cleaves the strand.
Q3) All tRNAs have ________ at the 3'-end.
A)CCA
B)UUC
C)GCC
D)CAG
E)GGA
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Chapter 27: Synthetic Polymers
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Q1) Give the product for an diisocyanate reacting with a diol.
A)an epoxy resin
B)a polyester
C)a polycarbonate
D)a polyamide
E)a polyurethane
Q2) ABS is a copolymer of what three monomers?
Q3) Identify the monomer(s)that undergo cationic polymerization.You may choose more than one answer.
A)styrene
B)methyl methacrylate
C)vinyl chloride
D)methyl vinyl ether
E)acrylamide
Q4) Describe what thermoplastic polymers are.
Q5) Name the monomer used in the production of neoprene.
Q6) Draw the structure of the polymer that results when methyl -cyanoacrylate undergoes polymerization.By what name is this polymer commonly known?
Q7) What are crystallites?
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Chapter 28: Pericyclic Reactions
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Q1) Explain what a node is and how it is formed.
Q2) Give the conditions for 1,5-hydrogen shifts.You may choose more than one answer.
A)suprafacial rearrangement
B)antarafacial rearrangement
C)thermal conditions
D)photochemical conditions
E)all of the above
Q3) Which of the following statements best describes the term suprafacial?
A)formation of two sigma bonds from the same side of the pi system
B)formation of two pi bonds from the same side of the sigma system
C)formation of two sigma bonds from opposite sides of the pi system
D)formation of two pi bonds from opposite sides of the sigma system
E)an anti cycloaddition
Q4) Give a representation of the antibonding molecular orbital of the allyl anion.
Q5) Describe a Claisen rearrangement.
A)[3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of a 1,5-diene
B)[1,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of an alkene
C)[3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of an allyl vinyl ether
D)[1,5] sigmatropic rearrangement of a 1,3-diene
E)[2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of an alkene
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