Chemical Oceanography
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Chemical Oceanography explores the chemical composition and processes of the worlds oceans, focusing on the distribution and cycling of elements and compounds within marine environments. The course examines the origins and transformations of seawater constituents, the interaction between oceans and the atmosphere, sediment chemistry, and the role of oceans in global biogeochemical cycles. Students also study the impact of human activities on ocean chemistry, such as pollution and ocean acidification, and learn to analyze chemical data relevant to oceanographic research.
Recommended Textbook
Oceanography 8th Edition by Tom S. Garrison
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Chapter 1: The Origin of the Ocean
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Q1) The scientific method is characterized as:
A) an orderly process in which theories are proved to be absolutely true.
B) an orderly process in which a test simplifies an observation in nature by controlling the conditions in which they are made.
C) an orderly process in which theories are verified or rejected.
D) a testable speculation or explanation of a theory.
Answer: C
Q2) Which is not necessarily a characteristic of a red giant?
A) The engulfing of inner planets
B) The expansion of atmosphere
C) Becoming a supernova
D) Materials sent into space from shattering
Answer: C
Q3) ____ is a critical aspect of science.
A) The ability to operate in reverse
B) The ability to be refined with new information
C) Looking at data rather than being told
D) All of these choices are critical aspects of science
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: A History of Marine Science
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Q1) National pride, scientific curiosity, and various advancements in shipbuilding fueled the golden age of polar exploration much like the spread of commerce fueled the original golden age of exploration.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Although John Harrison was a cabinetmaker, he was awarded a monetary prize for building an accurate clock used to determine longitude.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Who set out to explore worldwide wind and current patterns for commercial and naval purposes?
A) Charles Wilkes
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Tim Folger
D) Matthew Maury
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
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Q1) What is considered to be the densest type of crust?
A) Basalt
B) Continental crust
C) Granite
D) Andesite
Answer: A
Q2) Paleomagnetism was the confirmation needed to show historical plate movements.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) How much lithosphere is submerged into the asthenosphere?
A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 70%
D) 90%
Answer: D
Q4) Hot spots always occur at plate boundaries.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Ocean Basins
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Q1) The fundamental success of ocean depth measurements taken by satellites is based on the variation of gravitational pull associated with bathymetric features.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is a continental margin? What are the differences between active and passive margins? Include alternative names for the margins and the plate boundaries associated with each.
Q3) What is a Pacific-type margin referring to?
A) Diverging plate boundary
B) Passive margin
C) Active margin
D) Rift valley
Q4) What statement is true of the surface area of oceanic ridges and their associated features?
A) They consist of slightly less area than that of all the land above sea level.
B) They consist of more area than that of all land above sea level.
C) These are almost always located in the mid-ocean.
D) These areas are largely covered by sediments.
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Chapter 5: Ocean Sediments
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Q1) The increased presence of carbonic acid at deep depths causes calcium carbonate to precipitate into a solid beneath approximately 4500 meters.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Even in a rare area in which there are no overlying sediments, there are sediments found in the water above.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is often found in the middle of manganese nodules?
A) Microtektites
B) Shark teeth or bone fragments
C) Living bacteria
D) Sand grains
Q4) If there is an abundance of foraminifera shells found in a sediment, it would be categorized as:
A) hydrogenous sediment.
B) calcareous ooze.
C) coccolithophore.
D) siliceous ooze.
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Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure
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Q1) Why is the sofar layer efficient for sound travel?
A) Refraction causes the sound energy to remain within the layer.
B) The density of the sofar layer traps the sound energy.
C) Sound energy bends away from layers of lower sound velocity.
D) Temperatures and salinity conditions are homogeneous.
Q2) Scattering occurs more in water than air due to the greater density of water.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What visible light wave is almost completely absorbed and converted to heat within the first few meters of the ocean?
A) Red light waves
B) Yellow light waves
C) Green light waves
D) Blue light waves
Q4) What contributes to the high biological activity and surface nutrients in southern polar waters?
A) Deep-water upwelling
B) Weak stratification
C) There is a lack of continental margins
D) All are contributing factors
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Chapter 7: Ocean Chemistry
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Q1) Why does oil not dissolve in water?
A) It has covalent bonds connecting the atoms.
B) It is found within tissues of organisms.
C) It is not a polar molecule.
D) It has ionic bonds.
Q2) The Ocean is becoming more acidic as it absorbs additional _________from the atmosphere.
A) carbon dioxide
B) ozone
C) oxygen
D) pollution
Q3) What is the colligative property of osmotic pressure?
A) The pressure exerted on biological membranes from the atmosphere
B) The pressure exerted on biological membranes from salinity differences outside the cells
C) The pressure exerted on biological membranes during temperature changes of water
D) The pressure exerted on biological membranes when surrounding waters phase change
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9
Chapter 8: Circulation of the Atmosphere
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Q1) Extratropical cyclones move eastward because they are rooted in the westerly winds.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The lower atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture of gasses with nitrogen and oxygen being the most abundant.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If a ship is trying to sail from the eastern United States to Europe, what route would be the most efficient to take?
A) A southern route to take advantage of the easterlies
B) A southern route to take advantage of the westerlies
C) A northern route to take advantage of the easterlies
D) A northern route to take advantage of the westerlies
Q4) What is a storm surge?
A) Severe flooding due to rapid rainfall
B) Higher than normal tides
C) Movement of water due to the low atmospheric pressure creates a dome of water
D) Movement of water due to the high atmospheric pressure creates a dome of water
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Circulation of the Ocean
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Q1) Caballing is the mixing of two water masses with the same density but different temperatures and salinity, resulting in a new water mass with lower density.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why are fisheries heavily impacted by ENSO events?
A) Upwelling ceases
B) Nutrient-rich currents are interrupted when the trade winds shift
C) Low pressure systems create downwelling events rather than the normal upwelling
D) Rise in sea level effects migration patterns
Q3) What direction would a gyre in the Southern Hemisphere flow towards?
A) Left
B) Right
C) Towards the equator
D) Poleward
Q4) The Antarctic Bottom Water in the Pacific retains its characteristics for up to 1,600 years.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Waves
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Q1) Why is a storm surge not considered a progressive wave?
A) It is formed by low pressure.
B) It is very short lived.
C) It is only a crest rather than a whole wave.
D) It is enhanced by high tides.
Q2) Why does wave refraction occur?
A) Wave lines approach shore and enter into different depths
B) The density of the wave alters in shallow water
C) Waves break perpendicularly to the shore
D) Waves stack up on shore and bend
Q3) Internal waves occur at the boundary between water layers of two different densities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The longer the wavelength is on a wave, the slower the wave energy moves through the water.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How do wave trains travel? How do they interact with each other?
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Chapter 11: Tides
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Q1) Tides are capable of slowing the Earth's rotation by the following force:
A) Tidal friction
B) Gravitational forces
C) Resonance
D) Centrifugal forces
Q2) What is an amphidromic point?
A) A node in the center of the Earth
B) A node in the center of an ocean basin
C) A node in the center of the Earth-moon orbit
D) A node that indicates the peak in a tidal wave's crest
Q3) The moon and Earth remain in a stable orbit due to their mutual gravitational attraction being offset by inertia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the relationship between the heights of tides and the amphidromic point?
A) Heights increase with distance from the amphidromic point
B) Heights decrease with distance from the amphidromic point
C) Heights increase closer to the amphidromic point
D) Heights of tides and amphridromic points are not related
Q5) How do various organisms utilize the tides? Can you think of examples of these?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Coasts
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Q1) A beach slope in equilibrium will grow at slower rates than heavy depositional beaches.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are some of the functions of an estuary? Can you hypothesize why it is important to save for animals? What about for humans?
Q3) What creates a moraine?
A) Wave-dominated deltas
B) Glaciers
C) Atolls
D) Tombolos
Q4) How have parts of Florida's coast been extended?
A) Fringing reefs
B) Mangroves
C) Barrier reefs
D) Atolls
Q5) Describe the three types of reefs that are formed. Can you hypothesize why they are important?
Q6) How do sediments move along a beach?
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Chapter 13: Life in the Ocean
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Q1) All life on Earth is fundamentally the same.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Taxonomy is the study of biological classification schemes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What organism usually fixes nitrogen into usable chemical forms?
A) Archaea
B) Extremophiles
C) Cyanobacteria
D) Dinoflagellates
Q4) Some ____ are considered to be extremophiles.
A) Eukarya
B) Archaea
C) Plantae
D) Animalia
Q5) Coastal waters often support larger blooms of plankton than open water due to a high nitrate level in runoff.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Plankton, Algae, and Plants
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Q1) What allows diatoms to expand in size during reproduction?
A) Frustule
B) Flagellate
C) Pennate
D) Auxospore
Q2) What research vessel carried out the first large-scale plankton study?
A) Meteor
B) HMS Challenger
C) HMS Beagle
D) HMS Discovery
Q3) Picoplankton number 100 million individuals in a liter of seawater at all depths in the ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is a microecosystem?
A) A community engaging in a microbial loop
B) A community producing more than its consuming
C) A community used for planktonic breeding
D) A community operating on the smallest scale
Q5) What are seaweeds? What are the classifications of seaweeds?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Marine Animals
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Q1) The first fish evolved about 50 million years ago.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What do the simplest vertebrates lack?
A) Jaws
B) Notochord
C) Central nervous system
D) Teeth
Q3) What unique feature do all echinoderms have?
A) Water vascular system
B) An expelling stomach
C) A complex chewing jaws
D) Brains
Q4) What is considered the most advanced animal phyla?
A) Chordata
B) Echinodermata
C) Mollusca
D) Arthropoda
Q5) Compare and contrast the three phyla of worms. Which is considered to be the most evolutionarily advanced?
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Chapter 16: Marine Communities
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Q1) What phylum is the most successful and widely distributed in terms of parasites?
A) Nematoda
B) Annelida
C) Polychaeta
D) Mollusca
Q2) Vent communities are as strange as a lost valley of prehistoric dinosaurs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Most tropical reefs form in areas with low wave energy so they are not crushed by the force.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Marine communities evolve more rapidly than terrestrial communities.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The usual rigors of the intertidal zone are less severe in the sandy intertidal than the rocky intertidal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Marine Resources
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Q1) Why is methane hydrate not harvested for energy use?
A) It is costly to mine and liquefy the sediments.
B) It is dangerous to mine due to methane's combustibility.
C) The methane disappears as it is brought to the surface.
D) All of these choices.
Q2) What allocates resources?
A) The economic system of supply and demand
B) The amount of easily accessible resources
C) The impact of mining operations on an ecosystem
D) The government of the United States
Q3) What are the three most valuable marine resources? How are they excavated from the ocean? Are these resources renewable or nonrenewable?
Q4) What is the largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons on Earth?
A) Oil
B) Methane hydrate
C) Coal
D) Natural gas
Q5) Most of the exploitable oil fields are not easily accessible anymore.
A)True
B)False
19
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Chapter 18: The Ocean and The Environment
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Q1) Why is the ozone layer important?
A) It insulates Earth.
B) It increases the temperature.
C) It protects Earth from ultraviolet rays.
D) It stabilizes the atmospheric layers.
Q2) Approximately 70% of discarded plastic sinks to the bottom of the ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What could happen if global warming were to continue?
A) Changes in global winds and rainfall
B) Rise in ocean temperatures
C) Decrease in dissolved gases
D) All of these choices
Q4) What is the greenhouse effect? What are the gases involved in this process? What are some of the events that could happen if global warming progresses?
Q5) How do the insoluble components of oil affect the ocean?
A) Prevent free diffusion of gas
B) Clog feeding structures
C) Decrease the amount of light penetrating the surface
D) All of these choices
20
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