Cellular Physiology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Cellular Physiology explores the fundamental mechanisms by which cells function and maintain homeostasis within complex biological systems. This course examines the structure and function of cellular components, including membranes, organelles, and the cytoskeleton, and delves into the molecular processes underlying transport, signaling, energy production, and communication. Emphasis is placed on membrane potential, ion channels, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular metabolism. Relevant experimental techniques and applications to health and disease are also discussed, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of how cellular activities impact whole-organism physiology.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology An Integrated Approach 7th Edition by Silverthorn
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following systems does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments?
A) respiratory system
B) circulatory system
C) digestive system
D) urinary system
E) All of the above.
Answer: B
Q2) You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What would the labels be for the graph axes?
Answer: The x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.
Q3) List all of the errors in Figure 1.1.
Answer: 1.The units of concentration are labeled as M when they should be mg.
2.The x-axis is in decreasing order of concentration.
3.The graph needs a legend.
Q4) List the key concepts or themes in physiology.
Answer: See Table 1.1 in the chapter.
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Chapter 2: Molecular Interactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ions with a negative charge are called
A) anions.
B) electrons.
C) cations.
D) neurons.
E) tissues.
Answer: A
Q2) These are weak attractive forces that are responsible for the surface tension of water.
A) a Van der Waals attraction
B) an ionic bond
C) a hydrogen bond
D) a covalent bond
E) a potassium bond
Answer: C
Q3) Polymers are a typical formation of ________ molecules.
A) organic
B) inorganic
C) either organic or inorganic
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chondrocytes secrete a firm but flexible matrix to form what tissue?
A) cartilage
B) bone
C) loose connective tissue
D) fat
E) blood
Answer: A
Q2) Sketch a short series of simple columnar epithelial cells.Label each of the three different borders.Briefly explain the different kinds of activities that may go on at each border, and tell how their structures and junctions support these functions. Answer: This is discussed in the "Tissues of the Body"
Q3) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through A) plasmalemma.
B) desmosomes.
C) sodium channels.
D) nuclear pores.
E) nucleoli.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) A chemical reaction that can proceed in both directions is called a ________ reaction.
Q2) NADH is produced from each reaction described EXCEPT one.Identify the exception.
A) during aerobic glycolysis
B) during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
C) during the citric acid cycle
D) during anaerobic glycolysis
Q3) deaminase
A)oxidoreductase
B)hydrolase
C)transferase
D)ligase
E)Lyase
Q4) The template strand of DNA
A) is not involved in mRNA synthesis.
B) serves as a guide for mRNA synthesis.
C) includes the base uracil.
D) is alternatively spliced to generate the exon.
Q5) What is chemiosmotic theory? What is its role in metabolism?
Q6) Describe the four types of enzymatic reactions.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Membrane Dynamics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Water can cross a cell membrane by a variety of means.List at least three.Do water molecules cross a membrane through the same molecules as other solutes? Explain.Are all cells equally permeable to water? Explain.
Q2) A 70-year-old man weighs 145 pounds and has 48% of his body weight in the form of water.How many liters of water is that?
Q3) Compare and contrast penetrating solutes and non-penetrating solutes.
Q4) The membrane proteins that provide for support of the cell membrane and allow for cells to connect to each other are ________.
Q5) Which of the following is a unique characteristic of glucose as a solute in biological systems?
A) It enters the interstitial fluid before going into the cell.
B) It is freely penetrating and can pass in and out of the cells at any time.
C) 100% of it is absorbed into the cell from the extracellular fluid.
D) It is converted into dextrose inside the cell.
Q6) Design an experiment to test whether molecular weight does indeed influence the rate of diffusion.Be sure to list all controlled variables.
Q7) Channel proteins that allow water to pass are called ________.
Q8) Explain the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Chapter 6: Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The secretion of the hormone insulin in response to changes in blood glucose level is an example of a(n)________ reflex.
Q2) Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells.The response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite.This information implies that
A) the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors.
B) one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor.
C) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger.
D) both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus.
E) the two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger.
Q3) Most long-distance communication between cells takes place through the ________ and ________ systems with their combination of chemical and electrical signals.
Q4) ________ are molecules that bind to the receptor in such a way that they block the normal ligand from binding and turning the receptor on.As a result, the signal pathway remains inactive.
Q5) Compare and contrast hormones, neurotransmitters, and neurohormones.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to the Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carl is suffering from hypothyroidism.What is hypothyroidism? How could his physician determine whether the malfunction is in the hypothalamus and pituitary or at the level of the gland itself?
Q2) The signal molecule produced by one animal that may affect the behavior of another animal of the same species is the ________.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action?
A) control of enzymatic reaction rates
B) control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes
C) control of electrical signaling pathways
D) control of gene expression and protein synthesis
E) All are methods of hormone action.
Q4) Assume the following: The total area of cell membrane in a single fat cell is 10? mm², there is one insulin receptor per 1 mm² of membrane, and 1 mm² of cell membrane contains 10? phospholipid molecules.
1.How many insulin receptors are in a fat cell?
2.How many phospholipids molecules are in a fat cell?
3.How many phospholipid molecules are there for each insulin receptor?
4.What general principle of hormone action does your answer support?
Q5) The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.
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Chapter 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of synapse is most prevalent in the nervous system?
A) chemical
B) electrical
C) mechanical
D) processing
E) radiative
Q2) Explain the kiss-and-run model of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and how it differs from the classic model.
Q3) A compound action potential is recorded using electrodes on a nerve.How does a nerve differ from an axon? Amplitude and duration of a compound action potential vary according to the stimulus intensity applied to the nerve.Given that there is no such variation in the action potential of a single axon, how can you explain this?
Q4) can involve ion channels regulated by chemicals
A)graded potential
B)action potential
C)both
Q5) The period of time during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the initial stimulus is the ________.
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Chapter 9: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) An important structure in both learning and memory is the A) cerebellum.
B) pons.
C) medulla.
D) hippocampus.
E) hypothalamus.
Q2) network to coordinate arousal and sleep, but also involved in blood pressure regulation and pain modulation
A)medulla oblongata
B)pons
C)midbrain
D)reticular formation
Q3) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) pituitary gland.
C) choroid plexus.
D) pons.
E) brain stem.
Q4) Describe a lumbar puncture and explain its purpose.
Q5) Explain neural plasticity in the brain, in the context of recovery from injury.
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Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sudden flash of bright light would cause
A) parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles.
B) sympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles.
C) parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary dilator muscles.
D) sympathetic activation to contract the pupillary dilator muscles.
E) contraction of the ciliary muscle.
Q2) There are ________ primary taste (gustation)sensations.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 20
E) 400
Q3) The larger the receptive field, the
A) stronger the stimulus intensity required to activate a sensory receptor.
B) more primary sensory neurons synapse on a secondary sensory neuron.
C) fewer primary sensory neurons are involved.
D) larger the area of the somatosensory cortex in the brain that perceives the sensation.
Q4) The brain's association of activation of a receptor with the perception of a particular sensation is called ________.
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Chapter 11: Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inside the ganglia are interneurons, which modulate messages.
A)True only for the sympathetic division
B)True only for the parasympathetic division
C)True for both divisions
Q2) Anne Frank wrote a diary about the years she and a few others spent in hiding from the Nazis during World War II.These people lived in the upstairs rooms of a shop, accessible only by a hidden stairway; Anne called these quarters the Secret Annex.One day Nazis raided the shop below, but were unsuccessful in locating the hideaways or finding proof of their presence during this particular raid.Clearly hearing what was occurring downstairs, Anne and her cohorts cowered in silence, for they feared being transported to "death camps." Later, Anne wrote that most of the residents of the Secret Annex experienced diarrhea shortly after this close call.Explain this response by their digestive systems.
Q3) The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.
A)True only for the sympathetic division
B)True only for the parasympathetic division
C)True for both divisions
Q4) Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the structural and functional differences between single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle fibers, particularly in regard to their ability to vary their force of contraction.
Q2) Sketch and label a relaxed sarcomere, then draw the same sarcomere in a contracted state.The myofilaments may be represented as simple lines.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a property of single-unit smooth muscles?
A) All smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions.
B) Their contraction occurs in a coordinated manner.
C) Electrical responses travel directly between cells.
D) Only a proportion of the smooth muscle cells receive autonomic nervous input.
E) Each cell functions independent of its neighbor.
Q4) Most of the time, the parallel thick and thin filaments of the myofibrils are connected by ________ that span the space between myosin and actin molecules.
A) tropomyosin molecules
B) crossbridges
C) nebulin molecules
D) sarcomeres
E) calcium ions
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Chapter 13: Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) eventually synapses with alpha motor neurons that innervate extrafusal muscle fibers
A)muscle spindles
B)Golgi tendon organs
C)both
Q2) have afferent neurons that bring information to the CNS
A)muscle spindles
B)Golgi tendon organs
C)both
Q3) You are studying for your physiology test with your lab partner.She insists that the purpose of the knee jerk reflex is to test for neural or muscular damage.State whether or not you agree with her, and why.
Q4) The effector in a reflex is the
A) control center.
B) afferent neuron.
C) efferent neuron.
D) sensory receptor.
E) muscle or gland.
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Q5) The motor neurons associated with intrafusal muscle fibers are referred to as ________ motor neurons.
Chapter 14: Cardiovascular Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the ________ in an ECG tracing.
A) P wave
B) T wave
C) QRS complex
D) PR interval
E) RT interval
Q2) Name four questions related to heart function that you could answer by examining an ECG and one abnormal condition that may be indicated by each function.
Q3) If blood pressure doubled at the same time that the peripheral resistance doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
A) doubled.
B) halved.
C) 16 times greater.
D) 1/16 as much.
E) unchanged.
Q4) The period of time from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next is termed the ________.
Q5) The muscle layer of the heart wall is the ________.
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Chapter 15: Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be
A) 200 mm Hg.
B) 100 mm Hg.
C) 93 mm Hg.
D) 80 mm Hg.
E) 40 mm Hg.
Q2) List the steps and briefly explain what happens in orthostatic hypotension.What reflex counteracts it?
Q3) Loss of pericytes around retinal capillaries is a hallmark of the disease ________.
Q4) What effect does a calcium channel blocker have on the heart, the blood pressure, and cardiac output? Why?
Q5) Map the following terms: blood distribution, blood volume, cardiac output, diameter of the arterioles, diameter of the veins, fluid intake, fluid loss, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, passive, regulated at kidneys, resistance to blood flow, and stroke volume.
Q6) Three tissues-________, ________, and ________-do NOT have traditional capillaries.Instead, they have modified vessels called ________ that are ________ (wider/narrower)than a capillary.
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Chapter 16: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The average life span of a red blood cell is
A) 1 week.
B) 1 month.
C) 4 months.
D) 6 months.
E) 1 year.
Q2) An individual who becomes dehydrated will have an elevated hematocrit.Explain how dehydration leads to an elevated hematocrit although blood cell production is normal.
Q3) How would the process of red blood cell production be affected by constricting the arteries that supply blood to the kidney? Explain your answer.Name three other situations that would similarly affect the process of red blood cell production.
Q4) In healthy adults, blood cell production occurs only in the ________.
Q5) neutrophils
A)50-70%
B)20-40%
C)2-8%
D)1-4%
E)< 1%
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Chapter 17: Mechanics of Breathing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distinguish between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure.
Q2) Sharon "gets the wind knocked out of her" during a skiing accident in which she attempted a jump and landed hard on her feet before tumbling over.She is conscious but breathing is labored, and she complains of pain and shortness of breath.The first aid-trained ski patrolman that comes to her aid determines that Sharon has no broken bones, nor is CNS injury likely.He places tiny tubes at her nostrils that blow air (with higher than normal percentage of oxygen)into her nose then places her on the snowmobile, and takes her to the first aid tent.Why is Sharon's breathing labored? How does the high-oxygen air help her condition?
Q3) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe.The problem is the result of
A) inflammation of the bronchi.
B) constriction of the trachea.
C) thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them.
D) laryngospasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells.
E) collapse of one or both lungs.
Q4) Summarize the four gas laws.
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Chapter 18: Gas Exchange and Transport
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Q1) At a PO of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________% saturated with oxygen.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) over 90
Q2) fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces
A)fibrotic lung disease
B)emphysema
C)asthma
D)pulmonary edema
Q3) Cary deliberately hyperventilates for several minutes before diving into a swimming pool.Shortly after he enters the water and begins swimming, he blacks out and almost drowns.What caused this to happen?
Q4) Which is typically more important in regulating the respiratory system, PO or PCO ? Explain your answer and briefly discuss the receptors involved.Give examples of situations in which each of those factors changes enough to stimulate a reflex.How and why are these factors related to each other?
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Chapter 19: The Kidneys
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ________ branch off the ________ and supply blood to the kidneys.
Q2) Urine is carried to the external environment by the ________.
Q3) A professor gave the following analogy of kidney function to his freshman biology class: "Imagine your desk is a disorganized mess, containing things worth keeping and things you should throw out.Instead of picking through each item one by one and considering if it is to keep or toss, you sweep your arm across your desktop in one smooth motion, knocking the entire contents of the desk into your large trash can.Then you pull the items you want to keep out of the trash can and place them back on your desk." In what ways is this analogy accurate? In what ways is it inaccurate? Some students in his class argue that the kidneys are inefficient and poorly designed.How should the professor respond? What modern medical device may he cite in his response?
Q4) Technically, the kidneys are located
A) in the thoracic cavity.
B) in the abdominal cavity.
C) behind the pleural membranes.
D) behind the peritoneal membrane.
E) in the pelvic cavity.
Q5) The ________ are the long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla.
Q6) The excretion of glucose in the urine is called ________.
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Chapter 20: Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Symptoms of low plasma pH may include
A) CNS depression only.
B) confusion and disorientation only.
C) numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches only.
D) CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
E) CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches.
Q2) Atrial natriuretic peptide
A) increases GFR.
B) inhibits release of renin.
C) stimulates release of renin.
D) increases GFR and inhibits release of renin.
E) increases GFR and stimulates release of renin.
Q3) Mr.Gregory comes to the doctor with high blood pressure.Tests show that he also has elevated levels of renin in his blood and atherosclerotic plaques that have nearly blocked blood flow through his renal arteries.Mr.Gregory is puzzled.Explain to him how decreased blood flow in his renal arteries could cause renin secretion to increase.Map the pathways through which elevated renin causes high blood pressure for Mr.Gregory.
Q4) What are the two mechanisms of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?
Page 22
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Chapter 21: The Digestive System
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Q1) Long reflexes that originate completely outside the digestive system include ________ reflexes and ________ reflexes, which are called ________ reflexes.
A) submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus, cephalic
B) submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus, short
C) feedforward, emotional, short
D) feedforward, emotional, cephalic
Q2) Digestion is essentially completed in the A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) anus.
Q3) G cells of the stomach secrete
A) cholecystokinin.
B) secretin.
C) gastrin.
D) enterokinase.
E) pepsin.
Q4) Defects in which channel lead to the disease cystic fibrosis? Which ion does this channel transport?
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Chapter 22: Metabolism and Energy Balance
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Q1) Diet-induced thermogenesis is highest after ingestion of
A) spicy foods, like jalapeno peppers.
B) fats.
C) proteins.
D) carbohydrates.
Q2) Glucagon
A) only stimulates gluconeogenesis.
B) primarily targets the liver.
C) primarily targets skeletal muscle.
D) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets the liver.
E) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets skeletal muscle.
Q3) maintaining a concentration gradient across a membrane
A)chemical work
B)transport work
C)mechanical work
Q4) In the fasted state, which of the following statements is False?
A) Skeletal muscle will increase gluconeogenesis.
B) Pyruvate and lactate are transported to liver to make glucose.
C) Some amino acids will be deaminated.
D) Adipose breaks down its store of triglycerides.
24
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Chapter 23: Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
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Q1) easily observable symptom of hypercortisolism
A)giantism
B)kyphosis
C)moon face
D)myxedema
E)goiter
Q2) hyperthyroidism
A)Addison's disease
B)Cushing's disease
C)Graves' disease
D)Paget's disease
Q3) Cortisol secretion peaks between ________ and ________.
A) early morning, noon
B) midnight, early morning
C) noon, early evening
D) early evening, midnight
Q4) The most important metabolic effect of ________ is protection against ________, crucial to surviving significant stress.
Q5) What are the two distinct endocrine cell types that comprise the thyroid gland, and what do they secrete?
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Chapter 24: The Immune System
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Q1) What do virus-infected cells and cancer cells have in common, related to the type of immune response and its long-term effectiveness?
Q2) Secreted lysozyme kills bacteria.
A)specific B)nonspecific
Q3) Describe the roles of interleukins, kinins, and complement in immunity.How does interleukin-1 mediate the immune response?
Q4) The HIV blood test detects anti-HIV antibodies.Why do viruses stimulate antibody production? How effective are antibodies against viruses, as compared to bacteria? How are viral infections normally eliminated in the body? Why does a person's immune response fail to eliminate life-long viral infections such as HIV and herpes? Explain all of your answers.
Q5) Explain the roles and interactions of each of the following in immunity: B lymphocytes, antibodies, immunoglobulins, T lymphocytes, MHC, HLA.
Q6) ________ exists when the immune system does NOT respond to a particular antigen.
Q7) Explain each of these terms: antibiotic, antibody, antigen, antihistamine, antiretroviral drug, antiviral drug.
Q8) Draw a concept map illustrating the immune response to bacterial infection.
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Chapter 25: Integrative Physiology III: Exercise
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Q1) Which of the following is involved in the pathway that causes a jump in ventilation rate at the beginning of exercise?
A) Proprioceptors in muscles send information to the motor cortex of the brain.
B) Output from the limbic system and cardiovascular control center triggers parasympathetic discharge.
C) Widespread vasoconstriction causes increase in blood pressure.
D) Proprioceptors in muscles send information to the motor cortex of the brain and widespread vasoconstriction causes increase in blood pressure.
E) Output from the limbic system and cardiovascular control center triggers parasympathetic discharge and widespread vasoconstriction causes increase in blood pressure.
Q2) It takes approximately ________ of aerobic exercise to begin mobilizing fats from adipose tissue.
A) 30 seconds
B) 10 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 45 minutes
E) 60 minutes
Q3) How does exercise hyperventilation maintain nearly normal PO and PCO ?
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Chapter 26: Reproduction and Development
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Q1) In some cultures, infant boys are circumcised.Explain what circumcision is and why there is support for as well as opposition to the procedure.
Q2) Which of the following is responsible for the cessation of reproductive cycles in women?
A) The hypothalamus no longer produces gonadotropin releasing hormone.
B) The anterior pituitary no longer produces lutenizing hormone.
C) The ovaries no longer produce estrogen.
D) The ovaries are unable to respond to lutenizing hormone or follicle stimulating hormone.
E) The ovaries no longer produce progesterone.
Q3) Explain how modern birth control pills work as contraceptives.
Q4) The structure that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the A) ductus deferens. B) rete testis.
C) seminal vesicle.
D) ejaculatory duct.
E) corpus cavernosum.
Q5) In males, which cells are the primary targets for LH? What effect does the hormone have on these cells?
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