Cardiovascular Technology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Cardiovascular Technology is an interdisciplinary course that explores the principles and applications of technology in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating cardiovascular diseases. Students learn about the anatomy and physiology of the heart and vascular system, as well as the operation of advanced medical equipment such as electrocardiographs, echocardiograms, stress testing devices, and cardiac catheterization labs. The course also covers patient care techniques, interpretation of cardiovascular data, and emerging innovations in non-invasive and invasive procedures. Emphasis is placed on safety, ethics, and collaborative practice within healthcare teams, preparing students for roles in clinical and diagnostic cardiology settings.
Recommended Textbook
EKG Plain and Simple 4th Edition by Karen Ellis
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Chapter 1: Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The normal heart is the size of a A)foot.
B)cherry.
C)man's fist.
D)watermelon.
Answer: C
Q2) The coronary artery that feeds blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle is the ________.
Answer: Circumflex
Q3) When oxygenated blood enters the heart,it flows
A)from the pulmonary artery into the left ventricle.
B)from the cardiac veins into the right atrium.
C)from the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
D)from the superior vena cava into the right ventricle.
Answer: D
Q4) The tricuspid valve separates the ________ from the ________.
Answer: Right atrium,right ventricle
Q5) The two phases of the cardiac cycle are systole and ________.
Answer: Diastole
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Chapter 2: Electrophysiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The baseline is a flat line from which the waves and complexes take off.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of these statements about the sinus node is FALSE?
A)It is the normal pacemaker of the heart.
B)It has the fastest inherent rate of all the possible pacemaker sites.
C)It is the slowest pacemaker of the heart.
D)It fires at an inherent rate of 60-100 beats per minute.
Answer: C
Q3) The PR segment is located between the A)P wave and the QRS complex.
B)QRS complex and the T wave.
C)T wave and the next P wave.
D)P wave and the T wave.
Answer: A
Q4) Refractory means ________ to.
Answer: Resistant
Q5) Normal QRS interval is ________ seconds or less than three small blocks.
Answer: <0.12
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Lead Morphology and Placement
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the precordial leads,V 's QRS complex
A)should be a primarily negative deflection.
B)should be a primarily positive deflection.
C)should be isoelectric.
D)represents atrial depolarization.
Answer: A
Q2) The ________ is the structure obtained from joining leads I,II,and III at the middle. Answer: Triaxial diagram
Q3) V 's lead is located at the ________.
Answer: 4th ICS,LSB; 4th intercostal space,left sternal border; fourth intercostal space,left sternal border
Q4) In which lead should the tallest QRS complex be seen?
A)Lead I
B)Lead II
C)Lead III
D)aVF
Answer: B
Q5) Lead III measures the current traveling between the ________.
Answer: Left arm and left leg
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Chapter 4: Technical Aspects of the EKG
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Sample Questions
Q1) Artifact can mimic arrhythmias.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Life-threatening arrhythmias will cause symptoms of decreased cardiac output.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Somatic tremor artifact is commonly caused by A)patient movement.
B)respirations.
C)lotion on the skin interfering with the signal.
D)electrical interference.
Q4) Sometimes,the presence of artifact can be verified by changing the lead.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If artifact is present in leads I,II,and aVR,the most likely source of the artifact is on the A)right arm.
B)left arm.
C)right leg.
D)left leg.
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Chapter 5: Calculating Heart Rate
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Sample Questions
Q1) R-R intervals are measurements of the distance between consecutive QRS complexes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A regular rhythm is one in which ________.
Q3) The three methods of calculating heart rate are six-second strip,memory method,and ________.
Q4) The rhythm in Figure 1 is
A)regular.
B)irregular.
C)regular but interrupted by premature beats.
D)regular but interrupted by pauses.
Q5) Which of the following is a method of calculating heart rate?
A)Six-second strip method
B)The QT interval method
C)The P-P interval method
D)All of the above
Q6) If the QRS complexes are all 50 little blocks apart,the heart rate is ________.
Q7) If the QRS complexes are all 15 little blocks apart,the heart rate is ________.
Q8) Heart rate is the same as ________ rate.
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Chapter 6: How to Interpret a Rhythm Strip
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Sample Questions
Q1) An arrhythmia is a(n)________ heart rhythm.
Q2) The normal PR interval in sinus rhythm should be ________.
Q3) A rhythm with a heart rate greater than 100 is a tachycardia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If the patient's rhythm changes,you should FIRST
A)assess your patient for signs of decreased cardiac output.
B)calculate the heart rate,rhythm,and intervals.
C)change the lead to see if the rhythm is real or if it's artifact.
D)look for P waves.
Q5) A heart rate less than 60 is said to be a A)tachycardia.
B)bradycardia.
C)tachyarrhythmia.
D)bundle branch block.
Q6) The normal rhythm originating in the sinus node should have a heart rate that is A)greater than 100.
B)less than 60.
C)between 40 and 60.
D)between 60 and 100.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Rhythms Originating in the Sinus Node
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most crucial criterion to identifying sinus rhythms is the upright matching P waves in Lead II.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is an irregular rhythm originating in the sinus node?
A)Sinus arrhythmia
B)Sinus rhythm
C)Sinus tachycardia
D)Sinus bradycardia
Q3) Treatment for sinus tachycardia associated with a high fever would be to A)give atropine.
B)start CPR.
C)give acetaminophen or ibuprofen to get the temperature down.
D)give beta-blockers.
Q4) QRS interval in Figure 4 is closest to
A)0.42 seconds.
B)0.10 seconds.
C)0.28 seconds.
D)0.30 seconds.
Q5) The PR interval in sinus rhythms should be ________ from beat to beat.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Rhythms Originating in the Atria
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Sample Questions
Q1) Flutter waves are often described as sawtooth- or picket-fence-shaped waves.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Paroxysmal means
A)starting and stopping suddenly.
B)life-threatening.
C)premature.
D)prolonged.
Q3) The most common cause of an unexplained pause is a ________.
Q4) The atrial rate in atrial flutter is ________.
Q5) Frequent PACs can be a sign of impending
A)heart failure.
B)sinus arrest.
C)respiratory failure.
D)cardiac arrest.
Q6) Atrial fibrillation is
A)regular.
B)irregular.
C)regular but interrupted by premature beats.
D)regular but interrupted by pauses.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Rhythms Originating in the AV Junction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The heart rate iin Figure 8 is closest to A)50.
B)75.
C)100.
D)125.
Q2) In mid-junctional rhythms,the P wave is
A)upright,rounded,preceding the QRS.
B)inverted following the QRS.
C)inverted preceding the QRS.
D)hidden inside the QRS.
Q3) Junctional tachycardia with a heart rate of 130 can result in ________ cardiac output.
Q4) Treatment for the rhythm in Figure 8 could include ALL BUT A)atropine.
B)oxygen.
C)electrical shock to the heart.
D)no treatment.
Q5) Conduction to the ventricle is said to be ________ in junctional rhythms.
Q6) Name three causes of junctional tachycardia.
Q7) Junctional tachycardia is best called SVT if there are no ________ P waves.
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Chapter 10: Rhythms Originating in the Ventricles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ventricular tachycardia is usually a result of escape.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Name three ventricular rhythms that can be treated by electrical shock to the heart.
Q3) PVCs are
A)premature ventricular complexes.
B)ventricular escape beats.
C)slow ventricular rhythms.
D)post-ventricular compensatory pauses.
Q4) Torsades de pointes is a form of ventricular tachycardia that ________ around an axis.
Q5) Ventricular fibrillation has what effect on the cardiac output?
A)No effect
B)Causes an increase
C)Causes a decrease
D)Causes cardiac output to stop completely
Q6) The treatment of choice for ventricular fibrillation is ________.
Q7) Agonal rhythm has a heart rate less than ________.
Q8) PVC stands for ________.
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Chapter 11: AV Blocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) AV dissociation is a hallmark of
A)first-degree AV block.
B)Mobitz I second-degree AV block (Wenckebach).
C)Mobitz II second-degree AV block.
D)third-degree AV block.
Q2) Wenckebach is characterized by
A)gradually prolonging PR intervals.
B)constant PR intervals.
C)absent P waves.
D)wide bizarre QRS complexes.
Q3) In AV blocks,the site of the block is either the AV node or the bundle branches.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The PR interval in Figure 18
A)is constant.
B)varies.
C)is about 0.12 seconds.
D)is about 0.20 seconds.
Q5) The AV block characterized by gradually prolonging PR intervals until a QRS is blocked is ________.
13
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Chapter 13: How to Interpret a 12-Lead EKG
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Sample Questions
Q1) RSR is the characteristic pattern seen in V in patients with A)complete heart block.
B)Mobitz II second-degree AV block.
C)LBBB.
D)RBBB.
Q2) An axis of +120 degrees is ________ deviation.
Q3) Axis deviation can be a normal variant.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A rate-related BBB is one which ________.
Q5) An axis of -120 degrees is A)normal axis.
B)left axis deviation.
C)right axis deviation.
D)indeterminate axis.
Q6) Left bundle branch block has a QRS interval of at least ________ seconds.
Q7) Right bundle branch block has a QRS interval of at least ________ seconds.
Q8) The normal axis is between 0 and -90 degrees.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 14: Myocardial Infarction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A significant Q wave
A)is either 0.04 seconds wide or 1/3 to 1/4 the size of the R wave.
B)is taller than the peak of the T wave.
C)implies myocardial injury.
D)is seen only in subendocardial MIs.
Q2) Reciprocal ST depression is seen only when there is ________ in the indicative leads.
Q3) Smiley-face ST elevation is concave and often seen in pericarditis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Counterclockwise rotation is indicated from R wave transition in V -2.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In which leads is a posterior MI evident?
A)I and II
B)V -6
C)II,III,and aVR
D)V -2
Q6) Anterior MI has indicative changes in leads ________.
Q7) Pericarditis is ________ of the pericardium.
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Chapter 16: Medications and Electrical Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Defibrillation is the treatment of choice for V-fib.
A)True
B)False
Q2) DDD pacemakers pace and sense which chamber(s)of the heart? ________.
Q3) Class I antiarrhythmics are called ________ channel blockers.
Q4) Verapamil is a Class ________ antiarrhythmic medication.
Q5) The second letter of the pacemaker code tells the
A)chamber paced.
B)chamber sensed.
C)pacemaker's response to sensed events.
D)programmability of the pacemaker.
Q6) Epinephrine is a first-line treatment for SVT.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Pacemaker batteries last 5 to 15 years,depending on their use.
A)True
B)False
Q8) Lidocaine is used to treat ________arrhythmias.
Q9) The first letter of the pacemaker code refers to the ________.
Q10) An AOO pacemaker would pace and sense which (if any)chambers of the heart? Page 16
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Chapter 17: Diagnostic Electrocardiography
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following medications would most likely be administered during a pharmacologic stress test?
A)Atenolol
B)Verapamil
C)Adenosine
D)Nitroglycerin
Q2) Chronotropic incompetence is the inability of the heart to increase its rate with exercise.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the stress test is negative and the angiogram reveals normal coronary arteries,the stress test is said to have been a
A)true positive.
B)false positive.
C)true negative.
D)false negative.
Q4) Thallium-201 enters the heart in much the same way as the ion ________.
Q5) An EKG is done every five minutes during a stress test.
A)True
B)False
18
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