Cardiopulmonary Science Final Exam Questions - 684 Verified Questions

Cardiopulmonary Science Final Exam

Questions

Course Introduction

Cardiopulmonary Science is an interdisciplinary course that explores the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the heart and lungs, emphasizing their critical roles in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating gas exchange. The course covers the integration of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, diagnostic techniques such as electrocardiography and spirometry, and the pharmacological and clinical management of common cardiopulmonary diseases. Students will also examine the impact of lifestyle, genetics, and environmental factors on cardiopulmonary health, preparing them to understand, assess, and contribute to the treatment and prevention of disorders in medical and allied health settings.

Recommended Textbook

Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation Physiological and Clinical Applications 5th Edition by J M Cairo

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23 Chapters

684 Verified Questions

684 Flashcards

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Page 2

Chapter 1: Basic Terms and Concepts of Mechanical

Ventilation

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35 Verified Questions

35 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Calculate the pressure required to achieve a tidal volume of 400 mL for an intubated patient with a respiratory system compliance of 15 mL/cm H₂O.

A) 6 cm H₂O

B) 26.7 cm H₂O

C) 37.5 cm H₂O

D) 41.5 cm H₂O

Answer: B

Q2) The condition that causes pulmonary compliance to increase is which of the following?

A) Asthma

B) Kyphoscoliosis

C) Emphysema

D) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer: C

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3

Chapter 2: How Ventilators Work

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Sample Questions

Q1) The function of the exhalation valve is to do which of the following?

A) Adjust the flow going to the patient

B) Close during exhalation to vent patient gas

C) Seal the external circuit during inspiration

D) Determine the volume being delivered

Answer: C

Q2) A ventilator for which the primary power source generates a gas flow that compresses another mechanism and causes the gas from inside the mechanism to be delivered to the patient is known as which of the following?

A) Single-circuit

B) Double-circuit

C) Closed loop

D) Open loop

Answer: B

Q3) Which of the following ventilators is pneumatically powered?

A) LTV 1000

B) Bio-Med MVP-10

C) Lifecare PLV-102

D) Intermed Bear 33

Answer: B

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Chapter 3: How a Breath Is Delivered

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Sample Questions

Q1) The most commonly used patient-trigger variables include which of the following?

1)Flow

2)Time

3)Pressure

4)Volume

A) 1 and 3 only

B) 2 and 4 only

C) 1 and 4 only

D) 2 and 3 only

Answer: A

Q2) The control variables most often used to ventilate infants are which of the following?

A) Volume limited,time cycled ventilation

B) Pressure limited,time cycled ventilation

C) Pressure limited,pressure cycled ventilation

D) Volume limited,volume cycled ventilation

Answer: B

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5

Chapter 4: Establishing the Need for Mechanical Ventilation

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Sample Questions

Q1) Respiratory failure due to inadequate ventilation is known as which of the following?

A) Hypoxemic

B) Hypercapnic

C) Compensated

D) Chronic

Q2) A patient seen in the emergency department exhibits paralysis of the lower extremities that is getting progressively worse.Vital capacity is 6 mL/kg,maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP)is -17 cm H₂O,and oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximeter (SpO₂)is 89%.Arterial blood gases (ABGs)are pending.The physician suspects Guillain-Barré syndrome.The most appropriate action at this time is which of the following?

A) Intubate and mechanically ventilate.

B) Place patient on a nonrebreather mask.

C) Initiate continuous positive airway pressure.

D) Initiate noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.

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Chapter 5: Selecting the Ventilator and the Mode

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Sample Questions

Q1) The ventilator mode where every breath is patient triggered,pressure targeted,flow cycled with a volume target is which of the following?

A) Volume Support Ventilation (VSV)

B) Pressure Regulated Volume Control (PRVC)

C) Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV)

D) Pressure Augmentation (Paug)

Q2) A patient has recently been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea.The most appropriate treatment includes which of the following?

A) Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)

B) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV)

C) Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

D) Pressure Controlled Continuous Mandatory Ventilation (PC-CMV)

Q3) A leak around a patient's ET tube cuff during pressure support ventilation (PSV)will cause which of the following to occur?

A) Volume cycle

B) Time cycle

C) Pressure cycle

D) Flow cycle

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Chapter 6: Initial Ventilator Settings

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Sample Questions

Q1) The flow wave form pattern that is created during pressure targeted ventilation is which of the following?

A) Sine

B) Rectangular

C) Ascending Ramp

D) Descending Ramp

Q2) Calculate the tubing compliance (C_T)when the measured volume is 100 mL and the static pressure is 65 cm H₂O.

A) 0.0015 mL/cm H₂O

B) 0.65 cm H₂O/mL

C) 1.5 mL/cm H₂O

D) 6.5 mL/cm H₂O

Q3) The mode of ventilation that provides pressure-limited,time-cycled breaths that use a set tidal volume as a feedback control is which of the following?

A) Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)

B) Pressure Regulated Volume Control (PRVC)

C) Pressure-Controlled Continuous Mandatory Ventilation (PC-CMV)

D) Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (Bilevel PAP)

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Chapter 7: Final Considerations in Ventilator Setup

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Sample Questions

Q1) All of the following are appropriate situations for the use of sigh or deep breaths except which?

A) During chest physiotherapy

B) During an extubation procedure

C) During continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)with spontaneous breathing

D) Before and after endotracheal tube suctioning

Q2) A patient receiving 60% oxygen from an air entrainment mask has a partial pressure of oxygen (P_aO₂)of 45 mm Hg.The patient is being intubated and the ventilator set up.What is the appropriate fractional inspired oxygen (F_IO₂)to achieve a P_aO₂ of 60 mm Hg?

A) 0.65

B) 0.75

C) 0.8

D) 0.95

Q3) What is the range for setting flow triggering?

A) 1 to 10 L/min

B) 10 to 15 L/min

C) 12 to 16 L/min

D) 20 to 30 L/min

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Chapter 8: Initial Patient Assessment

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Sample Questions

Q1) To help prevent inflated alveoli from collapsing and reexpanding with each breath,the positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)level should be set at which point on the deflation part of the loop?

A) Above the upper inflection point

B) Below the upper inflection point

C) Above the lower inflection point

D) Below the lower inflection point

Q2) The respiratory therapist is monitoring the cuff pressure of a tracheostomy tube inserted in a patient who is receiving mechanical ventilation.The cuff pressure is measured at 41 cm H₂O.The respiratory therapist should immediately do which of the following?

A) Inject more air through the pilot balloon.

B) Release some of the air from the cuff.

C) Insert a new tracheostomy tube.

D) Do nothing;everything is acceptable.

Q3) An increasing PIP may indicate which of the following?

A) Decreasing lung compliance

B) Decreasing airway resistance

C) Leak in the ventilator circuit

D) Increasing dynamic compliance

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Chapter 9: Ventilator Graphics

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Sample Questions

Q1) The two waveforms that are common for pressure scalars are which of the following?

A) Sinusoidal and ascending ramp

B) Rectangular and exponential rise

C) Descending ramp and ascending ramp

D) Exponential decay and descending ramp

Q2) The type of flow curve produced by volume ventilation with constant flow is which of the following?

A) Sinusoidal

B) Rectangular

C) Descending ramp

D) Exponential decay

Q3) During a patient-ventilator system check the respiratory therapist notices that the pressure-volume loop begins at zero on the x-axis but does not return to zero during expiration.The cause of this is which of the following?

A) Active exhalation

B) Inadequate sensitivity

C) Ventilator circuit leak

D) Decreased compliance

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Chapter 10: Assessment of Respiratory Function

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Sample Questions

Q1) A strain gauge transducer is being used to measure airway pressures during mechanical ventilation.The transducer measures 18 mm Hg.However,you are required to document pressures in cm H₂O.What should you document?

A) 39.6 cm H₂O

B) 24.5 cm H₂O

C) 13.2 cm H₂O

D) 2.4 cm H₂O

Q2) For a given minute ventilation,partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO₂)is a function of which of the following?

1)Metabolic rate

2)Cardiac output

3)Alveolar deadspace

4)Physiologic shunt

A) 1 and 3 only

B) 1,2,and 3 only

C) 2,3 and 4 only

D) 1,2,3,and 4

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Page 12

Chapter 11: Hemodynamic Monitoring

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Sample Questions

Q1) Calculate the left ventricular stroke work for a patient with a body surface area of 1.1 m²,blood pressure 105/68 mm Hg,heart rate 86 beats per minute,and cardiac output of 4.3 L/min.

A) 10.9 g-m/m²

B) 35.6 g-m/m²

C) 49.5 g-m/m²

D) 54.4 g-m/m²

Q2) The following hemodynamic measurements were obtained from a patient in the intensive care unit: pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)= 67/25 mm Hg,pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP)= 18 mm Hg,blood pressure (BP)= 100/50 mm Hg,central venous pressure (CVP)= 17 mm Hg,cardiac output (C.O. )= 5.7 L/min,and heart rate (HR)= 75 beats/min.Calculate this patient's pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR).

A) 295 dyne x sec x cm^-5

B) 393 dyne x sec x cm^-5

C) 800 dyne x sec x cm^-5

D) 1,165 dyne x sec x cm^-5

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13

Chapter 12: Methods to Improve Ventilation in Patient-Ventilator

Management

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Sample Questions

Q1) During a closed suctioning procedure,the patient's heart rate changes from 95 beats/min to 58 beats/min.The respiratory therapist should take what immediate action?

A) Continue the procedure until secretions are removed.

B) Stop the procedure and switch to the open suctioning method.

C) Stop the procedure and use the ventilator to hyperoxygenate the patient with 100% oxygen.

D) Remove the patient from the ventilator and ventilate the person with a resuscitator bag.

Q2) Advantages of closed suctioning include which of the following?

1)No need to prehyperoxygenate or posthyperoxygenate

2)No need to prehyperventilate or posthyperventilate

3)Decreased risk of infection for caregiver

4)No loss of PEEP during the procedure

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 3 and 4 only

C) 1,2,and 4 only

D) 2,3,and 4 only

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Chapter 13: Improving Oxygenation and Management of Ards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Assessing the outcome of PEEP at levels set above 15 to 20 cm H₂O is best done using which of the following?

A) Static compliance measurements

B) Pressure-volume loop graphics

C) Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure

D) Central venous pressure measurements

Q2) PEEP therapy is indicated for patients with which of the following?

A) PaO₂of 95 mm Hg while receiving an F_IO₂ of 0.3

B) PaO₂of 100 mm Hg while receiving an F_IO₂ of 0.8

C) Returned V_T of 600 mL with a P_plateau of 12 cm H₂O

D) Returned V_T of 800 mL with a P_plateau of 15 cm H₂O

Q3) Patients with which of the following clinical disorders may benefit from PEEP?

A) COPD

B) Asthma

C) ARDS

D) Cystic fibrosis

Page 15

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Chapter 14: Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

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Sample Questions

Q1) Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)are at higher risk for infection with which of the following organisms?

1)Haemophilus influenzae

2)Pseudomonas aeruginosa

3)Moraxella catarrhalis

4)Staphylococcus aureus

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 1 and 3 only

C) 2 and 4 only

D) 3 and 4 only

Q2) The type of organism that most often causes ventilator-acquired pneumonia is which of the following?

A) Fungi

B) Bacteria

C) Viruses

D) Protozoa

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16

Chapter 15: Sedatives,Analgesics,and Paralytics

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Sample Questions

Q1) The group of drugs that interact with GABA receptor complex on neurons in the brain is which of the following?

A) Opioids

B) Paralytics

C) Benzodiazepines

D) Depolarizing agents

Q2) The drug of choice for sedating mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU for longer than 24 hours is which of the following?

A) Lorazepam (Ativan)

B) Midazolam (Versed)

C) Diazepam (Valium)

D) Propofol (Diprivan)

Q3) Permissive hypercapnia is needed to protect patients with ARDS from atelectrauma.Which of the following medications is appropriate to facilitate this?

A) Propofol

B) Fentanyl

C) Midazolam

D) Cisatracurium

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Chapter 16: Extrapulmonary Effects of Mechanical

Ventilation

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Sample Questions

Q1) Calculate the cerebral perfusion pressure when the mean arterial blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and the ICP is 14 mm Hg.

A) 134 mm Hg

B) 106 mm Hg

C) 120/14 mm Hg

D) 134/106 mm Hg

Q2) A patient with which of the following is least likely to experience hemodynamic changes with high alveolar pressures during mechanical ventilation?

A) ARDS

B) Emphysema

C) Kyphoscoliosis

D) Third-degree chest wall burns

Q3) Mechanical ventilation has an effect on the hormone _____________,which causes a decrease in urinary output.

A) cortisol

B) arginine vasopressin

C) parathyroid hormone

D) thyroid-stimulating hormone

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Chapter 17: Effects of Positive Pressure Ventilation on the

Pulmonary System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)is associated with which of the following?

A) Air trapping

B) Biotrauma

C) Patient-ventilator asynchrony

D) Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Q2) Prolonged ventilator-induced hyperventilation can lead to which of the following?

A) Hypokalemia

B) Hyperkalemia

C) Increased ICP

D) Headaches

Q3) Overdistention of the lungs causes the release of which inflammatory mediators?

A) Tumor necrosis factor

B) Alpha-1 antitrypsin

C) Histamine

D) Macrophages

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Chapter 18: Troubleshooting and Problem Solving

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Sample Questions

Q1) When an alarm is activated on a ventilator,the respiratory therapist's first priority is to

A) assess the patient's level of consciousness.

B) ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation.

C) assess lung compliance and airway resistance.

D) ensure that bilateral and equal breath sounds are present.

Q2) Removing a patient from a ventilator to ventilate manually can lead to which of the following?

1)Barotrauma

2)Lung derecruitment

3)Increased airway resistance

4)Ventilator-acquired pneumonia

A) 1,2,and 3

B) 1,2,and 4

C) 2,3 and 4

D) 3 and 4

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20

Chapter 19: Basic Concepts of Noninvasive Positive

Pressure Ventilation

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Sample Questions

Q1) A 75-year-old man with a long history of COPD is brought to the emergency department with shortness of breath.He has a persistent,productive cough with green purulent sputum,cyanosis of the lips and extremities,and is uncooperative.His arterial blood gas values on 2 L/min by nasal cannula are: pH = 7.25;PaCO₂ = 90 mm Hg;PaO₂ = 38 mm Hg;SaO₂ = 59%;HCO₃^- = 38 mEq/L.The most appropriate action at this time is which of the following?

A) IPPB

B) Mask CPAP

C) NPPV via full face mask

D) Invasive mechanical ventilation

Q2) A patient with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is to be placed on CPAP.What should the initial setting be?

A) 3 to 5 cm H₂O

B) 5 to 7 cm H₂O

C) 10 to 12 cm H₂O

D) 15 to 20 cm H₂O

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Chapter 20: Discontinuation and Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation

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Sample Questions

Q1) The ACCP/SCCM/AARC task force recommends that a search for all possible causes that may be contributing to ventilator dependence be undertaken in patients who require mechanical ventilation for longer than ______ hours.

A) 12

B) 24

C) 48

D) 72

Q2) What ends inspiration in pressure support ventilation?

A) Time

B) Flow

C) Volume

D) Pressure

Q3) A patient who requires prolonged ventilatory support should not be considered permanently ventilator dependent until ________ month(s)has/have passed and all weaning attempts during that time have failed.

A) 1

B) 3

C) 6

D) 9

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Chapter 21: Long Term Ventilation

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Sample Questions

Q1) A patient using a negative pressure ventilator is assessed by the respiratory therapist and found to have a blood pressure of 85/40 mm Hg and a heart rate of 130 beats/min and thready.The physician orders compression stockings for the patient,but the clinical status is the same 24 hours after placement of the compression stockings.What is the most likely cause of this patient's hypotension?

A) Diarrhea

B) Dehydration

C) Septicemia

D) Abdominal blood pooling

Q2) During an education session with the family of a ventilator-assisted individual who is being prepared for discharge home,the respiratory therapist explains ventilator circuit/suction equipment disinfection.Which of the following is an important instruction that should be part of this teaching?

A) "A white vinegar/distilled water mix can be reused as a disinfectant solution."

B) "Water for humidifiers can be taken directly from the tap."

C) "Suction catheters and plastic containers must be changed after 8 hours."

D) "Medicare will reimburse for all the disposable supplies needed for the ventilator."

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Page 23

Chapter 22: Neonatal and Pediatric Ventilation

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Sample Questions

Q1) The mode of ventilation that allows a neonate to breathe at a high and a low CPAP setting is which of the following?

A) Nasal SiPAP

B) NIPPV

C) Nasal IMV

D) Nasal HFV

Q2) A newborn of 32 weeks' gestation currently is receiving nasal CPAP.The respiratory therapist recently increased the CPAP level from 8 to 10 cm H₂O;the F_IO₂ is 0.6.On the new setting,the PaO₂ is 52 mm Hg and the PaCO₂ increased from 48 to 55 mm Hg.The most likely cause of this is which of the following?

A) Barotrauma

B) Alveolar overdistention

C) Ventilator-induced lung injury

D) Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

Q3) NIPPV can be used successfully in neonates for which of the following?

A) Severe ventilatory impairment

B) Persistent apnea

C) After extubation

D) Cleft palate

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Chapter 23: Special Techniques in Ventilatory Support

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Sample Questions

Q1) A patient with ALI is being ventilated using APRV with the following settings: P_high = 30 cm H₂O;P_low = 2 cm H₂O;T_high = 6 sec;T_low = 0.8 sec;F_IO₂ = 0.4.The patient's spontaneous rate is 12 breaths/min.The current ABG values are: PaO₂= 61 mm Hg;PaCO₂ = 43 mm Hg.What change should the respiratory therapist recommend for this patient?

A) Decrease the P_high to 25 mm Hg.

B) Increase the T_high to 8 seconds.

C) Decrease the T_low to 0.5 seconds.

D) Increase the P_low to 5 cm H₂O.

Q2) When T_highis set at 5.5 seconds,and the T_low is set at 0.5 seconds;what is the set ventilator rate?

A) 8

B) 10

C) 14

D) 16

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