Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology is a comprehensive course focusing on the pharmacological principles and therapeutic agents used in the treatment of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Students explore the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and side effects of major drug classes, including antihypertensives, antiarrhythmics, anticoagulants, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory agents. Emphasis is placed on clinical application, drug interactions, and evidence-based approaches to pharmacotherapy for conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The course integrates current research and prepares students for critical decision-making in clinical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Cardiopulmonary Anatomy Physiology Essentials of Respiratory Care 6th Edition by Terry Des Jardins
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Chapter 1: The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which alveolar cells are considered to be the source of pulmonary surfactant?
A) Type II
B) Type III
C) Type IV
D) Type I
Answer: A
Q2) What is the term for the openings created by the alae nasi and septal cartilage?
A) nares
B) glottis
C) vestibule
D) choana
Answer: A
Q3) What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?
A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified squamous
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D) cuboidal
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Ventilation
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Q1) What changes in breathing patterns do patients with obstructive pulmonary disorders with increased R w and increased time constants typically adopt?
A) They decrease their respiratory rate and increase their tidal volume
B) The decrease their respiratory rate and tidal volume
C) They increase their respiratory rate and tidal volume
D) They increase their respiratory rate and decrease their tidal volume
Answer: A
Q2) In which breathing pattern is an individual only able to breathe comfortably in the upright position?
A) orthopnea
B) tachypnea
C) eupnea
D) hyperpnea
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Pulmonary Function Measurements
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Q1) In a healthy young male,what would the sum of IRV + ERV + VT equal in mL
A) 4800 mL
B) 3600 mL
C) 6000 mL
D) 2400 mL
Answer: A
Q2) What does an RSBI of 110 indicate?
A) predicts failure on a weaning trial
B) predicts readiness to wean
C) error in calculation - impossible to obtain such a number for this index
D) insufficient information provided to make a conclusion
Answer: A
Q3) Which lung volume or capacity is defined as the amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration?
A) VC
B) TLC
C) IRV
D) FRC
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: The Diffusion of Pulmonary Gases
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Q1) When breathing room air,what is the P<sub>N</sub> in the alveoli?
A) 573 mm Hg
B) 593 mm Hg
C) 700 mm Hg
D) 473 mmHg
Q2) What is the normal value for the respiratory exchange ratio?
A) 0.8
B) 1.0
C) 0.6
D) 1.25
Q3) How do the rates of diffusion of CO and O compare?
A) CO diffuses 20 times faster than O
B) O diffuses 20 times faster than CO
C) CO diffuses 10 times faster than O
D) O diffuses 10 times faster than CO
Q4) What does the PH O equal in alveolar gas if the F<sub>I</sub>O is 0.21?
A) 47 mm Hg
B) 40 mm Hg
C) 100 mm Hg
D) 573 mm Hg
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Chapter 5: The Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which nerve innervates the carotid sinuses?
A) IX cranial
B) X cranial
C) XI cranial
D) phrenic
Q2) Which anemia results from an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder?
A) Sickle cell
B) hemorrhagic
C) nutritional deficiency
D) hemolytic
Q3) What is the name of the inner-most layer of the pericardium?
A) epicardium
B) visceral pleura
C) serous layer of the mediastinum
D) parietal pericardium
Q4) Which type of anemia is due to blood loss?
A) hemorrhagic
B) hemolytic
C) pernicious
D) aplastic
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Chapter 6: Oxygen and Carbon DioxideTransport
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Q1) What portion of the total amount of CO transported is carried as dissolved CO in the plasma?
A) 5%
B) 1%
C) 10%
D) 20%
Q2) Which hormone is used in blood boosting by athletes?
A) EPO
B) ACTH
C) HCG
D) Glucagon
Q3) In a normal lung,how large is the normal anatomic shunt?
A) 3% of cardiac output
B) 6% of cardiac output
C) 9% of cardiac output
D) less than 1% of cardiac output
Q4) What is the formula for calculating CCO ?
A) (Hb x 1.34) + (PaO2 x 0.003)
B) (Hb x 1.34) + (PvO2 x 0.003)
C) (Hb x 1.34) + (PaO2 x 0.03)
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Chapter 7: Acid Base Balance
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Q1) What is the term for the situation that exists when the volume of CO eliminated from the lungs is less than the volume of CO produced at the tissue cells?
A) hypoventilation
B) hyperventilation
C) hypoperfusion
D) hyperperfusion
Q2) What is an alternate term for acute alveolar hyperventilation?
A) respiratory alkalosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) metabolic alkalosis
Q3) Which of the following are causes of metabolic alkalosis?
I.Hypochloremia
II.Excessive vomiting
III.Severe diarrhea
IV.Diuretic therapy
A) I, II, and IV only
B) I, II, III, and IV
C) II and III only
D) I, II, and III only
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Chapter 8: Ventilation Perfusion Relationships
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Q1) What would the RQ equal if the volume of CO produced was 220 mL/min and the volume of O consumed was 300 mL/min?
A) 1.36
B) 0.73
C) 0.88
D) 0.66
Q2) What is the term for the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary blood flow?
A) ventilation-perfusion ratio
B) respiratory exchange ratio
C) respiratory quotient
D) respiratory rate
Q3) In the upright position,which portion of the right lung would have the highest ventilation-perfusion ratio?
A) apex of upper lobe
B) lower lobe
C) middle lobe
D) hilum
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Chapter 9: Control of Ventilation
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Q1) Where are the peripheral proprioceptors located?
I.Muscles
II.Tendons
III.Joints
IV.Pain receptors in skin and muscles
A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, II, and IV only
C) I and II only
D) II, III, and IV only
Q2) At what point are the peripheral chemoreceptors suppressed?
A) PaO below 30 mm Hg
B) PaCO below 30 mm Hg
C) PaO below 60 mmHg
D) PaCO below 60 mmHg
Q3) Which portion of the brain coordinates the rate,depth,and rhythm?
A) VRG
B) DRG
C) PRG
D) apneustic center
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Chapter 10: Fetal Development and the Cardiopulmonary System
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Q1) How many alveoli would be expected in a 12 year old child?
A) > 240 million
B) 24 million
C) 50 million
D) 100 million
Q2) Which of the following contribute to the wide variance between maternal and fetal P<sub>O2</sub> and P<sub>CO2</sub>?
I.The placenta is an actively metabolizing organ
II.Regional variations occur in placental permeability
III.Maternal and fetal vascular shunts occur
A) I, II, and III
B) I and III only
C) I and II only
D) II and III only
Q3) At what gestational age after fertilization do primitive lobar bronchi first appear?
A) 30-32 days
B) 24-26 days
C) 42-45 days
D) 38-40 days
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System
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Q1) In women,how much does the VC decrease per year?
A) 20 mL/year
B) 10 mL/year
C) 40 mL/year
D) 50 mL/year
Q2) With aging,what changes can be expected in the costal cartilages and thoracic compliance?
A) costal cartilages calcify causing a downward slant of the ribs making the thorax less compliant
B) costal cartilages become more compliant causing the thorax to become more compliant
C) the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance increases
D) the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance will decrease
Q3) By what percent does the maximal oxygen uptake change between age 20 and age60?
A) It decreases by 35%
B) It increases by 35%
C) It decrease by 70%
D) It increases by 70%
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Chapter 12: Electrophysiology of the Heart
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Q1) What effect will stimulation of sympathetic neural fibers have on heart rate and excitability?
A) both will be increased
B) both will be decreased
C) heart rate will increase and excitability will decrease
D) heart rate will increase and excitability will be unaffected
Q2) In a healthy adult at rest,approximately how much time is required for the entire heart to depolarize?
A) 0.22 seconds
B) 0.02 seconds
C) 2.2 seconds
D) 0.002 seconds
Q3) Which phase of the action potential represents the relative refractory period?
A) Last half of Phase 3
B) First half of Phase 3
C) Last half of Phase 4
D) First half of Phase 4
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Chapter 13: The Standard 12 ECG System
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Q1) When electrical impulses travel away from the positive electrode,what would be recorded on the ECG tracing?
A) negative deflection
B) positive deflection
C) straight line
D) equiphasic deflection
Q2) When electrical impulses travel toward the positive electrode,what waveform would be recorded on the ECG tracing?
A) positive deflection
B) negative deflection
C) straight line
D) equiphasic deflection
Q3) Which of the following are considered to be precordial leads?
I.Lead I,II,III
II.aVR,aVL,aVF
III.V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6
A) III only
B) I and II only
C) I only
D) I, II, and III
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Chapter 14: ECG Interpretation
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Q1) Which dysrhythmia causes a P prime wave on the ECG?
A) PAC
B) PVC
C) sinus arrest
D) sinus block
Q2) 3In the ACLS treatment protocols for bradycardia,what are the second-line drugs recommended for the treatment of bradycardia?
A) dopamine and epinephrine
B) epinephrine and atropine
C) dopamine and atropine
D) dopamine and albuterol
Q3) Which abnormal ventricular mechanism has a QRS rate bewteen 250 and 350 bpm?
A) ventricular flutter
B) ventriculary tachycardia
C) ventricular fibrillation
D) ventricular dysrhythmia
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Chapter 15: Hemodynamic Measurements
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Q1) Which measurement reflects the afterlaod of the right ventricle?
A) PVR
B) RVSWI
C) SVR
D) LVSWI
Q2) Which hemodynamic meausrement would be most increased when a pulmonary embolism is present?
A) mean pulmonary pressure
B) SVR
C) PCWP
D) LVSWI
Q3) What effects would late stage septic shock and CHF have on SV and CO?
A) The SV and CO would both decrease
B) The SV and CO would both increase
C) SV would decrease but CO would increase
D) SV would increase but CO would decrease
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Chapter 16: Renal Failure and Its Effects on the
Cardiopulmonary
System
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Q1) Into what vessels do the interlobular arteries branch?
A) afferent arterioles
B) efferent arterioles
C) peritubular capillaries
D) arcuate arteries
Q2) Which acid base abnormality would be a clinical manifestation of severe renal failure?
A) metabolic acidosis
B) metabolic alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
Q3) What is the term for the outer one-third of the kidney?
A) cortex
B) medulla
C) pelvis
D) calyx
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Chapter 17: Sleep Physiology and Its Relationship to the
Cardiopulmonary
System
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Q1) What is the term for the total of all nights of lost sleep?
A) sleep debt
B) sleep latency
C) exhaustion quotient
D) sleepiness quotient
Q2) Which daytime diagnostic test objectively tests sleepiness by monitoring sleep latency?
A) MSLT
B) MWT
C) PSG
D) MSG
Q3) How many hours of total sleep time per day are required by most two year olds?
A) 14 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 10 hours
D) 16 hours
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Chapter 18: Exercise and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System
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Q1) What changes would be expected in the size of the heart chambers and heart mass of a marathon runner?
A) Both would increase
B) Both would decrease
C) No change would occur
D) The size of the heart chambers would remain normal but the heart mass would increase
Q2) Why would stroke volume increase during exercise?
I.Parasympathetic discharge increases cardiac contractility
II.Vasodilation of working muscles increases venous return to the heart
III.Vascoconstriction of peripheral venous blood reservoirs increases venous return
A) II and III only
B) I , II, and III
C) I only
D) I and III only
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Chapter 19: High Altitude and Its Effects on the
Cardiopulmonary
System
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Q1) How is cardiac output and oxygen uptake affected by prolonged exposure to high altitudes?
A) Both are the same as at sea level
B) Both are increased
C) Both are slightly decreased
D) Cardiac output is increased but oxygen uptake is the same as at sea level
Q2) What is the best treatment for high altitude pulmonary edema?
A) rapid descent and oxygen therapy
B) oxygen therapy and rest
C) IV fluids and oxygen therapy
D) rest and IV fluids
Q3) What would the PO equal at the summit of Mount Everest where the PB is 253 mm Hg?
A) 43 mm Hg
B) 79 mm Hg
C) 100 mm Hg
D) 159 mm Hg
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Chapter 20: High Pressure Environments and Their Effects on the
Cardiopulmonary System
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Q1) What is another name for lung packing?
A) glossopharyngeal insufflation
B) glossotracheal insufflation
C) glossolaryngeal insufflation
D) glossoesophageal insufflation
Q2) What manuever is normally performed to prolong the duration of a breath-hold dive?
A) voluntary hyperventilation
B) voluntary hypoventilation
C) hyperventilation with helium
D) hyperventilation with carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture
Q3) What is another name for the coughing and chest pain that is associated with decompression sickness?
A) the chokes (pulmonary decompression sickness)
B) the bends
C) squeezes
D) barotrauma
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