Canadian Social Structure
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundations and dynamics of Canadian social structure, examining how historical, cultural, economic, and political forces shape social organization in Canada. Topics include class, ethnicity, gender, and regional diversity, as well as the impact of colonialism, multiculturalism, and immigration. Students will analyze patterns of inequality, social mobility, and integration, drawing on contemporary and historical case studies to understand how institutions and social policies influence Canadian society. Through critical discussion, the course fosters a deeper awareness of the complexities and evolving nature of social relations in Canada.
Recommended Textbook
New Society 7th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Sociology
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Q1) According to the text, what does sociology ultimately offer for the resolution of challenges faced by society?
A) a true path to salvation
B) scientific explanations of social issues
C) no easy solutions
D) clear solutions
Answer: C
Q2) Sociologists are not interested in the connection between personal problems and the social structures in which people are embedded.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Suppose that a friend accepts that something is true because he saw it with his own eyes. Why is this an example of nonscientific knowledge?
A) It is rooted in social traditions.
B) It is based on reliable authority.
C) It is based on casual inspection.
D) It is an overgeneralization.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, what is one consequence of ads directed at children?
A) They help children become informed consumers.
B) They lead to very little brand loyalty in children.
C) They aid parents in making purchases for children.
D) They cause more tantrums by children in malls.
Answer: D
Q2) Alana has just received her PhD in Sociology and began working at a local university. What term do sociologists apply to Janice's new group membership at a university?
A) foreign culture
B) counterculture
C) subversive culture
D) subculture
Answer: D
Q3) The "commonsense" or taken-for-granted belief that multiculturalism in Canada prevents the creation of a distinctly Canadian identity is critiqued in the text. Describe and explain the two critical arguments made against this belief.
Answer: Respect for diversity is a Canadian identity; multiculturalism is correlated with modern trends and views, not traditional ones.
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Jack, will you please clear the table while your sister takes out the garbage?" This parent is trying to socialize these children to break a certain social norm. Which norm is it?
A) that children should learn responsibility
B) that play is an important socialization tool
C) the gendered division of labour
D) that girls and boys are equal
Answer: C
Q2) In which of the following areas do children's peers have greater influence than their parents?
A) school selection
B) lifestyle issues
C) religious affiliation
D) political choices
Answer: B
Q3) Describe and explain the two-part process of resocialization in total institutions. Answer: Strip away established identity and reconstitute inmate's sense of self.
Q4) How does the media inadvertently perpetuate stereotypes?
Answer: By displaying role models that young people imitate.
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Chapter 4: Gender and Sexuality
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Q1) John's mother assumes that he will find a nice girl to settle down with and have lots of children in the future. According to the text, what social assumption does this statement best reflect?
A) mandatory heterosexuality
B) persistent heterosexuality
C) antiquated heterosexuality
D) compulsory heterosexuality
Q2) Jason, my four-year-old son, likes to play with a doll I gave him, tucking her in each night and having tea with her every morning. My husband keeps giving him trucks to distract him from the doll, but Jason doesn't seem interested in the vehicles. What is my husband trying to do?
A) encourage gender-specific behaviours
B) encourage social behaviours
C) encourage constructive behaviours
D) encourage natural behaviours
Q3) Using the case of David Reimer, apply the sociological concepts of gender identity and gender roles. What social pressures did he or she face? Is taking estrogen simply a medical problem?
Q4) Explain the difference between one's sex and one's gender.
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Chapter 5: Communication and Mass Media
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Q1) Horizontal integration involves the control of resources and assets at different stages of production and distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During a newscast about an ongoing transportation strike, Fred, a union representative, is interviewed. He explains why the union ceased negotiations and walked out on strike. What role does Fred play in the newscast?
A) He is an official news source.
B) He is an ordinary news source.
C) He is an alternative news source.
D) He is a personalized news source.
Q3) You have been hired by the Canadian government to provide advice on how to increase the content of Canadian culture on television programming in Canada. How would you describe the current situation to government officials and what solutions would you propose?
Q4) Identify and describe the three types of news sources. As a consumer of media, which of these news sources do you think has the greatest impact on viewers? Explain your reasoning.
Q5) What is cultural imperialism? Explain how this relates to Canada.
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Chapter 6: Social Stratification
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Q1) Compared to most industrialized countries, Canada spends more on attempts to reduce poverty.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the text, what is structural mobility?
A) It is movement in the stratification hierarchy due to people's talent and hard work.
B) It is movement in the stratification hierarchy due to group membership and affiliations.
C) It is mobility caused by individual development of connections and networking.
D) It is mobility caused by economic changes producing change in the occupational structure.
Q3) What term is used to refer to movement up or down the stratification system?
A) exchange mobility
B) circulatory mobility
C) horizontal mobility
D) social mobility
Q4) What are the two major components making up Marx's concept of the mode of production?
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Chapter 7: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) There is no government policy in Canada that targets gender inequality in politics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In what three ways does multiracial feminism contribute to our understanding of gender inequality?
Q3) Which term matches the following definition: "an internalized sense of being a man or a woman"?
A) It is a person's biological sex.
B) It is a person's sexual identity.
C) It is a person's self-concept.
D) It is a person's gender identity.
Q4) In addition to looking after her two young children and working full time, every evening Olimpia has to stop by her father's apartment to make him dinner, clean, and make sure he takes his medication. What group in our society is Olimpia part of?
A) the caretaking generation
B) the sandwich generation
C) the working generation
D) the senior generation
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9
Chapter 8: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Q1) Many schools have implemented a multicultural week into their curriculum and activities focus on the presentation of the objective elements of ethnicity. Which of the following would be addressed during this week?
A) a sense of belonging, or a shared "we feeling"
B) dish, dance, dialect, and dress of various groups
C) labels and definitions applied by different ethnic groups
D) categorization into ethnic groups based on self-identification
Q2) According to power-conflict theories, what is a consequence of racism in capitalist society?
A) Racism in capitalist society encourages the exploited to work harder to get ahead.
B) Racism is based on the competition for scarce resources between companies.
C) Racism serves capitalists by inhibiting class consciousness among the exploited.
D) Racism and class usually coincide, meaning the underclass experiences less exploitation.
Q3) According to the text, what actions did the Canadian government take to Europeanize Aboriginal people and culture in the first half of the twentieth century?
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Chapter 9: Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) According to Andre Gunder Frank, what effect did the development of capitalism have on the global south?
A) Capitalism aided in the modernization of the poorer countries.
B) The capitalist system generated underdevelopment.
C) Capitalist enterprises aided in the development of democracies.
D) Foreign investment helped build civil infrastructure.
Q2) Which one of the following conditions was part of structural adjustment programs (SAPs)?
A) Countries with emerging economies were ordered to strictly regulate their growth.
B) Developing countries were required to free up land for peasants to grow food.
C) The IMF would help developing countries if they privatized state-run businesses.
D) Needy countries had to limit assistance from aid organizations such as the Red Cross.
Q3) Canada was initially a collection of colonial colonies until it achieved its independence in 1867. How did Canada become a prosperous country in spite of its colonial past?
Q4) What is popular resistance? Will it succeed?
Q5) Outline the basic tenets of a neoliberal approach to development.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Families
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Q1) Patti and George got engaged on Valentine's Day and immediately booked the church and the hall for the following year-February 14. In order to save money, George gave up his apartment and moved in with Patti. Two months before the wedding, George was killed in a car accident. When filling out the paperwork at the funeral home, Patti was also given a form to apply for Canada Pension Plan Survivor Benefits. What will be the result of her application?
A) a letter stating that survivor benefits are for only married couples
B) a letter stating that her benefits will start in 6-8 weeks time
C) a letter stating that since there were no children, survivor benefits are not forthcoming
D) a letter stating that she is ineligible for survivor benefits, since they had lived together for only 10 months
Q2) What considerations indicate the importance of carefully defining the family?
A) The debate over what constitutes/defines a family has gone on for too long.
B) It is best for science when all sociologists agree on a definition.
C) There are practical and legal consequences that stem from definitions.
D) One family type is necessary for the maintenance of social order.
Q3) Select two theoretical perspectives and compare and contrast their views of the family.
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Chapter 11: Work and Occupations
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Q1) Nicole went to ABC Temp Agency and was hired as a receptionist in a doctor's office. When the full-time receptionist returned from her maternity leave, the doctor then offered Nicole a full-time position doing the bookkeeping and payroll for his practice. When reviewing her bank statement, Nicole realized that she had not been paid for her last two weeks work as a receptionist. Who should she talk with in regards to her missing wages?
A) the doctor who is her present employer
B) Employment Canada
C) ABC Temp Agency
D) the full-time receptionist who may have been paid twice
Q2) Among professional, technical, and managerial workers in a Boston suburb, 57 percent got jobs through personal contacts. How was the relationship with these contacts described?
A) Eighty-three percent said the contact was someone they saw infrequently.
B) Eighty-three percent said the contact was someone they saw frequently.
C) Thirty-five percent said the contact was a close personal friend.
D) Thirty-five percent said the contact was a member of their extended family.
Q3) Discuss the pros and cons of McDonaldization.
Q4) According to Marx, what are the four dimensions of alienation for workers under capitalism?
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Chapter 12: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Troy and Tabitha are required to apply human capital theory in an analysis of the Canadian education system. Which of the following research questions would they utilize?
A) Is there a relationship between the students' socioeconomic background and school grades?
B) Is education one of the most capital-intensive organizations in society?
C) Do schools encourage a competitive climate that teaches students to work harder?
D) Does schooling maximize skills and generate wealth for individuals and society?
Q2) Midway through October, Geneviève was asked by her aunt what she thought of her new school. Geneviève replied "Not only do they have a hidden curriculum; they also have a gendered hidden curriculum." When asked to explain, which of the following would Geneviève offer?
A) The school does not have a co-ed gym class.
B) The school does not tolerate male students' sexually harassing behaviours.
C) The classroom teachers are always asking the girls to answer questions.
D) The teachers and the principal do not deal with inappropriate male behaviour since boys are just acting as boys act.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Religious groups tend to more strongly oppose issues that deal with moral innovation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Joseph was asked to adopt a Marxist perspective of religion and apply it to answering the question "When will societal suffering end?" Which of the following would be Joseph's answer?
A) when fewer citizens are interested in and involved with religious organizations
B) when citizens in the society stopped using religion as a crutch for their lives
C) when more citizens become church goers and live their beliefs in the community
D) when political leaders make policies based on religious beliefs
Q3) According to the text, what trend is evident among U.S. mega-churches?
A) They have not been able to compete with TV evangelists.
B) They have been closing and their properties are being sold.
C) They can no longer make ends meet because of poor attendance.
D) They make it more difficult for smaller congregations to attract members.
Q4) How does "deprivation" account for religiosity?
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Chapter 14: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) According to John Hagan's typology, which of the following would be charged with committing a conflict crime?
A) Brian, who savagely raped his wife
B) Benjamin, who left the pharmacy with oxycodone tablets after threatening the pharmacist with a knife
C) Jasmine, who sold "sexual favours" in order to get money to support her drug addiction
D) Jolene, who hired a hit man to murder her boyfriend
Q2) Which one of the following situations would be classified specifically as a "moral panic"?
A) when reactions to deviance outweigh the harm done
B) when parents find out their teenagers are having sex
C) when reactions to morally charged behaviour occur in public places
D) when the church gets involved in a public issue
Q3) List the basic principles of routine activities theory.
Q4) According to the text, what keeps victims from reporting crimes to the police?
A) They aren't aware they've been victimized.
B) They fear reprisal.
C) They are unsure of what to report.
D) They deal with the matter themselves.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) What is over urbanization?
A) too many cities for the world, resulting in an imbalance in global ecosystems
B) urban population outstripping the accompanying economy, services, and resources
C) the movement of populations from urban centres to the outlying suburbs
D) the movement of populations from rural communities and suburbs to the cities
Q2) Artisans, soldiers, and other people from all walks of life resided in a community of roughly 40,000 people in southern Greece in the 10th century B.C. What kind of place was this community?
A) a city
B) a town
C) a village
D) a district
Q3) What does the concept of urban-growth machine refer to?
A) rural landowners and real estate interests selling land on the edge of urban centres
B) a global coalition of urban activists opposed to urban sprawl and development
C) the pressure of population growth forcing cities into ongoing urban development
D) networked interest groups interested in sustained city growth and development
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Chapter 16: Sociology and the Environment
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Q1) David insists that the only way the human race will survive is by stopping the "buzz-saw of progress" in Northern industrial nations and by halting its advance in less-developed countries. Which of the following would David see as being unrealistic?
A) the role of environmental politics
B) the concept of renewable natural resources
C) the concept of sustainable development
D) the framing of environmental problems
Q2) For decades a considerable number of Atlantic coast citizens made their living fishing cod. But in 1992, this way of life came to an abrupt halt. Why?
A) The market demand for cod had dwindled to the point where it was no longer a profitable business.
B) Advanced technologies used in cod fishing endeavours had become too expensive.
C) The federal government imposed a moratorium on cod fishing.
D) The vast majority of younger residents left in order to make higher wages in the Alberta oil industry.
Q3) What is the polluter pays principle?
Q4) Define sustainable development and explain its significance.
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Chapter 17: Health and Aging
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Q1) Every Sunday, Ruth sorts her pills: one for her heart, one for arthritis, one for diabetes, and vitamins to prevent other health issues. Which phenomenon associated with old age is related to taking all these pills?
A) reduced independence
B) incapacitation
C) drug dependency
D) medicalization
Q2) An elderly woman had an accident with her car. The woman's doctor met with her, at her daughter's insistence, and consequently the elderly woman's driving privileges were suspended. Later, the daughter learned that her mother's car was part of a recall for a mechanical defect that might have caused the accident. What term best describes the circumstances in this case?
A) ageing
B) dementia
C) medicalization
D) Alzheimer's
Q3) Discuss how inequality itself affects health by explaining the hierarchy stress perspective.
Q4) Explain the multiple jeopardy hypothesis and utilize examples.
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Chapter 18: Politics and Social Movements
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Q1) Andrea's assignment was to research Max Weber's three bases of authority and present her findings to the class. Which one of the following would Andrea NOT be researching and including in her presentation?
A) dictatorial
B) charismatic
C) traditional
D) rational-legal
Q2) The 2011 Occupy Movement began as a result of a Twitter hashtag created by the editor of an anti-consumerist magazine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Salim has a television show on local cable that tells people about injustices in their neighbourhoods. What aspect of society would this media outlet for injustice be part of?
A) civil society
B) the informative branch
C) anarchy
D) free speech
Q4) What is the difference between power and authority?
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Globalization
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Q1) Do you consider yourself to be an overconsumer, an underconsumer, or a middle-of-the-road consumer? Explain your position, utilizing examples.
Q2) Which of the following examples supports the theory of U.S. cultural imperialism?
A) the size and strength of Bollywood filmmaking
B) the 2005 UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
C) the presence of American fast-food corporations throughout the world
D) the use of patents and copyrights to protect U.S. inventions and literature
Q3) What proportion of global resources is consumed by the 20 percent of the world's population that lives in the industrialized countries?
A) one-fifth
B) one-third
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters
Q4) How does globalization affect the production and consumption of food?
Q5) Corporations fail when it comes to using social dissent to sell more consumer products.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Research Methods
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Q1) Explain why and how social scientists use official statistics.
Q2) Students who work at part-time jobs get lower grades than those who do not work. In methodological terms, what kind of variable are students' grades?
A) mediating variable
B) independent variable
C) dependent variable
D) confounding variable
Q3) A natural scientist can study fossil remains of long-dead animals, or examine the botanical composition of plants. How is social science significantly different from natural science?
A) Social research has added complexity because people interpret their own behaviour.
B) The scientific method means that natural science is not falsifiable.
C) The scientific method of systematic observation does not apply equally to both fields.
D) Social science is a completely subjective science.
Q4) What social research method would you use to study pothead (marijuana smoking) culture, and why?
Q5) Define and provide examples of spurious relationships.
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22
Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies
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Q1) In bureaucracies, bigger is not always better. Which of the following statements helps to explain why?
A) Too many people needing supervision means sometimes people are unproductive.
B) The infrastructure of a large organization goes to maintaining itself, not to production.
C) The possibility arises to form more dyadic relationships and cliques.
D) Sometimes the dollars spent on the organization greatly outweigh the profits.
Q2) Research shows that there are only about six degrees of separation between us and anyone else in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In his research of small group (5-6 people) communications, social psychologist Robert Bales discovered that three roles regularly emerged in discussion groups. One person would become the task leader, another the emotional leader, and a third would be the joker of the group. Do you think these particular roles would more likely emerge in primary groups or secondary groups, or equally in both? Explain your answer.
Q4) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy and incorporate examples from the text and your own personal experiences.
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