Canadian Social Structure
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive examination of the social structure of Canada, exploring how factors such as class, ethnicity, gender, and region shape individual and collective experiences. Students will analyze theories of social stratification and inequality, and investigate the historical and contemporary forces influencing Canadian society, such as colonialism, immigration, multiculturalism, and Indigenous-settler relations. Through case studies and empirical data, the course encourages critical reflection on the dynamics of power, identity, and social change within the Canadian context.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology Ninth Canadian Edition by John J. Macionis
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24 Chapters
3149 Verified Questions
3149 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
A) structural-functional approach.
B) social-conflict approach.
C) symbolic-interaction approach.
D) None of the above is correct.
Answer: A
Q2) A social-conflict analysis of sports points out that the games people play reflect their social standing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Revolutionary changes in European societies sparked the development of sociology. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A closed-ended questionnaire format generally makes it easier to analyze results compared to an open-ended questionnaire format.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) One disadvantage of conducting interviews is that this research method
A) does not permit follow-up questions.
B) does not allow subjects' answers to be detailed.
C) results in a very low response rate.
D) may easily allow the researcher to influence subjects' responses.
Answer: D
Q3) In making judgments about how society should be improved, the ________ approach in sociology rejects Max Weber's goal that researchers be value-free.
A) interpretive
B) critical
C) scientific
D) positivist
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that "cultural patterns are rooted in a society's system of economic production"?
A) a structural functionalist
B) a conflict theorist
C) a sociobiologist
D) a symbolic interactionist
Answer: B
Q2) Sociologists define a symbol as
A) anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.
B) any material cultural trait.
C) any gesture that conveys insult to others.
D) social patterns that cause culture shock.
Answer: A
Q3) Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life is called
A) nonmaterial culture.
B) culture shock.
C) cultural surprise.
D) freaking out.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____.
A) irrational; rational
B) rational; irrational
C) unproductive; productive
D) productive; unproductive
Q2) If you wanted to learn more about a society's worldview to be a powerful force causing change, to which of the following sociologists would you turn?
A) Gerhard Lenski
B) Karl Marx
C) Max Weber
D) Emile Durkheim
Q3) _____________ argued that society was here long before we were born.
A) Marx
B) Weber
C) Durkheim
D) The Lenskis
Q4) Identify the seven traits that define rational social organization, according to Max Weber.
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Chapter 5: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was
A) cognition.
B) the importance of gender in socialization.
C) moral reasoning.
D) racial segregation.
Q2) The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that
A) monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when returned to others of their kind.
B) isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally.
C) even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys.
D) monkeys are unable to tell the difference between an authentic and an artificial mother.
Q3) Erikson's theory of personality development states that
A) everyone confronts the stages of development in random order.
B) we develop according to challenges throughout our lives, delineated by eight observable stages.
C) personality development is secondary to the development of the id, ego, and the superego.
D) the looking-glass self is the primary determining factor in this development.
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Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hollywood's portrayal of persons with disabilities has not significantly changed in the last 20 years.
A)True
B)False
Q2) People usually have more statuses than they have roles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Because men typically have more power in everyday interaction than women, they are more likely to intrude on the personal space of women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In dramaturgical analysis, a restricted area in some setting is called a "back region."
A)True
B)False
Q5) A father who wants to be both a friend and a role model to his son might experience role strain.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Think about the process of McDonaldization. Which of the following is NOT a trait of McDonaldization?
A) efficiency
B) creativity
C) ability to calculate results
D) control through automation
Q2) Samuel Stouffer's study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion?
A) The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are.
B) Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards.
C) Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves by making comparisons to others in specific reference groups.
D) The less chance for promotion, the higher soldiers' morale.
Q3) Today's business organizations make greater use of competitive work teams.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Queer theory is a growing body of knowledge asserting that A) sex has always seemed strange to most people.
B) no sexual practice should be considered wrong.
C) people fear discovering their homosexuality.
D) there is a heterosexual bias in U.S. society.
Q2) The Sociology and the Media Box called "The Boy Who was Raised as a Girl" describes traits that females and males, guided by their culture, incorporate into their personalities or A) sex.
B) primary sex characteristics.
C) gender identity.
D) transsexuality.
Q3) Prostitution is greatest in poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In what regions of the world do people make the most and least use of birth control technology? Can you explain this pattern?
Q5) What is the basic assertion of queer theory?
Q6) State two common myths about rape. Explain why these beliefs are wrong.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prostitution is widely regarded as which of the following types of crime?
A) crime against the person
B) crime against property
C) victimless crime
D) corporate crime
Q2) Emile Durkheim made the surprising statement that crime is actually useful and perhaps even necessary for all social organization. Write an essay in which you explain Durkheim's approach and point to a number of specific ways in which crime (or, more broadly, deviance) is functional for society as a whole.
Q3) Which of the following concepts refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?
A) deviance
B) crime
C) legal infraction
D) juvenile delinquency
Q4) "Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime
A) is always more serious.
B) is usually less serious.
C) refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.
D) involves a larger share of the population.
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Chapter 10: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Max Weber claimed that agrarian societies give special importance to which dimension of social inequality?
A) economic class
B) social prestige or honour
C) power
D) control of information
Q2) Marx thought of inequality in terms of two main classes; by contrast, Weber envisioned inequality in terms of
A) a socioeconomic status hierarchy.
B) three main classes.
C) everyone gradually sinking into poverty.
D) society as one large middle class.
Q3) Define structural social mobility. How does it differ from individual social mobility?
Q4) Caste systems encourage the commitment to long-term labour required by agriculture.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is meritocracy? What part does it play in class systems?
Q6) State several ways in which caste and class systems differ.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Social Class in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many people consider Canada to be a "middle-class society." Based on the material in this chapter, explain why people think this way, and also explain how correct you think this claim is.
Q2) What is the difference between income and wealth?
Q3) The richest 20 percent of U.S. families owns about what share of all wealth?
A) 6 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 52 percent
D) 85 percent
Q4) Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?
A) intragenerational social mobility
B) intergenerational social mobility
C) structural social mobility
D) horizontal social mobility
Q5) Canadian women working full-time earn approximately 71 percent as much as comparable men.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Outline William Ryan's position with respect to responsibility for poverty.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the world's richest three individuals has personal wealth equal to the total economic output of more than 100 of the world's poorest countries.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The world region with the greatest number of poor "street children" is Latin America.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the trend in global inequality over the course of the last century, and especially since 1970. Based on where we have been and where we are now, predict where the world may be a century from now. What prediction would modernization theory support? What about dependency theory? What do you think will happen? Why?
Q4) Explain Rostow's stages of modernization theory. Explain the history of Canada in these terms, being as specific as you can about when this country entered each stage of development.
Q5) Modernization theory was created as a criticism of U.S. foreign policy.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which province was the last to grant women the right to vote in 1940?
A) Ontario
B) Manitoba
C) Quebec
D) B.C.
Q2) Patriarchy provides advantages, but not disadvantages, to males.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Looking back over Canadian history, we see a general trend by which women
A) have gained opportunities and power.
B) have made little movement toward equality with men.
C) are steadily losing ground and becoming less equal to men.
D) have retained their position of dominance over men.
Q4) Discuss why the pressure to restrict pornography has increased in recent decades.
Q5) Make the case that gender is or is not a central dimension of social stratification in Canada. Consider issues such as income and wealth, work, schooling, and power. In other words, to what extent do males represent a privileged category of people in this country today? Provide specific evidence to support your position.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prejudice and discrimination can reinforce one another.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Although based on physical traits like skin colour, the concept of "race" is constructed by society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All members of a minority typically share a distinctive identity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) At least some prejudice is found in everyone.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity?
A) genocide
B) segregation
C) assimilation
D) pluralism
Q6) Discuss the diversity of Canada's Aboriginal peoples.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Aging and the Elderly
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ageism is the belief that the oldest people are the wisest and should have the most power.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In today's society, most deaths occur in
A) impersonal settings such as hospitals and nursing homes.
B) the homes of people's children.
C) a person's own home.
D) a hospice.
Q3) Women are more likely than men to visit and care for their elderly parents.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Activity theory states that a high level of activity enhances personal satisfaction in old age.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Gerontology is the study of aging and the elderly.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How do modern societies separate death from life?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Economy and Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) What arguments are made in favour of a free-market economy? What are the arguments made by those who favour a large regulatory role for government? Consider issues such as economic productivity, economic inequality, and the extent of corporate welfare. Also, how do the recent corporate scandals, beginning with the collapse of the Enron energy trading company, play in to this debate?
Q2) As a social institution, the economy
A) is the system by which goods and services are taxed.
B) discourages the consumption of goods and services.
C) operates in a relatively predictable manner.
D) operates in an unpredictable and chaotic manner.
Q3) Name three technological revolutions that reorganized societal production and resulted in broad changes to many other dimensions of social life.
Q4) Which of the following would be included in the operation of the underground economy?
A) a teacher who is on disability leave for a long time
B) an executive who illegally "borrows" funds from the company
C) a taxi driver who fails to report most of her income
D) food servers who are paid less than the minimum wage
Q5) Explain the terms "brain drain" and "brain gain."
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Chapter 17: Politics and Government
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define both authoritarianism and totalitarianism.
Q2) In Canadian politics today
A) women are given only portfolios deemed "suitable" for women.
B) overall, women are under-represented.
C) the Conservative Party has been most persistent, over the long-term, in the promotion of women.
D) the proportion of females among those running for office and winning is greatest at the provincial level.
Q3) Which nations in the world today claim to be democratic?
A) all low-income nations
B) most mid-income nations
C) most high-income nations
D) an equal number of low- and high-income nations
Q4) Identify four factors that encourage political revolution.
Q5) Industrialization increases the importance of which type of authority?
A) traditional authority
B) rational-legal authority
C) charismatic authority
D) no authority at all
Q6) What is the military-industrial complex?
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Chapter 18: Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most serious problem among families with one parent is poverty.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Many people in Canada who divorce will remarry at some point.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Exogamy means that parents of similar social position pass on their standing to their children.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the trend in public acceptance of gay and lesbian marriage in the United States? What are several significant events in this regard?
Q5) In traditional regions of many lower-income countries, such as Sri Lanka, marriage
A) has little to do with romantic love.
B) is unknown.
C) is delayed until the people reach their thirties.
D) almost always ends in divorce.
Q6) How did residential schools impact Aboriginal communities and families?
Q7) How does the nuclear family differ from the extended family?
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Chapter 19: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is NOT a trait of religious fundamentalism?
A) endorsing conservative political goals
B) seeking the personal experience of God's presence
C) interpreting religious texts literally
D) accepting religious pluralism
Q2) The claim that Canada is a post-denomination society is based on a movement
A) away from religion.
B) supporting spiritualism but away from established denominations.
C) toward greater church attendance.
D) favouring rigid conformity to church doctrine.
Q3) The same elements of life are defined as sacred throughout the world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A church is a type of social organization that is well-integrated into the larger society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Using examples, explain how each of these types of religious organizations is distinctive: (a) church, (b) sect, and (c) cult.
Q6) What is secularization?
21
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Chapter 20: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is "functional illiteracy"? How extensive is this problem in Canada?
Q2) Which of the following types of theorists would emphasize that streaming advantages the rich and disadvantages the poor?
A) structural functionalist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) social-conflict theorist
D) post-modernist
Q3) Which of the following is TRUE about streaming, according to social-conflict analysis?
A) It is the only option when performance must be evaluated.
B) It is biased in favour of students from affluent backgrounds.
C) It integrates students.
D) It does not have any relationship to social background.
Q4) Which of the following is TRUE of British education?
A) University entrance exams are as crucial as those of Japan.
B) For those who score high on the entrance exams, the government pays most university costs.
C) Traditional social distinctions have been removed from education.
D) Education is mandatory until age 14.
Q5) In low-income nations, why do girls receive less schooling than boys?
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a poverty-related chronic disease that affects Aboriginal people in Canada?
A) obesity
B) asthma
C) diabetes
D) swine flu
Q2) Advances in human genetics hold out promise to prevent disease but also raise ethical issues about how this technology should be used.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Use the case of obesity as the focus of an essay that explains why health and illness are as much societal and cultural issues as they are a medical issue.
Q4) Social epidemiology is the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define euthanasia. What is active euthanasia?
Q6) Discuss methods of HIV transmission in Canada and in the world as a whole.
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Chapter 22: Population, Urbanization, and Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) In many low-income nations, parents value sons more than daughters, which explains why the age-sex ratio in these nations may be higher than 100.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The environmental racism thesis falls within which theoretical approach?
A) the structural-functional approach
B) the sociobiology approach
C) the symbolic-interaction approach
D) the social-conflict approach
Q3) About how long ago in history did the first cities emerge?
A) 12 000 years ago
B) 4000 years ago
C) 2000 years ago
D) 1000 years ago
Q4) At the present rate of loss, almost all of the rainforests will be gone by the end of this century.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the debate about global warming?
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Chapter 23: Collective Behaviour and Social Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of social movement seeks radical change in all of society?
A) alternative social movements
B) redemptive social movements
C) reformative social movements
D) revolutionary social movements
Q2) Convergence theory suggests crowd behaviour comes from the people who join the crowd.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The War of the Worlds broadcast in 1938 created an example of which phenomena?
A) mass hysteria
B) collective effervescence
C) propaganda
D) gossip
Q4) "Mass hysteria" is another name for
A) acting crowd.
B) casual crowd.
C) moral panic.
D) fashion.
Q5) What is political-economy theory as an explanation of social movements?
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and
Postmodern Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) In global perspective, we see that some societies change but others do not.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A central concept in the study of social change is
A) mechanical solidarity.
B) modernization.
C) diffusion.
D) Gemeinschaft.
Q3) Individuals experience modern mass societies in terms of A) pronounced moral relativism.
B) little personal choice.
C) too little privacy.
D) powerlessness.
Q4) Rocket technology, which began during the 1940s, is an example of which of the following?
A) invention
B) diffusion
C) discovery
D) hysteria
Q5) In a sentence or two, what is the basic idea behind mass-society theory?
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