Canadian Labour Market
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth analysis of the Canadian labour market, exploring its structure, trends, and key issues. Students will investigate topics such as employment patterns, wage determination, labour force participation, the impact of technology and globalization, and the role of unions and government policy. Emphasis is placed on understanding regional differences, demographic factors, and the evolving nature of work in Canada. The course integrates current data and case studies to equip students with the skills to critically evaluate labour market policies and developments affecting both employers and workers.
Recommended Textbook
Work Industry and Canadian Society 7th Edition by Harvey Krahn
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14 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives on Work 1700-1950s
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Q1) During the early 1900s in Canada, which of the following were occurring?
A) Skilled craftworkers in Ontario were eager to begin working in large factories.
B) Employers did not want to hire immigrants from Europe and China for jobs in mining and railway-building because they thought they would join unions.
C) Dangerous working conditions in mining in western Canada led to several socialists being elected as provincial politicians.
D) Laws were being passed so that women were paid the same as men for similar work.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following social theorists best predicted what happened in Russia in 1917?
A) Adam Smith.
B) Émile Durkheim.
C) Max Weber.
D) Karl Marx.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Contemporary Debates on Work 1950s to Present Day
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Q1) Which of the following best describes Bourdieu's term habitus?
A) The social site where relationships are formed and individuals struggle over position and resources.
B) The combination of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital that impact an individual's position at work.
C) The values and lifestyles that individuals acquire from belonging to certain social groups.
D) The physical environment in which social groups interact.
Answer: C
Q2) "Live-in caregiving" is a good example of which <b>two types </b>of work?
A) Interactive service work and mobile work.
B) Emotional labour and knowledge work.
C) Telework and mobile work.
D) Nonstandard work and service work.
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Canadian Employment Trends
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Q1) Which of the following would most likely be true if you had entered the Canadian paid labour force in 1901 rather than 2011?
A) You would have been more likely to work in the service sector.
B) Your chances of becoming a manager would have been greater.
C) Your sister would have been more likely to be joining you in the paid labour force.
D) You probably would have found work in a smaller organization.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following would most likely be true about Sarah, an 18-year-old Canadian university student?
A) She is employed in the lower-tier services.
B) She is employed in the upper-tier services.
C) She is employed in the goods producing sector.
D) She is likely working full-time.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs
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Q1) Which of the following is correct about self-employment in Canada?
A) More people were self-employed in 2012 than in the mid-20th century.
B) Self-employment in the secondary and service sectors has increased over the past few decades.
C) There are more self-employed employers than own-account self-employed.
D) Women are more likely to be self-employed than men.
Q2) Based on what you have read in Chapter 4, describe how the types of jobs a Canadian might have expected to obtain have changed over the course of the 20th century. How have the chances of being jobless changed over this time?
Q3) Which of the following best describes "cyclical unemployment"?
A) The ongoing movement of workers in and out of jobs as they try to find employment that best fits their skills and aspirations.
B) Unemployment rates rising during recessions and declining as the economy recovers.
C) Unemployment rates rising due to increased levels of immigration.
D) Unemployment rates rising because of changing work values.
Q4) What is meant by the term nonstandard employment? In a few sentences explain the trends in nonstandard employment in Canada in recent years.
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6
Chapter 5: Labour Markets: Opportunities and Inequality
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Q1) Which of the following is the best example of how cultural capital operates in the education system?
A) Family socioeconomic status has little impact on the cultural capital that students bring to school.
B) Schools are neutral institutions where cultural capital has little impact.
C) Cultural capital is acquired by students in school.
D) Typically, schools reward the language, beliefs, and behaviours of the more powerful groups in society.
Q2) Which of the following have been demonstrated by studies of the labour market experiences of immigrants to Canada?
A) On average, immigrants to Canada have less education than Canadian-born workers.
B) The educational credentials of immigrants are highly valued in Canada.
C) Compared to several decades ago, it is taking immigrants longer to "catch up" with Canadian-born workers with equivalent education.
D) Female immigrants are having greater difficulty finding satisfactory employment in Canada, but this is not the case for male immigrants.
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Chapter 6: Gender and Paid Employment
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Q1) Research on gender and sexuality in the workplace highlights which of the following?
A) Sexuality is mostly absent from the workplace.
B) Work institutions often challenge socially constructed ideas about masculinity, femininity, and heterosexuality.
C) Relationships at work and work structures contribute to defining gender for men and women.
D) Since the late 20th century, sexual harassment has been largely absent from the workplace.
Q2) Marjorie Cohen's analysis of the Ontario economy in the 19th century demonstrates which of the following?
A) Women's household labour had no economic value.
B) The household was crucial to economic development.
C) Women's household labour was highly valued at the time.
D) There has always been a clear separation between work inside and outside of the home.
Q3) In a few sentences, explain the difference between horizontal and vertical gender stratification within occupations.
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8
Chapter 7: Household, Family, and Caring Work
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Q1) Arlie Hochschild uses the term second shift to describe which of the following?
A) Extra paid work that parents take on to support their families.
B) Women being primarily responsible for domestic work even while working full-time outside of the home.
C) Unpaid domestic work that men and women take turns doing outside of paid work.
D) When parents employed outside of the home ask their mothers to help with household work and carework.
Q2) Which of the following is correct about the composition of Canadian families in 2011?
A) Roughly one in four families were single-earner families.
B) There were more single-earner than dual-earner families.
C) There was roughly the same number of single-female-earner families as single-male-earner families.
D) About half of lone-parent families were headed by men.
Q3) Briefly discuss recent trends in time spent by women and men on housework and childcare in Canada.
Q4) In a few sentences, explain what Arlie Hochschild means in The Outsourced Self. What factors might impact a family's ability to outsource work?
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9
Chapter 8: Organizing and Managing Work
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Q1) Which of the following is a primary criticism of the human relations approach to management?
A) It assumes that industrial harmony is healthy and that conflict in the workplace is abnormal and destructive.
B) It incorrectly assumes that workers are only motivated by money.
C) It places too much emphasis on the need for strict, authoritarian managers.
D) It allows workers too much input into workplace decision making.
Q2) Which of the following criticisms did Alvin Gouldner make about bureaucracies?
A) Promotions and dismissals tend to be predictable.
B) Rules that reduce uncertainty for management reduce job satisfaction for workers.
C) Efficiency is often more important than authority.
D) They are often created to give managers more power over workers.
Q3) Describe a work organization that you are familiar with and address how it utilizes elements of scientific management or human relations theory, or both. In your opinion, do these practices work well in this organization? Why or why not?
Q4) Briefly describe human relations theory and outline one of its major criticisms.
Q5) Explain Gerhard Lenski's theory of social inequality. What role does technology play in this theory?
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Chapter 9: In Search of New Managerial Paradigms
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Q1) A chemical plant built in Sarnia, Ontario, in the late 1970s has come to be seen as a highly successful example of the introduction of new managerial paradigms. Describe the organizational innovations that were implemented, and why this managerial experiment was successful. If the same plant had been built 30 years later, what might have been different?
Q2) Which of the following strategies might senior managers in a government department pursue if they wanted their department to be recognized as a "learning organization?"
A) Watching carefully what their counterparts in other provinces were doing, so they could imitate their successes and avoid their mistakes.
B) Paying close attention to what "clients" were saying, to learn what concerned them.
C) Encouraging department employees to take training courses of many kinds.
D) Paying close attention to what motivated employees in order to increase productivity.
Q3) List the key features of what organizational analysts call a "high-performance workplace" (HPW). Which of these features, if any, are unique to the HPW approach to management?
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Chapter 10: Conflict and Control in the Workplace
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Q1) Which of the following are the main definitional components of work-related skill?
A) Substantive complexity and decision-making autonomy.
B) Social interaction and technological involvement.
C) Substantive complexity and technological involvement.
D) Decision-making autonomy and social interaction.
Q2) Wallace Clement and John Myles (1994) are quoted in the textbook as saying that society is faced by a "postindustrial Nirvana of knowledge where everyone will be a brain surgeon, artist, or philosopher (Bell) or, alternatively, a postindustrial Hades where we shall be doomed to labour mindlessly in the service of capital." Outline the debate framed by Clement and Myles. Which of the two positions is most accurate, in your opinion? Discuss the evidence that leads you to this conclusion.
Q3) The concept "survivor syndrome" is best defined by which of the following?
A) Young people who spent years in university and now have to pay off massive debts.
B) The costs employers face trying to rehabilitate workers injured on the job.
C) Manufacturing firms that have remained competitive despite out-dated technology.
D) Negative effects of downsizing on employees who kept their jobs.
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12
Chapter 11: Unions and Industrial Relations
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Q1) Which of the following statements best describes results of research on the economic impact of unions?
A) Overall, unions lead to reduced productivity in unionized workplaces.
B) At the societal level, unions are associated with lower wage inequality.
C) On average, they have virtually no effect on employees' wages.
D) They generally lead to higher wages for members, but have no other real effect on working conditions or employment relationships.
Q2) In the Canadian industrial relations system, the state (government) is meant to act as an "impartial umpire." Discuss what is meant by this concept, and some of the key mechanisms employed by the state in attempting to achieve this goal. In your opinion, how
Q3) Define and briefly discuss the concepts of "business unionism" and "social unionism."
Q4) How have Canadian unions changed over the past century? In your opinion, what are some of the key challenges they face today?
Q5) In a few sentences, explain the significance of the Rand Formula for Canada's system of industrial relations.
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Chapter 12: Alternative Approaches to Economic Organization
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Q1) Which of the following is a defining principle of producer co-operatives, compared to other types of worker ownership?
A) Governments must be involved, in order to be successful.
B) Unions must be included in all decisions made.
C) Each co-op member owns one share only, and non-members cannot own shares.
D) They are not allowed to grow beyond a certain size, 25 members, for example.
Q2) Sweden's approach to industrial democracy goes beyond Germany's approach in which of the following ways?
A) Employees are given positions on boards of directors of companies.
B) Employees have representation in all but the smallest companies.
C) Government as well as private-sector employees are included.
D) Unions must be given complete access to companies' financial records.
Q3) With respect to approaches to promoting workplace health and safety, briefly explain what is meant by the "administrative model of regulation," and by "no-fault compensation systems."
Q4) Briefly explain the key difference between a "worker buyout" and a "producer co-operative."
Q5) Briefly discuss at least three different workers' rights that current Canadian health and safety legislation attempts to protect.
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Chapter 13: Work Values and Work Orientations
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Q1) Which of the following best defines the concept "underclass"?
A) The long-term unemployed who become dependent on social assistance.
B) Workers who have no interest in class conflict, so long as they get paid.
C) The disappearing middle class in Karl Marx's analysis of capitalist class relations.
D) Part-time and temporary workers whose job security is precarious.
Q2) Which of the following would be evidence that clearly<b> <u>contradicts</b></u> arguments about the impact of the "Confucian work ethic" on economic development?
A) Rapid economic growth in Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea in the 1990s.
B) Capitalist economic development in Communist China.
C) Late industrialization in Canada, compared to western Europe and the United States.
D) Rapid economic growth in India and Brazil over the past decade.
Q3) Women continue to be responsible for much more caring work in our society, compared to men. Women also earn less than men, on average, typically work in different occupations, and more frequently hold nonstandard jobs. Does this mean that women also tend to have different work orientations? Explain your answer with reference to recent research.
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Chapter 14: Job Satisfaction, Alienation, and Work-Related Stress
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Q1) Discuss the negative consequences of job dissatisfaction. Will worker productivity go up if job satisfaction increases in a workplace? Why or why not?
Q2) Which of the following generalizations best describes the relationship between gender and job satisfaction?
A) Similar proportions of women and men say they are satisfied with their job.
B) Women are less likely than men to say they are satisfied with their job.
C) Men are less likely than women to say they are satisfied with their job.
D) Younger women are more satisfied with their jobs compared to young men, but the relationship is reversed for older women and men.
Q3) Which of the following is a "behavioural intention" measure of job satisfaction?
A) All in all, how satisfied are you with your job?
B) Would you recommend your job to your best friend?
C) Is your current job better or worse than your last job?
D) Which term best describes your job: "poor" or "excellent"?
Q4) When surveyed, a large majority of Canadian workers indicate that they are satisfied with their job, a finding that puzzles some sociologists. Discuss such survey findings and the explanations sociologists have provided for the high level of apparent job satisfaction.
Page 16
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