Canadian Criminal Justice System
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
The Canadian Criminal Justice System course offers a comprehensive overview of the structures, processes, and institutions that govern the administration of justice in Canada. Students will explore the roles and interactions of key components, including law enforcement agencies, the judiciary, corrections, and legislative bodies. Emphasis is placed on the historical development of the system, the principles of fundamental justice, and how Canadian laws and policies address crime, punishment, and rehabilitation. Through case studies and analysis of contemporary issues, learners will critically assess the effectiveness, challenges, and reforms within the criminal justice system, with attention to topics such as Indigenous justice, restorative practices, and the impact of social inequalities on legal outcomes.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Formal rules,enforced by the criminal justice system,govern the vast majority of individual behaviour in Canadian society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) "If it bleeds,it leads" refers to the priority that police place on investigating violent crimes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) According to Hagan's typology of crime and deviance,which of the following best describes a social diversion?
A)somewhat harmful with strong agreement about the norm
B)relatively harmless with confusion or apathy about the norm
C)somewhat harmful with strong disagreement about the norm
D)very harmful with strong agreement about the norm
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Q1) The Inuit headman often assumes power through which of the following?
A)by election,or another formal political process
B)on the amount of goods accumulated
C)when others accept his judgment and opinions.
D)hereditary factors (power passed down by father)
Answer: C
Q2) There are no real similarities between restorative dispute settlement processes today and those in existence in small-scale societies of the past.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) According to Max Weber,which of the following best describes the state as an institution?
A)It controls the economy and therefore the political apparatus.
B)It claims the exclusive right to the legitimate use of force in a given territory.
C)It has the support of the majority of the public at all times.
D)It has the right to tax citizens.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) For most regulatory offences in Canada,which of the following is correct?
A)The Crown has to prove mens rea but not actus reus.
B)The Crown has to prove neither actus reus nor mens rea.
C)The Crown has to prove actus reus but not mens rea.
D)The Crown has to prove both actus reus and mens rea.
Answer: C
Q2) Only the federal and provincial governments can enact legislation that amends the Criminal Code of Canada.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A severely developmentally disabled person attacks someone,causing death.Because of the disability,he could not have foreseen that the attack could cause death.Which of the following would most likely happen to this person in court?
A)He would be acquitted of any criminal charge.
B)He would be found guilty of murder.
C)He would be found guilty of manslaughter.
D)He would be found guilty of criminal negligence causing death.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Q1) Under the seriousness rule of the UCR,what happens if there are several crimes committed in one incident?
A)Only the most serious crime is counted.
B)Every crime is counted no matter how trivial.
C)Only the least serious crime is counted.
D)Only the indictable crimes are counted.
Q2) Which of the following is the result of taking police-reported crimes,dividing this figure by the size of the national population,and then multiplying it by 100,000?
A)crime rate
B)victimization rate
C)self-report crime rate
D)adult crime offender rate
Q3) Compare and contrast the crime severity index with the violent crime rate.
Q4) In the UCR system,the crime rate is calculated using which of the following?
A)Unfounded incidents.
B)Unfounded incidents plus incidents reported to the police.
C)Incidents reported to the police.
D)Incidents reported to the police minus unfounded incidents.
Q5) What are the strengths and limitations of self-report surveys?
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Q1) In general,crime rates in Canada tend to adhere to which of the following patterns?
A)Crime rates increase as one travels from east to west.
B)Crime rates increase as one travels from west to east.
C)Crime is highest on the east and west coasts.
D)Crime rates are highest in central Canada.
Q2) People with high socio-economic status are overrepresented in police-reported statistics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a structural explanation of the overrepresentation of Aboriginal peoples in criminal offending and the criminal justice system in Canada?
A)Aboriginal cultures are structured differently from the dominant Euro-Canadian culture in content and/or manner of expression.
B)First nations reserves have inferior educational systems.
C)Aboriginal communities have been colonized by the dominant Euro-Canadian population.
D)Aboriginal people are excluded from mainstream society due to racism.
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Q1) Why are aboriginal women overrepresented among criminal offenders? What theories can be applied to better understand this overrepresentation?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the grounds on which Heidensohn criticized early theories of female criminality?
A)They reflected widely held assumptions and circular reasoning about "women's nature."
B)They were almost entirely written by men.
C)They were sexist,classist,and racist.
D)They were based on old folktales about women and their behaviours.
Q3) Which of the following best represents the focus of early theories of women's crime?
A)the structural features of their society
B)biological differences between men and women
C)power differentials between men and women
D)the gendered nature of the roles of men and women
Q4) List the main arguments of the women's liberation thesis.What are some of the main critiques of this thesis?
Q5) Describe the role of the law in condoning violence against women.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Q1) On which of the following does the textbook NOT blame the slow progress to attain victim rights in Canada?
A)lack of transparency in the development of policies to meet victim needs
B)legal bureaucracy
C)resistance to change within the criminal justice system
D)lack of interest from the general public
Q2) According to a Statistics Canada study (Allen,2014)what percentage of adults who were known to be crime victims were treated by victim service providers in Canada?
A)80%
B)50%
C)30%
D)10%
Q3) Identify and describe the different types of services and facilities available to crime victims in Canada.
Q4) Financial loss is the only harm that is considered in relation to the victims of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain what a victim fine surcharge is and how it works.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Q1) Which of the following features of the treatment of offenders in the modern criminal justice system were influenced by Lombroso and the positive school of criminology?
A)torture
B)psychiatric treatment
C)indeterminate sentences
D)banishment to one of the distant colonies
Q2) What types of people were most likely to be executed for witchcraft in Western Europe during the 15th century? Why?
Q3) Which of the following was the focus of Beccaria's "An Essay on Crime and Punishments" published in 1764?
A)the rationales for the death penalty
B)the use of imprisonment as punishment for crime
C)the theoretical and practical underpinnings of rehabilitation
D)the cruelty and inhumanity of the criminal justice system of his time
Q4) Describe the basic theories of the Lombroso and the Positive School of criminology. Discuss the historical context for these theories of crime and how emergent anthropological theories of the time influenced them.
Q5) What are some of the critiques and limitations of the Classical School of crime?
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Q1) Three of the following describe basically the same set of behaviours.Which of the following does NOT describe the same set of behaviours?
A)sociopathy
B)schizophrenia
C)psychopathy
D)antisocial personality disorder
Q2) In recent years there has been an increased involvement of those with mental illness in the criminal justice system in Canada.Describe and critically analyze the reasons behind this trend.
Q3) Which of the following statements about Clifford Olson is NOT true?
A)He was compulsive talker and liar.
B)He could be charming and smooth talking.
C)He eventually showed remorse and guilt for his actions.
D)He committed a in a string of antisocial and criminal acts extending back to his early childhood.
Q4) List and describe the two main assumptions underlying most psychological research on offenders.
Q5) Describe and critically analyze how psychoanalytic theory views the causes of criminal behaviour.
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Q1) What is the result when the structural features of a society create an uneven distribution of legitimate opportunities?
A)There will be a high rate of crime.
B)There will be pockets of instrumental crime.
C)Crime will be concentrated in the lower classes.
D)Crime will be concentrated in the upper classes.
Q2) According to Cloward and Ohlin,which of the following adaptations has the fewest barriers to entry for working-class youths?
A)the passivist subculture
B)the criminal subculture
C)the retreatist subculture
D)the conflict subculture
Q3) Strain theory fits the general orientation of the conflict perspective.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Contrast the different assumptions about society made by conflict and consensus perspectives of crime.Which do you think is most accurate when applied to Canada?
Q5) Explain how strain theory converges with other theories of crime.
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Q1) According to structural Marxists,which of the following is the State's main role?
A)to preserve the political power of current elites
B)to ensure that contracts are upheld in the courts
C)to preserve the long-term interests of the capitalist class
D)to ensure that lawbreakers are found and punished
Q2) What term does Sellin use to describe the "conduct norms" embodied in the criminal law that represent the values of the dominant group?
A)dominant conduct norms
B)institutionalized conduct norms
C)cultural conflict
D)criminal norms
Q3) In Vold's group conflict theory,which of the following would constitute a "minority group"?
A)the government
B)a youth gang
C)management in a corporation
D)the bourgeoisie
Q4) Describe and critique Greenberg's Marxian explanation of juvenile crime.
Q5) Distinguish between Instrumental Marxism and structural Marxism.
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Q1) Explain Pierre Bourdieu's "field theory." Provide practical examples in how criminal behaviour is caused that can be attributed to this theory.
Q2) Restorative justice is a mode of governmentality because it fashions a way of understanding the world that makes the pursuit of "restorative" justice appear rational.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Agamben,human rights are afforded by specific geopolitical orders and can be suspended only by the de facto sovereign.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For Foucault,power is only evident when it is exercised.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Wacquant's critical criminological interpretation of Bourdieu is to accept "criminalized" identities as constructed through criminal law
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best represents the role of police,judges,prison personnel,and probation and parole officers?
A)agents of social control
B)first line public defenders
C)agents of social work
D)legal administrators
Q2) According to Matza,which of the following best describes young American male offenders who smoke,drink,and are tough and who pursue the hedonistic pleasures of "real" men?
A)They are attracted to subterranean traditions.
B)They are reacting against middle-class values.
C)They are following secondary deviance values.
D)They are a product of father-absent families.
Q3) The term moral rhetorics is used to refer to claims and assertions used to justify one's deviant behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the concept of drift in relation to juvenile delinquents and provide some hypothetical illustrative examples.
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Q1) Describe and analyze the relevance of religion to social control theory.Based on the research and theories presented in the textbook,discuss the complex relationship between religiosity and criminal behaviour.
Q2) According to Anderson's study,"street-oriented" parenting is characterized by all of the following except one.Which is the exception?
A)explaining to children why they are being punished
B)striking children
C)yelling at children
D)punishment for little infractions
Q3) Which of the following institutions affects delinquency when it binds its adherents to a moral community in which the teachings of this institution are salient and consistently reinforced?
A)school
B)community
C)the State
D)religion
Q4) Identify and describe some of the basic assumptions underlying control theories of crime.How do they differ from other criminological theories?
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Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is the principal goal of the Perry Preschool Project?
A)to reduce the risk of gun men entering elementary schools
B)to provide jobs to unwed mothers who live in poverty
C)to remove excuses for crime and delinquency on school grounds by setting clear rules and limits
D)to remedy the impact of the children's impoverished backgrounds on their later school success
Q2) Which of the following is a way to prevent crime by reducing the number of motivated offenders?
A)providing good jobs to young men who are hard to employ
B)installing burglar alarms
C)developing "smart" guns
D)having servers in pubs intervene when necessary
Q3) Identify and discuss critiques of rational choice theory and routine activities theory.
Q4) Discuss the need for comprehensive crime prevention initiatives,emphasizing how different strategies can be combined to most effectively reduce both the opportunities for crime as well as the root causes of criminal behaviour.
Q5) Discuss the routine activities approach to crime,including its assumptions.
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Q1) Within the context of organized crime,what is the difference between an associational network and an entrepreneurial network? Provide an example of each.
Q2) The bureaucratic/hierarchical model views organized crime as a fluid and loosely knit network of like-minded criminal entrepreneurs,none of whom has any long-term authority over the others.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the textbook,which of the following is the network model of organized crime most applicable to?
A)drug smuggling and trafficking conspiracies
B)cybercrime conspiracies
C)extortion conspiracies
D)prostitution conspiracies
Q4) Which of the following theories forms the basis for ethnic succession theory?
A)deterrence
B)differential association
C)social control
D)strain
Q5) How can organized crime be differentiated from unorganized crimes?
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Q1) Social class is an irrelevant issue when analyzing white-collar and corporate crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) About what percentage of the Canadian workforce reported either having committed fraud against their employer or witnessing someone committing fraud during the previous year,according to a 2001 survey by Ernst & Young?
A)15
B)25
C)35
D)45
Q3) Large compensation packages and attractive stock option packages for executives of large corporations have helped reduce corporate crime in recent years.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What role has executives played in corporate crime in recent years? Use one or more case studies to justify your answer.
Q5) Why is white-collar crime positively related to class position?
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Q1) Compare and contrast cybercrime with cyber terrorism.
Q2) Which of the following statements best reflects the findings of Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007),that the most common form of electronic victimization among adolescents was text messaging via mobile device?
A)Text messaging is the technology that is most vulnerable to cybercrimes.
B)Adolescents are the demographic group most frequently targeted by cybercriminals.
C)The architecture of text messaging through mobile devices makes it inherently criminogenic.
D)The architecture of a given digital environment and the dominant culture of that environment both play a major role in offending.
Q3) Which of the following does not represent a critical infrastructure site that would be subject to a cyber-terrorist attack?
A)water treatment facility
B)nuclear power plant
C)an airport
D)a major sports stadium
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