Brain and Behavior Question Bank
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between the brain and human behavior by examining the structure and function of the nervous system. Students will learn how biological processes influence cognition, emotion, perception, and actions. Key topics include neural communication, brain development, sensation and perception, learning and memory, emotion regulation, and the effects of brain injuries or disorders. By integrating findings from neuroscience and psychology, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how brain mechanisms underlie and affect behavior in everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 5th Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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990 Verified Questions
990 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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72 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the 19th century?
A)Paul Broca
B)Sir Charles Sherrington
C)Gustav Theodor Fritsch
D)Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Answer: A
Q2) Draw a diagram demonstrating the approach known as the scientific method. Your diagram should indicate the general procedures used and the order in which they are performed.
Answer: Answers will vary. Each should include the following:
- make an observation
- ask why it came about - form a hypothesis
- design and perform an experiment
- draw a conclusion
- may also include replication
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Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements best describes the immediate consequence of neurotransmitter molecules binding to ligand-gated ion channel receptors?
A)Voltage-gated channels in the cell membrane open and permit ion flow through the membrane.
B)The activity of the sodium-potassium pumps increases.
C)Calcium absorption into the axon terminal cell is triggered.
D)Neurotransmitter-containing vesicles bind to the inside of the axon terminal membrane.
Answer: A
Q2) Within a neuron, the transmission of information is usually ________. Between neurons, the transmission of information is usually ________.
A)chemical; chemical
B)electrical; electrical
C)electrical; chemical
D)chemical; electrical
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Functional connectivity is a measure of functional relatedness between different A)stimuli.
B)brain regions. C)neurons.
D)methods.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves manipulating the orientation of hydrogen atoms?
A)MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
B)PET (positron emission tomography)
C)MEG (magnetoencephalography)
D)ERP (event-related potential)
Answer: A
Q3) Weaver mice are a knockout strain in which Purkinje cells, the prominent cell type in the hippocampus, fail to develop. As a result, these mice are "maze dull."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The right hemisphere is more important than the left for both the perception and production of facial expressions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Based on what you have learned about laterality, which of the following statements is most accurate?
A)People utilize the right hemisphere for visual spatial tasks.
B)People utilize the left hemisphere for language.
C)Both hemispheres play a role in most tasks in all people, working in concert with each other.
D)The hemispheres are functionally identical.
Q3) Which of the following people would be most likely to receive the split-brain procedure?
A)a person with amnesia
B)a person with schizophrenia
C)a person with aphasia
D)a person with epilepsy
Q4) The right and left hemispheres have both been called interpreters. Describe the difference.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it difficult to investigate the conscious experience of perception using monkeys?
A)Monkeys do not have conscious experiences.
B)We cannot infer a conscious experience from monkeys' behavior.
C)Human visual regions do not correspond perfectly to monkey visual regions.
D)Visual illusions do not affect nonhuman animals.
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of cortical plasticity?
A)the processing of tactile information by blind people in cortical regions that process visual information in sighted people
B)the ability of the barn owl to localize objects in space based on auditory and not visual information
C)the integration of information about olfaction and gustation in the orbitofrontal cortex
D)the activation of the superior colliculus by visual information in patients exhibiting blindsight
Q3) What would the subjective experience of color-grapheme synesthesia be like?
Describe an experiment (real or hypothetical) that would demonstrate that these associations are automatically experienced.
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral.
A)"where"; "what"
B)"what"; "where"
C)"who"; "what"
D)"what"; "who"
Q2) What categories of visual stimuli have regions of cortex that are activated when a person views examples from each category? Describe one approach that can establish a causal role of each region for perceiving these categories. Why is this evidence that these regions are involved in processing these categories?
Q3) A patient's ability to represent the spatial layout of their environment has become disturbed. The patient most likely has damage in the _____ lobe.
A)temporal
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)occipital
Q4) What are some of the ethical issues that come up regarding mind reading? Describe the potential pros and cons of "mind-reading" technologies.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following phenomena is the most problematic for a strong early-selection view of attention?
A)endogenous cuing
B)the cocktail party phenomenon
C)exogenous cuing
D)intrusion of the unattended
Q2) Studies of attention employing the P1 waveform and the N1 waveform suggest that
A)both vision and audition involve a late-selection mechanism.
B)both vision and audition involve an early-selection mechanism.
C)visual attention primarily involves early selection, whereas auditory attention primarily involves late selection.
D)auditory attention primarily involves early selection, whereas visual attention primarily involves late selection.
Q3) The P1 ERP is associated most closely with the
A)direction of attention to the spatial location of a visually presented object.
B)pop-out of feature-based visual targets in visual search.
C)direction of attention to the specific ear through which a particular signal is presented.
D)increased activity of cells in the primary and secondary auditory cortex.
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9
Chapter 8: Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a population vector? How do population vectors play a role in the initiation of a movement?
Q2) Which of the following would demonstrate the finding that some aspects of motor learning are independent of the specific effectors used to perform an action?
A)Right-handed pitchers have great difficulty in throwing a baseball accurately with the left hand.
B)Actions such as the backhand stroke in tennis require the coordination of a sequence of separate movements.
C)All cyclists tend to use the same set of effectors in riding, regardless of the specific age at which they learned to ride a bicycle.
D)One's signature looks very similar regardless of whether one uses the left or the right hand to produce it.
Q3) Why is the basal ganglia structure referred to as a "gatekeeper?" How is inhibition used in its gatekeeping functions?
Q4) Describe the neurological condition of apraxia. How does this disorder inform our understanding of how complex movements are represented in the brain?
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Chapter 9: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that
A)memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres.
B)encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.
C)implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere, whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere.
D)working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere.
Q2) Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active
A)for items that are correctly recollected as old items.
B)for items that are incorrectly recollected as old items.
C)for items that are correctly rejected as new items.
D)for items that are incorrectly rejected as new items.
Q3) Describe the Baddeley-Hitch model of working memory. In your answer, provide the names and descriptions for the three major components of the model, along with their likely neurological correlates.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Emotion
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64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of emotion?
A)left lateral prefrontal cortex
B)left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
C)left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)left rostromedial prefrontal cortex
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a well-established basic emotion?
A)anger
B)sadness
C)contempt
D)surprise
Q3) The insula is MOST involved in which of the following?
A)happiness
B)disgust
C)love
D)sadness
Q4) The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient's symptoms include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output. Which part of this person's brain is most likely damaged?
A)the anterior language areas in the right hemisphere
B)the posterior language areas in the right hemisphere
C)the anterior language areas in the left hemisphere
D)the posterior language areas in the left hemisphere
Q2) ________ specifically refers to the variations in the pitch of a speaker's voice that convey emotion and emphasis in speech.
A)Phonology
B)Prosody
C)Speech segmentation
D)Orthography
Q3) In Hagoort's language model, the "memory" component is mediated by the ________, the "unification" component by the ________, and the "control" component by the ________.
A)inferior frontal cortex; temporal lobe; lateral frontal cortex
B)inferior frontal cortex; lateral frontal cortex; temporal lobe
C)temporal lobe; lateral frontal cortex; inferior frontal cortex
D)temporal lobe; inferior frontal gyrus; lateral frontal cortex
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the
A)primary motor cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal pole.
B)lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex.
C)frontal pole, medial frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate.
D)medial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and primary motor cortex.
Q2) One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000), which could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area, is that
A)one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task-relevant.
B)separate regions within the prefrontal cortex are specialized for these different functions.
C)the prefrontal cortex is not directly involved in memory but is a relay station for information processing that occurs in the temporal lobes.
D)information in the prefrontal cortex is temporarily represented in other neural sites, including the basal ganglia, during working memory.
Q3) Which aspects of memory are compromised following damage to the frontal lobe? Which aspects are relatively unimpaired?
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the experimental economics task known as the "Ultimatum Game," one participant must choose how to split a sum of money with another player. The second player can choose to accept the offer-or to reject it, meaning neither player receives anything.
Consideration of unfair offers is associated with activity in the ________, an area that has been associated with disgust.
A)superior temporal sulcus
B)orbitofrontal cortex
C)cingulate cortex
D)insula
Q2) The Sally-Anne task is used to test whether someone can understand how others' thoughts differ from our own. Describe two populations that have difficulty with this task. What is similar or different about these populations?
Q3) Which of the following resulted in the significant personality changes observed in Phineas Gage?
A)Parkinson's disease
B)temporal lobe epilepsy
C)orbitofrontal damage
D)limbic damage
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Chapter 14: The Consciousness Problem
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Sample Questions
Q1) The principle of complementarity suggests that we can understand our phenomenal experience if we understand the firing of neurons.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain how quantum mechanics supports free will over determinism.
Q3) Imagine you develop a technique to introduce language processing into a split-brain patient's right hemisphere. How would this likely change the right hemisphere's ability to make inferences?
A)Its inference abilities would improve.
B)Its inference abilities would worsen.
C)Its inference abilities would disappear.
D)Its inferences abilities would not change.
Q4) How would theorists who follow Pinker's perspective label your subjective experience of viewing the colors of your textbook?
A)qualia
B)sentience
C)self-knowledge
D)access to information
Q5) Why do we need an interpreter system?
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