Brain and Behavior Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Brain and Behavior explores the intricate relationship between neural processes and behavioral outcomes. This course examines the structure and function of the nervous system, focusing on how brain activity translates into perception, emotion, movement, learning, and memory. Students will learn about the biological bases of behavior, including neuroanatomy, neurotransmission, sensory systems, and the effects of both genetics and environment on brain development. The course also addresses current issues in neuroscience, such as understanding mental illnesses, brain injury, and neuroplasticity, offering insights into how advances in brain research are shaping our understanding of human thought and action.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 5th Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that
A)different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits.
B)in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
C)behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus-response relationships.
D)internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways.
Answer: D
Q2) Draw a diagram demonstrating the approach known as the scientific method. Your diagram should indicate the general procedures used and the order in which they are performed.
Answer: Answers will vary. Each should include the following: - make an observation
- ask why it came about - form a hypothesis - design and perform an experiment
- draw a conclusion
- may also include replication
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Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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Q1) The dorsal portions of the gray matter in the spinal cord carry A)motor information.
B)sensory information.
C)motor and sensory information from the dorsal surface of the body.
D)sensory and motor information to the cerebellum.
Answer: B
Q2) The value of the membrane potential to which an axon must be depolarized to initiate an action potential is called the ________ potential for that neuron.
A)graded
B)resting
C)threshold
D)refractory
Answer: C
Q3) Neurons in two different regions of Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic map always A)use different types of neurotransmitters to communicate.
B)differ in cell morphology and organization.
C)lie inside different lobes of the cerebral cortex.
D)are separated by fissures in the cortex.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) The term tonotopic refers to the fact that the cochlea and the auditory cortex contain maps that are organized according to the sound frequencies that best stimulate the cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What part of the brain does an angiogram allow you to visualize?
A)ventricles
B)meninges
C)cell bodies
D)arteries
Answer: D
Q3) Some progressive neurological disorders can be caused by viruses like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the herpes simplex virus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Hemispheric Specialization
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of the Wada test?
A)It entails the injection of amobarbital.
B)It can be used to determine which hemisphere is language dominant.
C)It determines the extent to which the corpus callosum has been resected.
D)It is used before elective surgery for the treatment of epilepsy.
Q2) Brain asymmetries are restricted to the cerebral cortex and are not found in subcortical structures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the hallmarks of humans is our ability to draw causal inferences. In the textbook this is termed________
A)the visionary.
B)the clairvoyant.
C)the interpreter.
D)the predicter.
Q4) Damage to the right hemisphere is known to cause visual spatial function deficits. Give an example of a result from an experiment that supports this.
Q5) Describe how the facial expressions of right- and left-hemisphere-damaged patients differ.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Sobel and colleagues (Gelstein et al., 2011) asked male participants to rate pictures of women's faces in terms of sexual attraction. While rating the photos, they instructed the participants to sniff either tears from "donor women" or an odorless saline solution. Which of the following best summarizes the findings of this study?
A)Participants rated faces as less sexually attractive when sniffing tears compared to when they were sniffing the saline solution.
B)Participants rated faces as more sexually attractive when sniffing tears compared to when they were sniffing the saline solution.
C)Participants were equally likely to rate faces as sexually attractive, regardless of whether they were sniffing tears or saline.
D)There were no differences in participant ratings, however functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data revealed differences in activation for brain areas associated with sexual arousal.
Q2) How do we know that somatosensory cortex is plastic? Describe the method and results of at least one experiment to support your answer.
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Q1) Selective damage to the primary visual cortex typically leads to visual agnosia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A patient's ability to represent the spatial layout of their environment has become disturbed. The patient most likely has damage in the _____ lobe.
A)temporal
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)occipital
Q3) As a neurologist, you have a patient with prosopagnosia, and the patient has also lost the ability to read. Which of the following are you LEAST likely to report after examining this patient?
A)Patient shows signs of a lesion in the inferior parietal lobe.
B)Patient shows signs of a lesion in the ventral pathway.
C)Patient is able to identify an individual when hearing the individual's voice.
D)Patient demonstrates impaired object perception.
Q4) Three primary localized regions include face, place, and clothes areas.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Attention
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Q1) In attention experiments, cues that correctly predict the location of the target are called ________, whereas cues that predict other locations are called ________.
A)endogenous; exogenous
B)benefits; costs
C)valid; invalid
D)overt; covert
Q2) Describe the cortical structures involved in attention. Do you think these structures contribute to voluntary or reflexive attention? Why or why not?
Q3) Techniques such as EEG are particularly well suited to studies of attention. However, one difficulty in using these techniques is that
A)one must also use a structural neuroimaging technique to isolate the source of attentional activation to a specific brain structure.
B)one must also use a functional neuroimaging technique to isolate the source of attentional activation to a specific brain structure.
C)EEG is an expensive and extremely invasive neuroimaging technique.
D)electrical signals in the brain are not affected by the use of focused attention.
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Chapter 8: Action
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Q1) After suffering a focal brain injury, a patient has great difficulty in pantomiming particular motor actions such as turning a key in a lock. Because other problems like hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and lack of motivation have been ruled out, your diagnosis would be
A)agnosia.
B)apraxia.
C)anomia.
D)akinetopsia.
Q2) Parkinson's disease results from cell death in the _______, which is a part of the _______.
A)substantia nigra; cerebellum
B)substantia nigra; basal ganglia
C)striatum; cerebellum
D)striatum; basal ganglia
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?
A)the putamen
B)the claustrum
C)the caudate
D)the globus pallidus
Q4) How is the planning of a complex movement hierarchical? Provide an example.
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Chapter 9: Memory
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Q1) Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with alcoholism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Lesions to the hippocampus typically do not result in profound memory problems unless the lesions also encompass the amygdala.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the Baddeley-Hitch model of working memory. In your answer, provide the names and descriptions for the three major components of the model, along with their likely neurological correlates.
Q4) Research using the mismatch field (MMF), which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN), has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about
A)10 milliseconds.
B)100 milliseconds.
C)1 second.
D)10 seconds.
Q5) Define each of the three major stages of learning.
Q6) Describe the BIC model. Describe an experiment that supports the model.
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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Q1) Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach. In one conceptualization, the first factor is ________, or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is, and the second factor is ________, or how intense the emotional response is.
A)arousal; valence
B)valence; arousal
C)excitation; benignity
D)benignity; excitation
Q2) A common conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that the recognition of the six basic facial expressions of emotion is processed in the amygdala.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the different brain areas involved in emotion. What role does the amygdala play in these systems? How does it differ from the role of other brain areas?
Q5) Describe the role of the insula in emotion.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) In studies with implanted electrodes, Sahin and colleagues (2009) found that Broca's area processed which elements of language?
A)lexical
B)grammatical
C)phonological
D)All of the answer options are correct.
Q2) Describe Hagoort's model of language, including its three functional components and the brain areas to which they relate.
Q3) Patient "Tan," studied by the neurologist Broca, had great difficulty in generating spontaneous speech and was unable to utter any word other than the nonsense syllable "tan." Postmortem autopsy of Tan's brain revealed
A)abnormal EEG signals from the left frontal operculum.
B)a lesion in the left inferior frontal cortex.
C)cerebral hemorrhage in the right inferior frontal lobes.
D)demyelination in a region of the left anterior frontal lobes.
Q4) What pathway does spoken word recognition take in the brain? Describe the role of the most important areas in this network.
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Control
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Q1) Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997, 1998) conducted an experiment in which participants generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun. They found that the processing of nouns such as rope, which have many semantically associated verbs, elicited ________ activity in the inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors, which do not. This result supports the ________ hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function.
A)greater; working memory retrieval
B)greater; selection
C)less; working memory retrieval
D)less; selection
Q2) With which of the following is prediction error NOT correlated?
A)the difference between what is expected and what is obtained
B)changes in dopamine activity
C)updating of valuation of information and learning
D)the unconditioned stimulus
Q3) The ventromedial zone is also known as (the)
A)primary motor cortex.
B)Wernicke's area.
C)anterior cingulate cortex.
D)orbitofrontal cortex.
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Chapter 13: Social Cognition
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Q1) What were the circumstances under which Phineas Gage sustained his brain injury?
A)a 20-foot fall during construction of the Eiffel Tower that resulted in coup-contrecoup injury
B)a gunshot wound during the Battle of Gettysburg that penetrated his skull
C)an explosion while laying a Vermont railway that sent a tamping iron through his head
D)a shipwreck off the coast of Australia that deprived his brain of oxygen for 10 minutes
Q2) When reading a series of statements such as "At the party, he was the first to start dancing on the table," the ________ is more active when making a personality inference as opposed to remembering the order of the statements.
A)anterior insula cortex
B)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C)anterior cingulate cortex
D)medial prefrontal cortex
Q3) Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered than that which is processed in relation to others.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Consciousness Problem
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Q1) Discuss what the characteristics of split-brain patients can tell us about conscious experience.
Q2) Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?
A)scaffolding
B)storage
C)both scaffolding and storage
D)neither scaffolding nor storage
Q3) Which statement below is both true and suggestive that chimpanzees and bonobos might have a conscious state?
A)They share a common ancestor with humans.
B)Their brains are split into hemispheres.
C)They can develop Capgras syndrome.
D)The scaffolding to storage framework proposes these species have a conscious state.
Q4) Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness?
A)thalamus
B)brainstem
C)cerebral cortex
D)cerebellum
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