Brain and Behavior
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Brain and Behavior explores the intricate relationship between the structure and function of the brain and how these biological processes manifest in observable behaviors. The course delves into topics such as neural communication, brain anatomy, the effects of neurotransmitters, and the biological bases for sensation, perception, emotion, learning, memory, and mental health disorders. Students will gain an understanding of how brain activity influences actions and experiences, with case studies and contemporary research highlighting the connection between physiological mechanisms and behavioral outcomes.
Recommended Textbook
Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9th Edition by Neil R. Carlson
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16 Chapters
1924 Verified Questions
1924 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Darwin proposed the principle of
A) specific nerve energy.
B) homeostasis.
C) experimental ablation.
D) natural selection.
E) functionalism..
Answer: D
Q2) Research involving animals was required in order to study and develop treatments for which of the following human diseases?
A) melanoma
B) stroke
C) bulimia nervosa
D) baldness
E) phobia
Answer: B
Q3) Scientific explanations consist of generalizations and reductions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following ion channel events will produce an EPSP?
A) opening a sodium channel
B) closing a sodium channel
C) opening a potassium channel
D) opening a manganese channel
E) closing a calcium channel
Answer: A
Q2) Discuss the general support functions of glial cells for the nervous system.
Answer: Glial cells: provide physical or structural support for individual neurons; provide energy to neurons; take away waste products; buffer the environment of a nerve cell; provide insulation in the form of myelin; digest dead or dying nerve cells; are involved in immune function.
Q3) Match the correct function with the appropriate neuronal organelle.
A) cell membrane; production of fat-like molecules
B) mitochondria; formation of vesicles
C) DNA; breakdown of proteins
D) microtubules; transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals
E) cytoskeleton; extraction of energy for cell use
Answer: D
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term ________ means "interbrain."
A) telencephalon
B) diencephalon
C) mesencephalon
D) myelencephalon
E) metencephalon
Answer: B
Q2) Circulation of CSF begins with formation in the spinal cord and terminates with absorption in the lateral ventricles.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which structure is a part of the peripheral nervous system?
A) ventricles
B) brain
C) spinal cord
D) peripheral ganglia
E) cerebellum
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amino acid tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of norepinephrine.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A drug that blocks or slows reuptake of a transmitter substance is termed an antagonist.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter.
A) acetylcholine; facilitates of learning
B) dopamine; suppresses certain species-typical behaviors
C) norepinephrine; facilitates of learning
D) serotonin; increases vigilance
E) GABA; generally activates voluntary movements
Q4) Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The term "direct antagonist" is synonymous with "receptor blocker."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Methods and Strategies of Research
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provide an overview of how immunocytochemistry techniques are used for the localization of neurotransmitter receptors in brain.
Q2) Which of the following is true of the anterograde labeling procedure?
A) A target molecule is injected into the blood stream.
B) The target molecule is transported from the axon terminals back to the soma and dendrites.
C) The target molecule is taken up by the glial of cells in the injection zone.
D) Eventually most regions of the cell are filled with the target molecule.
E) A light microscope is used to visualize the cells in a section that contain the target molecules.
Q3) The primary disadvantage of the PET scan technique relates to
A) the operating cost of the scanner.
B) the long half-life of the radioactive 2-DG molecule.
C) the inherent danger posed by the technique.
D) an inability of the technique to assess changes in metabolic activity.
E) the fact that the technique can measure neuron volume, but not activity.
Q4) Explain how autoradiography can be used to measure the activity of brain cells.
Q5) Explain the rationale for experimental ablation studies.
Q6) Explain what is meant by the term "excitotoxin."
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Vision
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fact that we experience the color green after viewing a red object would be taken as support for the
A) notion that the retina contains three types of photopigments.
B) importance of color mixing in the visual system.
C) opponent-process theory of color vision.
D) idea that the visual system performs an algebraic summation of lights to generate a color perception.
E) trichromatic theory of color vision.
Q2) There are fewer "blue" cones in the retina than "red" or "green" cones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The extrastriate cortex is also called the prestriate or circumstriate cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the role of the extrastriate cortex in the perception of movement.
Q5) Explain what is involved in the process of sensory transduction.
Q6) Explain the organization of neurons into modules in the striate cortex.Specify which neurons respond to color,orientation,spatial frequency,movement,and retinal disparity.
Q7) Describe the primary visual pathway.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical
Senses
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outer hair cells are more numerous in the cochlea than are inner hair cells.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ________ is a hollow region just beyond the tympanic membrane that contains the ossicles.
A) outer ear
B) inner ear
C) organ of Corti
D) pinna
E) middle ear
Q3) Low-frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs would be expected to produce A) dizziness.
B) a state of panic.
C) no definable sensation.
D) nystagmus.
E) nausea.
Q4) A plant alkaloid is an example of a natural product that generates a bitter taste. A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An electro-oculogram measures
A) heart rate over time.
B) eye movements.
C) changes in blood pressure.
D) electrical potentials within the brain.
E) the resistance of the skin to electrical current.
Q2) The neurons that turn on REM sleep are located in the A) pons.
B) occipital cortex.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D) globus pallidus.
E) preoptic area.
Q3) Sleep stages 3 and 4 are also called
A) REM sleep.
B) high-frequency sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) paradoxical sleep.
E) rhythmic sleep.
Q4) Compare the characteristics of non-REM sleep with that of REM sleep.
Q5) Describe the types of problems that occur during slow-wave sleep.
10
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Chapter 9: Reproductive Behavior
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correct sequence of neural pathways that control the muscles responsible for lordosis in female rats is
A) medial amygdala -> medial preoptic area -> PAG -> ventral horn of the spinal cord
B) VMH -> PAG -> nPGi -> ventral horn of the spinal cord
C) VMH -> nucleus accumbens -> dorsal horn of the spinal cord
D) medial amygdala -> medial preoptic area -> PAG -> nucleus ambiguous
E) VMH -> PAG -> medullary reticular formation -> SNB
Q2) Which sequence of hormone treatment produces receptive behaviors in an ovariectomized female rat?
A) a small dose of progesterone alone
B) a small dose of oxytocin alone
C) oxytocin dose followed thereafter by a progesterone dose
D) a small dose of estradiol alone
E) a small dose of estradiol followed thereafter by a progesterone dose
Q3) Provide an overview of the hormonal events that form the human menstrual cycle (include in your answer a diagram showing hormone fluctuations across time).
Q4) Describe and explain the differences between masculinization and defeminization.Give an example for each effect.
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______ is critical for the ______ of emotion.
A) lateral nucleus of the amygdala; expression
B) central nucleus of the amygdala; expression
C) medial basal forebrain; experience
D) hippocampus; experience
E) insular cortex; expression
Q2) Electrical stimulation of the ________ induces a feeling of fear in humans.
A) nucleus accumbens
B) thalamus
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) amygdala
E) reticular activating system
Q3) Moral judgments that involve deciding to harm another person _______ activity within the _______.
A) decrease; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B) increase; motor cortex
C) increase; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
D) decrease; hippocampus
E) increase; ventromedial hypothalamus
Q4) Describe the types of emotional stimuli that activate cells within the amygdala.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Ingestive Behavior
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ thirst refers to drinking provoked by loss of blood plasma.
A) Osmometric
B) Volumetric
C) Extravascular
D) Intravascular
E) Transvascular
Q2) The ob mouse becomes obese because it lacks the gene that normally produces
A) CCK.
B) leptin.
C) insulin.
D) NPY.
E) glutamate.
Q3) The effects of NPY on eating are due to activation of ________ localized within the
A) MCH neurons; lateral hypothalamus
B) glutamate receptors; lateral hypothalamus
C) NMDA receptors; amygdala
D) alpha-adrenergic receptors; paraventricular hypothalamus
E) leptin; liver
Q4) Describe the stimuli and receptors that induce volumetric thirst.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with anterograde amnesia
A) show impairment of perceptual memory.
B) show impairments in motor memory.
C) show impairment of complex relational learning.
D) are unable to recall childhood experiences.
E) show facilitated stimulus-response learning.
Q2) Transcortical connections between the sensory association cortex and the motor association cortex are involved in
A) conditioned emotional responses.
B) sensory memory.
C) the acquisition of simple behaviors by observation.
D) the acquisition of episodic memory.
Q3) The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to a physical modification of the synapse to include
A) more postsynaptic NMDA receptors.
B) more postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
C) fewer synaptic connections.
D) more postsynaptic GABA contacts.
E) fewer presynaptic GABA contacts.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Human Communication
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The key function of human verbal behavior is to A) have behavioral effects on others.
B) allow us to protect our property from others.
C) allow us to hide our emotions..
D) convey information about our environment..
E) locate objects in space.
Q2) A person who has difficulties in the use of word order,use of function words,and selection of appropriate word endings would be said to have A) averbia.
B) anosmia.
C) agrammatism.
D) articulation disorder.
E) anomia.
Q3) The key brain regions involved in Broca's aphasia is/are A) portions of the planum temporale.
B) left posterior cerebral cortex.
C) the arcuate fasciculus.
D) inferior right frontal lobe.
E) inferior left frontal lobe.
Q4) Explain why verbal behavior is considered to be lateralized within the brain.
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Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of Huntington's disease (HD)?
A) HD is characterized by a poverty of movement.
B) HD can be cured using pallidotomy.
C) People who develop HD at a younger age have shorter stretches of glutamine.
D) HD is a hereditary disorder involving chromosome 4.
E) HD involves degeneration of the mesolimbic DA system.
Q2) Which of the following statements about an embolus is correct?
A) It is composed of debris that travels in blood and eventually lodges in an artery.
B) It can consist of pieces of thrombi.
C) It can be caused by infection within the wall of the heart.
D) It is due to pressure exerted by a tumor.
E) An embolus secretes acids which destroy neurons.
Q3) Misfolded prion proteins may be toxic to brain cells because these
A) can be passed from neuron to neuron.
B) trigger apoptosis in a neuron.
C) overstimulate glutamate receptors.
D) block sodium currents through the neuron membrane.
E) damage lysosomes leading to neuron swelling.
Q4) Differentiate between a benign and a malignant tumor.
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Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to A) having an older father.
B) excessive birth weight.
C) brain damage.
D) a "schizophrenia gene."
E) overactivity of dopaminergic neurons.
Q2) Distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and provide two examples of each type.
Q3) Which of the following is among the most effective treatments for panic disorder?
A) benzodiazepine drugs
B) tricyclic antidepressant drugs
C) MAO inhibitor drugs
D) ketamine therapy
E) behavioral therapy
Q4) Damage to the cingulum bundle aggravates obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain why clozapine is considered to be an "atypical" antipsychotic medication.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Decreased sensitivity to a drug after repeated use is termed A) euphoria.
B) drug depression.
C) tolerance.
D) inverse mania.
E) addiction.
Q2) Imagine that you have ingested a drug that prevents alcohol from binding to GABAA receptors just before you join friends at a bar.Which of the following would you expect to happen to you?
A) You show no signs of sedation, even after 9 beers.
B) One beer puts you to sleep.
C) The pill makes alcohol taste bitter, causing you to vomit after one sip.
D) You find alcohol more intoxicating.
E) You would experience intense euphoria with the first beer.
Q3) Where are the opiate receptors located that are responsible for the following: analgesia,sedation,and reinforcement?
Q4) Describe the relationship between stress and infectious disease
Q5) Boys are about ten times more likely than girls to receive a diagnosis of ADHD. A)True B)False
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