Brain and Behavior Exam Review
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationships between the brain and behavior, examining how neural processes underlie human thoughts, emotions, and actions. Students will study the anatomical structure and physiological function of the nervous system, focusing on how sensory perception, learning, memory, motivation, and emotion are generated and regulated. The course also delves into the biological bases of psychological disorders, the effects of brain injury, and the impact of genetics and environment on brain development. Through a combination of lectures, readings, and discussions, students will gain a foundational understanding of neuroscience as it relates to behavior, preparing them for further study in psychology, biology, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9th Edition by Neil R. Carlson
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1924 Verified Questions
1924 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Epileptic seizures can be controlled by
A) administration of drugs such as cocaine or amphetamine.
B) drugs that block the action of acetylcholine in the brain.
C) removal of the cerebral cortex.
D) cutting the corpus callosum.
E) electrical stimulation of sub-cortical brain structures.
Answer: D
Q2) A larger brain allowed primates to develop which of the following capacities and abilities?
A) the ability to huddle in the forest to keep warm.
B) use of smell to identify food
C) use of language to signal information to other members of the group
D) the ability to locomote within the forest
E) the capacity to chew and swallow food
Answer: C
Q3) Fritsch and Hitzig used electrical stimulation to locate the primary motor cortex in a dog brain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of neurotransmitter function?
A) Neurotransmitters diffuse widely across the brain to exert changes in metabolism.
B) Neurotransmitters directly alter ion channels using a second-messenger chemical.
C) Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse from the cistaerna.
D) Neurotransmitters open ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.
E) Neurotransmitters alter ion channel activity for minutes.
Answer: D
Q2) An impaired ability to sense temperature and touch might be expected after damage to which type of nerve cell?
A) glial cells
B) multipolar neurons
C) unipolar neurons
D) Schwann cells
E) microglial cells
Answer: C
Q3) What is the general function of autoreceptors?
Answer: To modulate the internal biochemical activity of the presynaptic cell.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System
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130 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ________ is a tough protective sheath that covers the brain and that lies closest to the skull.
A) dura mater
B) pia mater
C) dorsa mater
D) arachnoid membrane
E) midsagittal sinus
Answer: A
Q2) The red nucleus and substantia nigra are located in the ________ and are involved in ________.
A) diencephalon; the motor system
B) tectum; sleep and arousal
C) tegmentum; the motor system
D) spinal cord; the autonomic nervous system
E) reticular formation; pain perception
Answer: C
Q3) The rostral end of the neural tube forms the human forebrain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain what is meant by a therapeutic index (TI).
Q2) Which neurotransmitter activates voluntary movements and reinforces behavior?
A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin
E) GABA
Q3) Amphetamine is used to treat Parkinson's disease.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following neuron systems that use ACh has been related to the control of REM sleep?
A) dorsolateral pons ACh system
B) hypothalamocortical ACh system
C) basal forebrain ACh system
D) medial septal ACh system
E) nigrostriatal Ach system
Q5) Neuropeptides are removed from the synapse by membrane transporters. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Methods and Strategies of Research
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peptides or proteins can be localized in brain using A) immunocytochemistry.
B) microiontophoresis.
C) in situ hybridization.
D) high-performance liquid chromatography.
E) microdialysis.
Q2) Which of the following is true of the use of microscopes in histology?
A) Scanning electron microscopes are used to generate PET scan images.
B) A light microscope can magnify an image up to X1500, which is sufficient to view some neuron details such as synaptic vesicles.
C) A light microscope can resolve fine synaptic details such as synaptic vesicles.
D) A scanning electron microscope shows better resolution than does an electron microscope.
E) A scanning electron microscope shows three-dimensional details in nerve tissue.
Q3) Explain what is meant by the term "excitotoxin."
Q4) Lesions produced by kainic acid spare fibers of passage.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) A key function of rod photoreceptors is to
A) detect colors.
B) detect fine details in the visual field.
C) detect light under low levels of illumination.
D) detect light under high levels of illumination.
E) detect the texture of the visual scene.
Q2) Explain the notion that neurons in striate cortex function as feature detectors.
Q3) Prosopagnosia is
A) an inability to distinguish colors.
B) the inability to recognize a particular face.
C) usually accompanied by achromatopsia.
D) a difficulty in recognizing objects by texture cues.
E) a problem in linking remote memories with new memories.
Q4) Human can detect wavelengths of light between the ________ rays and the ________ rays.
A) X-; gamma
B) X-; ultraviolet
C) gamma; ultraviolet
D) ultraviolet; infrared
E) infrared; radar
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Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical
Senses
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ratio of inner hair cells to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately
A) 1:1.
B) 4:1.
C) 1:3.
D) 8:2.
E) 2:7.
Q2) A high-frequency tone would be expected to produce a maximal bending of the ________ nearest the ________.
A) tectorial membrane; round window
B) basilar membrane; oval window
C) basilar membrane; round window
D) tectorial membrane; oval window
E) tympanic membrane; round window
Q3) Sodium channels form receptors that play a key role in the perception of A) acids.
B) umami.
C) salts.
D) sugars.
E) toxic alkaloids.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major disorder suffered by Michael,the subject of the chapter prologue,was
A) a nighttime eating disorder.
B) an anxiety disorder.
C) narcolepsy.
D) a slow-wave sleep behavior disorder.
E) insomnia.
Q2) Drugs that deplete brain levels of histamine ______.
A) inhibit slow wave sleep.
B) decrease waking.
C) induce symptoms of narcolepsy.
D) suppress REM sleep.
E) enhance rapid eye movements.
Q3) Describe the types of problems that occur during slow-wave sleep.
Q4) REM sleep facilitates the consolidation of non-declarative memory.
A)True B)False
Q5) Light is the primary zeitgeber for most mammals' activity cycles.
A)True B)False
Q6) Describe the symptoms of narcolepsy.
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Chapter 9: Reproductive Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Electrical stimulation of the ________ elicits copulatory behavior in the ________.
A) medial preoptic area; female rat
B) central nucleus of the amygdala; female rat
C) ventromedial nucleus; male rat
D) medial preoptic area; male rat
E) spinal cord; female rat
Q2) Which sequence of hormone treatment produces receptive behaviors in an ovariectomized female rat?
A) a small dose of progesterone alone
B) a small dose of oxytocin alone
C) oxytocin dose followed thereafter by a progesterone dose
D) a small dose of estradiol alone
E) a small dose of estradiol followed thereafter by a progesterone dose
Q3) Which of the following is true of male sexual behavior?
A) Pelvic thrusting is limited to males.
B) Ejaculation refers to the discharge of semen from the penis.
C) Intromission refers to a break between bouts of sexual behavior.
D) Orgasm requires intromission.
E) The sexual behavior of human males requires high levels of testosterone.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Emotion
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Activation of the ________ elicits various behavioral,autonomic,and hormonal emotional responses.
A) nucleus accumbens
B) central nucleus of the amygdala
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) medial geniculate nucleus
E) posterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus
Q2) The physical changes responsible for conditioning of emotional responses take place in the
A) orbitofrontal cortex.
B) lateral nucleus of the amygdala.
C) medial nucleus of the amygdala.
D) lateral hypothalamus.
E) periaqueductal gray matter.
Q3) Aggressive behaviors are independent of reproductive behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe evidence supporting the involvement of the amygdala in emotional behavior.
Q5) Defend the proposition that emotional expressions are innate.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Ingestive Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which pair of peptides contained within the lateral hypothalamus is thought to increase eating?
A) insulin and CCK
B) serotonin and CCK
C) NPY and orexin
D) orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone
E) CCK and ghrelin
Q2) Describe the role of ghrelin in the control of eating.
Q3) Which of the following is true of leptin?
A) Leptin is a product of protein metabolism.
B) Leptin levels are decreased during overeating and obesity.
C) Mutations of the leptin gene are the most common cause of obesity.
D) Plasma leptin levels are related to body fat content only in obese persons.
E) Few cases of human obesity are related to a mutation of the gene for leptin and leptin receptors.
Q4) Leptin affects food intake,but not metabolism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain why it is believed that the lateral hypothalamus (LH)plays a key role in the control of eating.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) We would expect that ________ would block the induction of LTP in the hippocampus.
A) a drug that blocks NMDA receptors
B) using high-frequency electrical pulses
C) a drug that inactivates NMDA receptors
D) injection into the presynaptic cell of a drug that induces calcium release
E) a drug that blocks GABA receptors
Q2) Memory for events and facts that we can think and talk about is referred to as
A) Hebbian memory.
B) motor memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) declarative memory.
E) nondeclarative memories.
Q3) The NMDA receptor controls ________ that is normally blocked by ________.
A) the input to the hippocampus; presynaptic inhibition
B) a potassium channel; magnesium ions
C) the presynaptic membrane potential; GABA
D) a calcium channel; magnesium ions
E) a chloride channel; sodium ions
Q4) Explain what is meant by the "Hebb rule."
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Human Communication
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108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a reliable means by which to determine which side of the brain is dominant for speech?
A) Ask whether an individual is left-handed or right-handed.
B) Watch the direction of eye movement when a person thinks of a purely linguistic question.
C) Assess changes in cerebral blood flow during verbal behavior.
D) Administer a CT scan.
E) Note in which hand the person holds a book while reading aloud.
Q2) A person who sustains damage to the ________ would be expected to show
A) insular cortex; averbia
B) occipital cortex; hemiparesis
C) frontal cortex; anomia
D) frontal cortex near Broca's area; averbia
E) right posterior parietal cortex; anomia
Q3) The general term used to refer to an impairment of writing is A) dysgraphia.
B) dystypia.
C) orthographia.
D) dyslexia.
E) alexia.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a congenital disorder?
A) phenylketonuria
B) galactosemia
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Down syndrome
E) Parkinson's disease
Q2) A meningioma is a ________ tumor that arises from ________.
A) benign; astrocytes
B) benign; Schwann cells
C) malignant; Schwann cells
D) benign; dural or arachnoid cells
E) malignant; dural or arachnoid cells
Q3) Parkinson's disease has been traced to
A) overproduction of dopamine within the basal ganglia.
B) degeneration of dopamine neurons within the nigrostriatal system.
C) loss of cholinergic neurons within the frontal cortex.
D) overproduction of GABA within the caudate nucleus.
E) overactivation of serotonin neurons in the hippocampus.
Q4) What are the most common forms of viral encephalitis?
Q5) What causes fetal alcohol syndrome? What are the symptoms of this disorder?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person who suffers from agoraphobia has a fear of heights.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The term schizophrenia means a split of the mind into multiple personalities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Women are more likely to suffer from unipolar depression than are men.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Suffering from a major affective disorder carries with it a serious risk of A) developing delusions and compulsions.
B) death by suicide.
C) cardiac disease.
D) loss of dopamine cells within the prefrontal cortex.
E) poor grooming habits.
Q5) Explain why research involving PCP may offer important clues as to the causes of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Q6) Brain trauma can produce obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A)True
B)False Page 17
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The relatively poor ability of an autistic person to interact socially with others is likely due to
A) a failure of activation of their fusiform face area by other faces.
B) damage to the ascending visual pathways.
C) visual acuity problems.
D) enhanced activity within their orbitofrontal cortex.
E) an infection involving the corpus callosum.
Q2) The term "stress" was coined by
A) Hans Selye.
B) James Olds.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Walter Cannon.
E) William James.
Q3) A new treatment for opiate addiction involves the administration of
A) codeine and naltrexone.
B) naloxone and naltrexone.
C) liquid methadone.
D) low doses of naltrexone with high doses of heroin.
E) buprenorphine and naloxone.
Q4) Explain why nicotine is now considered to be an addictive drug.
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