Botany
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Botany is the scientific study of plants, encompassing their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance. This course explores the diversity of plant life, from algae and fungi to flowering plants, highlighting their evolutionary adaptations and roles in ecosystems. Students learn about plant anatomy and morphology, photosynthesis, plant reproduction, and the importance of plants in global ecological processes. Through laboratory exercises and fieldwork, the course provides hands-on experience in plant identification, experimentation, and analysis, fostering an understanding of how plants sustain life on Earth and their significance in agriculture, medicine, and environmental conservation.
Recommended Textbook
Sterns Introductory Plant Biology 13th Edition by James Bidlack
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Chapter 1: What Is Plant Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a catastrophe destroyed all green plants and algae on land and in the water, animal life would be able to survive for approximately __________ before suffocating due to lack of oxygen.
A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 6 years
D) 11 years
E) 100 years
Answer: D
Q2) The objective of scientific research is described as
A) collecting data.
B) developing and testing hypotheses.
C) using human history to explain technological advances.
D) using scientific instrumentation such as microscopes.
E) applying results to improve human lives.
Answer: B
Q3) Science may be defined as "a search for knowledge of the natural world."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Life
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Q1) The bonds that hold atoms together do so through the sharing or transfer of
A) atomic nuclei.
B) electrons.
C) protons.
D) neutrons.
E) molecules.
Answer: B
Q2) The basic 'stuff of the universe' or matter has which of the following characteristics?
A) occupies space
B) has mass
C) is composed of atomic elements
D) occupies space and has mass only
E) all of these
Answer: E
Q3) Protein molecules differ from those of carbohydrates and lipids in having nitrogen present.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leucoplasts contain yellow to orange pigments.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Phragmoplasts are produced during prophase of mitosis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) In plants such as ferns, conifers, and flowering plants, mitosis takes place mostly in
A) meristems.
B) wood.
C) the center of stems.
D) the center of roots.
E) leaves.
Answer: A
Q4) A plasma membrane consists primarily of carbohydrate molecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nectar is an example of a substance transported in the xylem tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following cells has a relatively thick wall?
A) companion cell
B) parenchyma cell
C) sclereid
D) sieve-tube element
E) vascular cambium cell
Q3) Which tissue is derived from the apical meristem?
A) protoderm
B) cork cambium
C) periderm
D) secondary phloem
E) secondary xylem
Q4) The porous regions of sieve-tube elements are called sieve plates.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Roots and Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) Root hairs
A) are specialized epidermal cells.
B) are covered with a waxy cuticle.
C) increase the surface area for absorption of water.
D) live only one day.
E) both [are specialized epidermal cells and increase the surface area for absorption of water] are correct
Q2) When a seed germinates, the part of the embryo that develops into the first root is called a radicle.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following tissues is common in roots but not in stems?
A) endodermis
B) parenchyma
C) cortex
D) epidermis
E) pith
Q4) Soils in low wet areas tend to contain hardly any organic matter.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Stems
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Q1) Which function does the stem have in common with the root?
A) synthesis of starch
B) photosynthesis
C) conduction
D) absorption
E) both [photosynthesis and conduction] are correct
Q2) Phloem rays appear to be continuous with xylem rays.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The difference between the inner bark and the outer bark is that the outer bark is aged inner bark tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following describe leaf gaps and bud gaps?
A) Gaps in the cylinders of xylem and phloem where traces branch off from them.
B) Air spaces in leaves.
C) Spaces on internodes between leaves.
D) Spaces between bud scales.
E) None of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 7: Leaves
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leaves of ______________ provide fibers for production of cordage, ropes, and other textiles.
A) Manila hemp, a relative of the banana,
B) cotton
C) flax
D) nettle
E) lacebark elm
Q2) In most leaves the number of stomata per square centimeter of surface is
A) 25-50.
B) 100-200.
C) 250-500.
D) 500-750.
E) over 1,000.
Q3) Which of the following insect-trapping leaves do NOT have active traps?
A) sundews
B) pitcher plants
C) butterworts
D) bladderworts
E) Venus flytraps
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
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Q1) Cocklebur is a dry fruit that has small hooks on its surface.This suggests that cocklebur is dispersed by
A) birds or mammals eating the fruit and defecating the seeds at another location.
B) hooking in the fur, feathers, or clothing and being brushed off at another location.
C) floating in a lake or river until being deposited on a distant shore.
D) wind.
E) high pressure expulsion of the seeds from within the fruit.
Q2) Which of the following groups of fruits is representative of drupes?
A) oranges, lemons, limes
B) strawberries, blackberries, raspberries
C) apples, pears, quinces
D) pineapples, mulberries, figs
E) plums, apricots, coconuts
Q3) Seeds germinate immediately after dormancy is removed regardless of temperature, the light environment, or the exclusion of oxygen.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Water in Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT involved in guard cell regulation of stomata opening?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Active transport
C) Osmosis
D) Imbibition
E) Accumulation of potassium ions
Q2) When humidity is high
A) transpiration rates increase.
B) transpiration rates decrease.
C) transpiration ceases altogether.
D) leaves absorb moisture from the air.
E) stomata open wider.
Q3) Active transport in plants apparently involves an enzyme complex that forms a/an
A) channel through the cell membrane
B) passive transport system
C) energy-free transport system
D) proton pump
E) sodium/potassium pump
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Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which list gives the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A) Glucose and oxygen.
B) Carbon dioxide and water.
C) NADPH, ATP, and oxygen molecule.
D) Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
E) Glucose only.
Q2) RuBP is a 5-carbon sugar that is continually being formed during photosynthesis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Resins, gums, oils, and other substances may be manufactured during the process of assimilation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Digestion nearly always involves hydrolysis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Growth
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Q1) The suppression of the growth of axillary or lateral buds is called
A) metabolic inhibition.
B) dioxin toxic syndrome.
C) recessive meristem induction.
D) cytokinin-gibberellin negation.
E) apical dominance.
Q2) Which of the following pertaining to auxins is true?
A) Their migration from the cells where they originate is relatively slow.
B) Their movement is polar.
C) Their movement requires the expenditure of energy stored in ATP molecules.
D) They tend to proceed through parenchyma cells surrounding vascular bundles.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) The applications of certain gibberellins to a lawn can cause it to turn green earlier in the spring.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Apical dominance can be offset with an application of cytokinins to axillary buds.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Meiosis and Alternation of Generation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nuclear envelope disintegrates by the end of prophase I.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sporophytes produce _____ by the process of meiosis.
A) gametes
B) spores
C) vegetative cells
D) egg cells only
E) sperm cells
Q3) Multicellular forms are found in both phases of an alternation of generation life cycle.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Chromosomes line up along equators in both metaphase I and metaphase II.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Fertilization involves fusion of spores.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Haploid and diploid chromosome sets are common in both plants and animals, but plants frequently have additional sets of chromosomes - a condition called
A) point mutation
B) polyploidy
C) translocation
D) inversion
E) aneuploidy
Q2) The genetic information encoded in DNA is difficult to alter, making mutations rare.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Hardy-Weinberg law addresses itself to proportions of genes in a normally interbreeding population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The law of independent assortment is illustrated only in monohybrid crosses.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Plant Breeding and Propagation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Autoclaves are used to produce autoploids.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One advantage of genetic engineering over traditional plant breeding is the introduction of genes from very distantly related organisms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The process of gene "splicing" begins with
A) the breaking of linkages between adjacent nucleotides of plasmids.
B) unpairing nucleotides in linear strands.
C) linking DNA fragments with repair enzymes.
D) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacterial cells.
E) isolation and purification of the foreign gene (DNA) that is to be cloned.
Q4) Cuttings can be made from stems, roots, or leaves.
A)True
B)False
Q5) It is of no particular importance which end of a cutting is inserted in the ground.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Isolating mechanisms, besides that of geography, include which of the following?
A) Failure of hybrids to survive or breed.
B) Failure of embryos to develop.
C) Climate.
D) Different flowering times.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Survival of the fittest meant to Darwin that those individuals best able to survive a cold winter, for example, would leave less offspring than those organisms that entered a dormant condition in winter.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Deletions, translocations, and inversions are chromosomal changes that lead to mutations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Gene flow occurs when a strong wind blows significant number of seeds from one population into a second population.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Plant Names and Classification
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which century was Linnaeus' Species Plantarum published?
A) Fourteenth
B) Sixteenth
C) Seventeenth
D) Eighteenth
E) Nineteenth
Q2) The language of scientific names is the Greek language.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Lichens do not fit easily into any of the classification schemes because they are really two organisms living together.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A dichotomous key is a twofold description of a kingdom.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Whittaker's system of classification is based partly on three basic forms of nutrition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Domain Kingdombacteria, Domain
King-Domarchaea, and Viruses
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Q1) Bacteria that are capable of carrying on photosynthesis are
A) autotrophic.
B) heterotrophic.
C) parasitic.
D) saprobic.
E) nitrate synthesizers.
Q2) Which of the following "useful" bacteria can be used to control Japanese beetles?
A) Bacillus thuringiensis.
B) Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.
C) Bacillus popilliae.
D) Staphylococcus spp.
E) Clostridium botulinum.
Q3) Thick-walled cells of Nostoc and Anabaena that can withstand freezing and other adverse conditions are called
A) heterocysts.
B) holdfasts.
C) akinetes.
D) bloom cells.
E) aplanospores.
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Chapter 18: Kingdom Protista
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the common rockweed Fucus, the spherical chambers in which gametangia are produced are called
A) oogonia.
B) antheridia.
C) receptacles.
D) spermatangia.
E) conceptacles.
Q2) The pigments that give red algae their characteristic colors are
A) anthocyanins.
B) phycobilins.
C) carotenes.
D) xanthophylls.
E) rhodopsins.
Q3) Which of the following do sexually reproducing water molds and Oedogonium have in common?
A) conidia
B) coenocytic hyphae
C) oogonia and antheridia
D) ascocarps and basidiocarps
E) None of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 19: Kingdom Fungi
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Q1) Fungi were first classified as plants, then moved to Kingdom _____________ before being placed in the Kingdom Fungi.
A) Animalia
B) Archaea
C) Bacteria (Monera)
D) Plantae
E) Protista
Q2) Yeasts are multicellular fungi that are important in the brewing and baking industries.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A fungus closely related to Penicillium and used to make soy sauce (shoyu)is
A) Aspergillus.
B) Rhizopus.
C) Pilobolus.
D) Agaricus campestris.
E) Physcia.
Q4) Penicillin is produced by a bread mold.
A)True
B)False
Page 21
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Chapter 20: Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes
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Q1) Asexual reproduction in hornworts occurs through which of the following?
A) gemmae
B) buds
C) rhizomes
D) fragmentation or separation of lobes from the thallus
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Capsules of mosses normally have xylem tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The transition from an aquatic environment to a terrestrial environment required the development of _______________, which kept plants from drying out when exposed to air.
A) cuticle
B) photosynthesis
C) sexual reproduction
D) flagellated, motile cells
E) cell division
Q4) An operculum is a part of the sporophyte generation of a moss.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their
Relatives
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Q1) Ancient relatives of both club mosses and horsetails were large and treelike.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The fern gametophyte is typically _____________________.
A) large and long-lived
B) nonphotosynthetic and saprobic
C) attached to the sporophyte
D) small and photosynthetic
E) used in landscaping
Q3) The leaves of both club mosses and quillworts are microphylls.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is considered to be a likely ancestor of the club mosses?
A) Zosterophyllum
B) Psilotum
C) Tmesipteris
D) Equisetum
E) Isoetes
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Chapter 22: Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
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Q1) Ginkgo seeds, although foul-smelling, are edible.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Conifers (Division Coniferophyta)date back to the
A) Devonian period.
B) Permian period.
C) Triassic period.
D) Carboniferous period.
E) Silurian period.
Q3) The fleshy seed of the _____________ is considered a delicacy in Oriental cuisine.
A) stone pine
B) pinyon pine
C) Pacific yew
D) ginkgo
E) juniper
Q4) Bald cypress trees, like redwoods, are very resistant to decay.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 23: Seed Plants: Angiosperms
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Q1) Which of the following is part of a compound ovary within which seeds develop from ovules?
A) carpel
B) style
C) integument
D) peduncle
E) none of these answers are correct
Q2) Flies are attracted to blue or yellow flowers and to sweet fragrances as well as flowers that look and smell like rotten meat..
A)True
B)False
Q3) Botanists preserve plants for future reference and study as part of the research collection in a/an ______________.
A) greenhouse
B) museum
C) botany lab
D) herbarium
E) apiary
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Chapter 24: Flowering Plants and Civilization
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Q1) Members of the Lily Family usually have flowers with parts numbering in fours or multiples of four.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The _____________ family has the largest number of known species.
A) orchid
B) grass
C) sunflower
D) pea
E) buttercup
Q3) N.I.Vavilov followed up work on the origin of cultivated plants by a Swiss botanist named
A) Alphonse de Candolle.
B) Hans Yodeler.
C) Carl Linnaeus.
D) Theophrastus.
E) Wilhelm Schmidt.
Q4) Members of the Buttercup, Rose, and Cactus Families all have numerous stamens.
A)True
B)False
Page 26
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Chapter 25: Ecology
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Q1) Humans have little impact on water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles in the biosphere.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Succession after a disturbance produces exactly the same plant communities as had existed before the disturbance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Plants obtain their nitrogen supply directly from
A) atmospheric nitrogen.
B) nitrates or ammonia.
C) proteins in the soil.
D) fertilizers.
E) soil bacteria.
Q4) Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?
A) Reforestation after a fire.
B) Successive development of vegetation on a lava flow after it has cooled.
C) Successive development of vegetation in a pond created by a beaver dam.
D) Successive development of vegetation on a rock pile after an avalanche.
E) None of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 26: Biomes
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Q1) The greatest diversity of species, both flora and fauna, is found in the tropical rain forest.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following biomes has a significant number of plants that have adapted to their environment through the evolution of CAM photosynthesis?
A) tundra
B) desert
C) tropical rain forest
D) temperate deciduous forest
E) grassland
Q3) The very large trees (the coastal redwoods)in the coastal forest biome can attribute their growth and longevity, at least in part, to the presence of fog that lessens transpiration.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Climax vegetation always consists of some type of trees.
A)True
B)False
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