Biotechnology Final Exam
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Course Introduction
Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from biology, chemistry, and engineering to develop innovative solutions for health, agriculture, and industrial challenges. This course explores the fundamental concepts of molecular biology, genetic engineering, and bioprocessing, emphasizing their applications in areas such as pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, crop improvement, and environmental sustainability. Through hands-on laboratory experiences and case studies, students will gain an understanding of modern biotechnological techniques, ethical considerations, and the impact of biotechnology on society.
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Human Heredity Principles and Issues 11th Edition by Michael Cummings
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Perspective on Human Genetics
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Q1) The nucleotide sequence encoded in a gene defines the ____ that make up proteins.
A) phosphate groups
B) polypeptides
C) ribosomes
D) haplotypes
E) amino acids
Answer: A
Q2) The union of research and medicine that seeks to quickly translate research findings into methods for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is called
Answer: translational medicine
Q3) Genes are precisely copied during the process of DNA replication and never undergo any change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Chemical subunits called amino acids combine to make ____________________.
Answer: proteins
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Cells and Cell Division
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Q1) Should the cost of treatment for a genetic disorder be an important consideration for insurance companies when deciding whether or not to cover the treatment? Justify your reasoning.
Answer: Answers will vary.One argument may be that insurance companies have to make decisions based on the best use of their available resources and that it would not be ethical,for example,to spend $1,000,000 a year for any one patient's treatment when it might be possible to help hundreds or thousands of people with that same money. Alternatively,one could argue that a dollar value cannot be placed on life.The cost of treatment for a person should not,in any way,come down to money.The purpose of medical insurance is to take care of people,no matter what the cost.By accepting premium payments from their clients,insurance companies are agreeing to cover the patient and that it should not matter how much that treatment costs.
Q2) ____________________ is used to diagnose and treat genetic disorders. Answer: Genetic testing Genetic counseling
Q3) Lipids are a class of cellular macromolecules that are
in water.
Answer: insoluble
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Chapter 3: Transmission of Genes from Generation to Generation
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Q1) Although phenotypes may not follow predicted ratios,genotypes do obey the principles of ____________________.
Answer: Mendelian inheritance
Q2) Pure-breeding individuals always have the ____________________ genotype.
Answer: homozygous
Q3) The first genetic trait described in humans was ____.
A) albinism
B) dwarfism
C) Marfan syndrome
D) multiple sclerosis
E) brachydactyly
Answer: E
Q4) The separation of members of a gene pair from each other during gamete formation is called ____________________.
Answer: segregation
Q5) People with albinism carry two copies of the ____________________ allele (aa)and cannot make a pigment called ____________________ which is the principal pigment in skin,hair and eye color.
Answer: recessive; melanin
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Chapter 4: Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics
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Q1) Cytoplasmic organelles that convert energy from food molecules in ATP and are transmitted from mothers to all their children through the cytoplasm of the egg are called ____________________.
Q2) Mucus production that blocks ducts of certain glands and lung passages is a symptom of ____________________.
Q3) OMIM is an acronym that stands for ____________.
Q4) Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker's muscular dystrophy are caused by different mutations in the same X-linked gene.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The chance of a child having albinism when both of his parents are heterozygous for the disorder is ____ percent.
A) 0
B) 25
C) 33
D) 50
E) 75
Q6) Individuals with Marfan syndrome experience an eyesight problem called ____________________.
6
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Chapter 5: The Inheritance of Complex Traits
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Q1) Summarize and give examples of the relationship between heritability and correlation coefficients and explain how each is calculated.
Q2) The contributions of genes and environmental factors are strictly defined during the study of complex traits.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the approach using genomics to identify genes that contribute to the variations in cognitive ability observed in humans.
Q4) One characteristic of continuous variation is that ____.
A) traits are usually quantified by counting
B) only a single gene pair contributes to the phenotype
C) individual genes have a large effect on the phenotype
D) phenotypic expression varies across a wide range
E) it is best analyzed in individuals rather than in populations
Q5) An expanded definition of intelligence that goes beyond IQ is called ____________________ and includes verbal and spatial abilities,memory,speed of perception,and reasoning.
Q6) Refer to the figure above to explain the threshold model of complex traits.
Q7) If only one twin has a trait,the twins are ____________________ for that trait.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Cytogenetics - Karyotypes and Chromosome
Aberrations
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Q1) List at least three types of information provided by a karyotype and interpret the chromosomal structural abnormality written as 46,XX,t(18q).
Q2) A chromosome that has a centrally-placed centromere is called ____________________.
Q3) A chromosome whose centromere is placed very close to,but not at,one end is called a(n)____________________ chromosome.
Q4) Turner syndrome is not associated with intellectual disability. A)True B)False
Q5) A condition in which both copies of a chromosome are inherited from one parent is called ____________________.
Q6) Describe two processes that would result in a triploid zygote.
Q7) The FRAX A site near the tip of the long arm of the X chromosome is associated with a form of intellectual disability known as Martin-Bell syndrome,or ____________________.
Q8) Changes in the number of copies of chromosomal DNA segments and the genes they contain are called ____________________.
Q9) There are ____________________ chromosomes in a human tetraploid cell. Page 8
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Development and Sex Determination
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Q1) Explain how sex-limited genes are inherited and give an example of this type of inheritance.
Q2) Seminal vesicles secrete fructose and ____ into the semen
A) DHT
B) oxytocin
C) testosterone
D) estrogen
E) prostaglandins
Q3) The inner lining of the uterus that is shed at menstruation if fertilization has not occurred is called the ____.
A) cervix
B) endometrium
C) oogonium
D) chorion
E) epididymis
Q4) Describe how the previous assumption regarding the development of sexual identity and the treatment for ambiguous genitalia has changed in recent years.
Q5) Explain how X inactivation can result in female mosaicism and give examples.
Q6) Describe the Lyon hypothesis.
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Chapter 8: The Structure - Replication - and Chromosomal
Organization of DNA
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Q1) The process of transferring genetic information between bacterial cells is accomplished with a transformation factor called DNA.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The sugar found in DNA is a(n)____________________.
Q3) One of the two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the 1920s was surrounded by a ____________________,giving it the ability to evade the immune system and cause pneumonia.
Q4) In the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure,the polynucleotide chains ____.
A) are of unequal length
B) are arranged with the bases forming the backbone of the helix
C) form covalent bonds between uracil and adenine
D) are oriented in the same direction
E) are oriented in opposite directions
Q5) In June 2013,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that if a gene is removed from the human body and purified it can be patented.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The name of the enzyme that replicates DNA is ____________________.
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Chapter 9: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation
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Q1) Explain how the composition and distribution of codons among living organisms provide evidence for evolution from a common ancestor.
Q2) Most protein synthesis ____.
A) takes place on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) takes place inside the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) takes place inside the nucleus of the cell
D) relies on mitochondria to supply the amino acids necessary E) is carried out by ribosomes on the Golgi complex
Q3) A proteome is the set of ____________________ present in a particular cell at a specific time under a particular set of conditions.
Q4) During processing in the nucleus,a(n)____________________ is added to the 3' end of mRNA molecules.
Q5) Transcribed DNA sequences that are removed during mRNA processing are called
Q6) An N-terminus is the end of a(n)____________________ that has a free amino group.
Q7) In the process of initiation,RNA polymerase and several regulatory proteins bind to a(n)____________________ that marks the beginning of a gene.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: From Proteins to Phenotypes
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Q1) Discuss factors that must be taken into account when setting standards for safe levels of exposure to potentially harmful chemicals in the environment.Explain why setting these standards is such a complex task.
Q2) Women with breast cancers that are estrogen-sensitive ____.
A) become ill when taking prescription estrogen
B) can exacerbate their symptoms with only a small increase in estrogen levels
C) are in danger of faster growth of cancer cells in the presence of estrogen
D) will often experience cancer remission with increased uptake of estrogen
E) do not produce their own estrogen and must obtain it through diet or supplements
Q3) Lactose intolerance is caused by a(n)____.
A) nucleotide substitution that prevents lactose production
B) variant manifestation of galactosemia
C) accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate
D) inability to digest lactose
E) excess in lactose production
Q4) Summarize the metabolic process represented in the accompanying diagram.
Q5) Human diet must be varied enough to provide ____________________ of the 20 amino acids from the foods we eat.
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Chapter 11: Genome Alterations - Mutation and Epigenetics
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Q1) An individual with cystic fibrosis carrying two different mutant alleles would be a(n)____________________ heterozygote for the disease.
Q2) Most often,radiation doses are expressed in terms of damage.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The process by which electromagnetic energy travels through space is called ____.
Q4) Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that ____.
A) do not occur in the germ cells
B) do not occur in the somatic cells
C) are always chemically induced
D) are always spontaneous
E) can be passed on to daughter cells
Q5) PBDEs have not been linked directly to cancer in test animals.
A)True B)False
Q6) Explain why a frameshift mutation can have such devastating effects.
Q7) ____________________ are mutations involving the increase of the number of repeat sequences in genes.
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Q8) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome results from abnormalities of
Chapter 12: Genes and Cancer
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Q1) Common alleles of genes other than BRCA1 ____.
A) dictate the types of mutations that occur in BRCA2
B) cause uncontrolled division of the BRCA2 gene
C) cause the interruption of the cell cycle in any cell containing a BRCA2 mutation
D) have a strong influence on whether a carrier will develop breast cancer
E) have very little influence on whether a carrier will develop breast cancer
Q2) During metabolism,cancer-causing ____ are generated.
A) BRCA1 genes
B) methyl amines
C) reactive oxygen species (ROS)
D) BCR-ABL proteins
E) mutated tRNA fragments
Q3) Stem cells have the ability to differentiate to form specific cell types,which divide only slowly or not at all.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A reciprocal translocation between two chromosomes can result in the formation of a(n)____________________ gene.
Q5) Summarize two pathways to colon cancer.
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Chapter 13: An Introduction to Genetic Technology
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Q1) Explain why identical twins are clones.
Q2) Vectors can transfer ____.
A) DNA sequences into bacterial host cells for cloning
B) DNA sequences into viral host cells for cloning
C) cloned viral cells into a bacterial host for cloning
D) cloned mitochondria from donor cell to host cell
E) cloned chromosomes from the nucleus of a cell into its cytoplasm
Q3) Consumer fears and uncertainty about the safety of cloned milk and meat have prevented these products from being sold in stores even though the ____________________ has ruled that such food is safe.
Q4) Explain the role of probes in the search for a specific human gene within a genome library.
Q5) The polymerase chain reaction allows DNA to be copied in a test tube without using a ____________________ or a host cell.
Q6) Plant and animal food sources have been improved by ____________________ for thousands of years.
Q7) Discuss the benefits of making genome sequencing techniques a routine part of medical care.
Q8) List some of the applications of DNA sequencing.
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Chapter 14: Biotechnology and Society
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Q1) A transgenic crop is created by _____.
A) artificial selection
B) selective breeding
C) transfer of a genetic trait from a different species into the plant's cells
D) culturing adult stem cells
E) cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and separating the DNA fragments by size
Q2) In a DNA profile analysis using two loci,the chance of a match between two unrelated individuals at one locus is 1 in 400,and 1 in 1000 at the second locus.Therefore,the overall probability that two unrelated individuals will match at both loci is ____________________.
Q3) Animal genes transferred into plant cells cannot be transcribed and translated into proteins.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Stem cells are _____.
A) unspecialized
B) specialized
C) unable to divide
D) always pluripotent
E) only found in embryos
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Genomes and Genomics
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Q1) In the case of John Moore,whose excised spleen was used by UCLA researchers to establish patented cells lines and ultimately commercially valuable products,the California Supreme Court ruled in 1990 that _____.
A) patients are entitled to property rights over cells or tissues removed from the body and used to develop commercial products
B) patients do not have property rights over cells or tissues removed from the body and used to develop commercial products
C) human cells and cell lines cannot be patented
D) organ donors cannot be compensated from the sale of human tissue
E) recombinant DNA technology is harmful
Q2) Approximately what percentage of the human genome encodes proteins?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 15
E) 50
Q3) A method used to link genetic markers with specific genes on chromosomes is called ____________________.
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Technology - Genetic Testingand Gene Therapy
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Q1) ____________________ is the recommended ART procedure performed on women with blocked oviducts.
Q2) Explain the reasoning behind the laws in some European countries that limit the number of children that can result from a single sperm donor. Do you agree with these restrictions? Why or why not?
Q3) Gene doping is an approved and widely accepted training technique for elite athletes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)is used by couples in which the _____.
A) female has blocked oviducts
B) female has very irregular ovulation
C) female is approaching menopause
D) source of sperm is a sperm bank
E) male is infertile
Q5) Discuss the ethical issues - both for and against - associated with PGD selection of savior babies.
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Q6) Would you recommend a couple in which the male is infertile to seek genetic counseling? Why or why not?
Chapter 17: Genes and The Immune System
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Q1) The process by which an antigen binds to a specific antibody on a naïve B cell,thereby triggering mitosis and the build-up of a large population of antibody-secreting plasma cells (also known as effector B cells),is called
Q2) Allergic reactions are triggered by the production of ____ antibodies instead of ____ antibodies at the first exposure to the allergen.
A) IgA; IgD
B) IgA; IgE
C) IgE; IgM
D) IgE; IgG
E) IgG; IgE
Q3) Suppose an Rh- mother gives birth to an Rh- baby. Is there a danger of hemolytic disease of the newborn developing during a subsequent pregnancy? Why or why not?
Q4) B and T cells become activated and divide to produce identical cells when _____.
A) activated by an antigen
B) major histocompatibility genes are expressed
C) activated by the presence of cancerous cells
D) plasma cells begin to produce and secrete antibodies
E) killer T cells bind to any pathogen
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Chapter 18: Genetics of Behavior
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Q1) Alzheimer disease has two forms: the early onset _____________________ form with a strong pattern of familial inheritance,and the late onset _____________________ form.
Q2) _____________________ can be defined as compulsive and repetitive behavior which can lead to impairment.
Q3) A study revealed differences in DNA methylation patterns between monozygotic twins,only one of whom was affected by a schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. This suggests a role for ____ in mental illness.
Q4) What is the function of a normal MAOA protein?
A) It breaks down neurotransmitters in the synapse.
B) It carries neurotransmitters across synapses.
C) It is a neurotransmitter.
D) It is an enzyme essential in the formation of certain neurotransmitters.
E) It is an enzyme responsible for the construction of neurotransmitter receptors.
Q5) The axon of one neuron is functionally connected to the dendrite of an adjacent neuron by the _____________________.
Q6) Discuss the importance of twin and adoption studies to human behavioral genetics research.
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Chapter 19: Population Genetics and Human Evolution
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Q1) According to the _____,modern humans originated in,and migrated out of,East Africa.
A) haplotype data of mitochondrial DNA sequences
B) haplotype data of Y chromosome sequences
C) out-of-Africa model
D) multiregional model
E) fossil record
Q2) Heterozygotes for the Tay-Sachs disease allele appear to have greater than normal resistance to _____________________,which supports the theory that _____________________ explains why this harmful allele persists in the gene pool.
Q3) Genetic evidence has revealed that H.sapiens diverged from _____________________ 100,000 years ago,while Neanderthals diverged from this species 300,000 years ago,suggesting that modern humans did not descend directly from Neanderthals.
Q4) Diagram the evolutionary relationships between Neanderthals and chimpanzees based on genomic data.
Q5) The taxonomic category that includes all bipedal primates is called _____________________.
Q6) Outline the assumptions made in establishing the Hardy-Weinberg law.
Page 22
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