Biopsychosocial Approaches to Health
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course explores the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in shaping human health and illness. Students will examine how genetics, physiology, behavior, culture, social environment, and socioeconomic status influence health outcomes and disease processes. Emphasis is placed on integrating these perspectives to better understand clinical assessment, prevention strategies, and interventions. Through case studies, current research, and practical assignments, students develop a holistic understanding of health with applications in healthcare practice, policy, and research.
Recommended Textbook Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Health Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following statements best defines a theory?
A)a combination of results from different studies that identify how strong the evidence is for a particular research finding
B)a proposition made based on a researcher's belief that provides a starting point for further investigation
C)a set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena,such as why people practice poor health behaviors
D)a creation of two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways
Answer: C
Q2) Morbidity may be expressed in two ways: as the number of new cases or as the total number of existing cases of an illness.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Systems of the Body
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Q1) _____ are chemicals produced by the body that kill invading microorganisms.
A)Antimicrobial substances
B)Phagocytes
C)Inflammatory responses
D)Anatomical barriers
Answer: A
Q2) _____ cells secrete chemicals that kill invading organisms and infected cells.
A)Eosinophil
B)Mast
C)T
D)B
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following blood-forming cells produces platelets?
A)myeloblasts
B)megakaryocytes
C)erythroblasts
D)lymphoblasts
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Health Behaviors
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Q1) Have the patterns of disease in the United States changed since the turn of the twentieth century? Considering the current trends,explain the importance of lifestyle rebalancing.
Answer: Patterns of disease in the United States have changed substantially in the twentieth century.There has been a decline in acute infectious disorders due to changes in public health standards,but there has been an increase in preventable disorders.It is clear that the role of behavioral factors have led to the development of these disorders.Therefore,it is essential to make lifestyle changes such as adding an exercise program or using stress management techniques to promote health.Long-term maintenance of behavior change can be promoted by leading an individual to make other health-oriented lifestyle changes.This technique is termed lifestyle rebalancing.This helps to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce the likelihood of relapse.
Q2) ________ involves restructuring the environment to avoid situations that evoke a target behavior.
A)Modeling
B)Discriminative stimulus
C)Cue elimination
D)Preparation
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Health-Promoting Behaviors
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Q1) The stage of sleep marked by beta waves is important for A)breathing.
B)restoring energy.
C)releasing growth hormones.
D)consolidating memories.
Q2) Training in _____ includes planning skills and formation of explicit behavioral intentions,which can improve dietary adherence.
A)self-regulation
B)self-affirmation
C)self-efficacy
D)self-validation
Q3) Children who do not get enough sleep usually display A)behavioral problems.
B)weight fluctuations.
C)withdrawn attitudes.
D)low intelligence.
Q4) People who engage in regular,vigorous exercise may reduce their risk of some cancers.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Health-Compromising Behaviors
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Q1) Smoking accounts for more than _____ deaths every year in the United States.
A)400,000
B)553,000
C)500,000
D)443,000
Q2) _____ is the single greatest cause of preventable death in developed countries by itself and in interaction with other risk factors.
A)Obesity
B)Alcoholism
C)Anorexia
D)Smoking
Q3) Often,merely monitoring drinking leads to a reduction in drinking.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Fat should ideally constitute about _____ percent of body tissue in women.
A)30-35
B)6-13
C)15-19
D)20-27
Q5) What are the factors associated with smoking in adolescents?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Stress
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Q1) When events are perceived as harmful or threatening,they are first identified by the A)hypothalamus.
B)medulla oblongata.
C)isthmus.
D)cerebral cortex.
Q2) _____ is a model of job stress de?veloped by R.Karasek and his associates that suggests that high needs,low authority,and little guidance at work enhance risk for ill health,especially coronary artery disease.
A)Demand-control-support model
B)Commonsense model of illness
C)Comprehensive intervention model
D)Stimulus-control interventions
Q3) When an organism perceives a threat,the fight-or-flight response is due to A)the constriction of the pulmonary arteries in the heart.
B)the arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C)the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
D)exces?sive blood supply in the brain and the heart through blood vessels.
Q4) What make events stressful? Discuss.
Q5) Define and describe stressors and the methods of appraisal of stressors.
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Chapter 7: Coping,resilience,and Social Support
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Q1) Explain the Combat Stress Now (CSN)program,and cite a few advantages of using this program.
Q2) Which of the following is a successful coping outcome?
A)tolerating negative realities
B)extricating from relationships with others
C)wavering in one's emotional equilibrium
D)maintaining a negative self-image
Q3) The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)is to
A)help notice thoughts from a distance and avoid response to them.
B)teach people to ignore their thoughts in a mindful manner.
C)change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment.
D)help people challenge their thoughts directly.
Q4) Organized religion provides a sense of _____ to people.
A)inhibition
B)negative affectivity
C)institutionalism
D)group identity
Q5) Explain the term stress moderators,and provide an example of a stress moderator.
Q6) Explain coping and the relationship between personality and coping.
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Q7) What is a biopsychosocial pathway,and how is it beneficial in promoting health?
Chapter 8: Using Health Services
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Q1) How often do people seek health care services for psychological or nonmedical complaints?
Q2) Robert noticed that his urine was pale pink.His first thought was about what he had eaten the previous day,and then it occurred to him that it may also be due to something unrelated to his diet.Robert's case exemplifies
A)illness delay.
B)appraisal delay.
C)behavioral delay.
D)medical delay.
Q3) People's conceptions of illnesses and their symptoms are largely similar and consistent.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The detection of symptoms,their interpretation,and the use of health services are heavily influenced by _____ processes.
A)ossification
B)social
C)psychological
D)physical
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Chapter 9: Patients,providers,and Treatments
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Q1) Children who are hospitalized often become dependent when they are on bed rest and rely on staff.This is likely to lead to
A)sublimation.
B)projection.
C)repression.
D)regression.
Q2) According to the _____ plan,patients select their own doctors and hospitals and pay on a fee-for-service basis.
A)students' medical
B)preferred-provider organization
C)traditional indemnity
D)point-of-service.
Q3) The placebo response is so powerful that no drug can be marketed in the United States unless it has been evaluated against a placebo.The standard method for so doing is termed a _____ experiment.
A)single-blind
B)double-blind
C)health
D)positive
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Chapter 10: The Management of Pain and Discomfort
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Q1) _____ is a psychological pain management technique in which a patient turns his or her attention away from pain by focusing attention on an irrelevant and attention-getting stimulus.
A)Distraction
B)Biofeedback
C)Acupuncture
D)Counterirritation
Q2) Temporomandibular disorder and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____ pain.
A)acute
B)recurrent acute
C)chronic benign
D)chronic progressive
Q3) The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the _____ theory of pain.
A)peripheral pattern
B)three dimensions
C)intensive
D)gate-control
Q4) Explain the importance of social and psychological components of pain.
Page 12
Q5) Explain biofeedback and relaxation techniques for pain management.
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Chapter 11: Management of Chronic Health Disorders
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Q1) Most caregiving for the chronically ill is provided by A)formal services such as home health nurses or nursing homes. B)men.
C)women.
D)friends.
Q2) Psychotherapy with medical patients is more likely to be continuous than episodic.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During physical rehabilitation,patients need a ________ management program for the alleviation of discomfort.
A)health
B)mind
C)disease
D)pain
Q4) The website WebMD is
A)scrupulously careful about the information they post.
B)usually accurate but not always careful about the information they provide.
C)like most of the information on the Web,not to be trusted.
D)always associated with the risk of misinformation.
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Chapter 12: Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness
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Q1) According to critics,Kübler-Ross's theory fails to acknowledge the frequency with which dying patients experience
A)anxiety.
B)enhanced perceptions of control.
C)depression.
D)social support.
Q2) Explain the medical,social,and psychological factors associated with continuing treatment of a terminal illness.What options are now available to terminally ill patients and their families?
Q3) Those who study death and dying are called
A)grief assistants.
B)thanatologists.
C)geriatricians.
D)epidemiologists.
Q4) Which of the following is true of the psychological and social issues related to dying?
A)Advancing illness enables patients to present themselves effectively.
B)Communication opens up as the treatment becomes more drastic.
C)Patients gradually begin a process of social withdrawal.
D)Family members cheerfully elicit information from medical staff.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Heart Disease, hypertension, stroke, and Type Ii
Diabetes
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Q1) Type II diabetes
A)is likely to develop only after age 60)
B)is the number-one killer in the United States.
C)is a rare phenomenon among children.
D)is a non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Q2) Stroke patients achieve their maximum recovery within the first two months after stroke.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about diastolic pressure?
A)It has greater value in diagnosing hypertension than systolic pressure.
B)It is the amount of force developed during contraction of the heart.
C)It is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed.
D)Severe hyper tension involves a diastolic pressure consistently above 180)
Q4) Across the life span,women seem to be protected against coronary heart disease relative to men.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders
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Q1) Which of the following statements best describes rheumatoid arthritis?
A)It is a disease of lifestyle.
B)It is a disease that typically attacks men.
C)It is a disorder that can be cured by diet.
D)It is an autoimmune disorder.
Q2) Providing long-term care to friends or family members with long-term illness has been linked to adverse effects on almost all functional measures of the immune system.This can be attributed to caregivers'
A)poor eating habits.
B)disrupted sleep patterns.
C)experience of severe stressors.
D)poor hygiene.
Q3) Why do people suffering from Type I diabetes show low adherence to self-management programs and their treatment regimen?
Q4) Activation of the HPA axis
A)increases the number of white blood cells.
B)reduces the release of cytokines.
C)decreases the level of glucocorticoids.
D)increases humoral immunity.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Health Psychology Challenges for the Future
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Q1) _____ is a branch of health psychology that primarily focuses on interventions with patients.
A)Social psychology
B)Clinical psychology
C)Physiological psychology
D)Developmental psychology
Q2) Discuss the path to becoming a health psychologist.How can undergraduate,graduate,and postgraduate work contribute toward gaining employment?
Q3) _____ medicine is the conscientious,explicit,judicious use of the best scientific proof for making decisions about the care of individual patients.
A)Treatment effective
B)Cost-contained
C)Cost effective
D)Evidence-based
Q4) Refocusing health promotion strategies toward morbidity
A)reduces health care costs.
B)produces a lower quality of life.
C)is unnecessary as death is inevitable.
D)is not a productive move.
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