Biomedical Sciences
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Biomedical Sciences explores the biological and physiological principles underlying health, disease, and the functioning of the human body. This interdisciplinary course integrates concepts from molecular biology, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, genetics, immunology, and pathology to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of how cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to human biology and medical conditions. Emphasis is placed on the scientific methods used in biomedical research, contemporary health challenges, and the translation of laboratory discoveries into clinical practice. Students completing this course gain valuable knowledge for pursuing careers in healthcare, research, biotechnology, or further study in medical and allied health programs.
Recommended Textbook
Human Genetics 11th Edition by Ricki Lewis Dr
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Q1) ________ is the subdiscipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations.
A) Forensic anthropology
B) Primatology
C) Anthropometry
D) Paleoanthropology
E) Paleopathology
Answer: E
Q2) The term evolution refers to
A) changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next
B) the process of specialization
C) includes genetic changes within populations and but not the appearance of new species
D) a response of organisms or populations to the environment
E) patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Heredity and Evolution
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Q1) Which of the following is not a polygenic trait?
A) stature
B) skin color
C) eye color
D) ABO blood type
E) hair color
Answer: D
Q2) Evolution can be described as a two-stage process that includes which of the following?
A) genetic drift followed by migration
B) natural selection followed by migration
C) recombination followed by mutation
D) production of variation followed by natural selection acting on this variation
E) production and distribution of variation
Answer: D
Q3) Melanin production is the result of interactions between several different loci.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Development of Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) "Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's
A) strength
B) reproductive success
C) aggressiveness
D) size
E) age at death
Answer: B
Q2) __________________ proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies.
A) Erasmus Darwin
B) Alfred Russel Wallace
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Charles Lyell
E) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Answer: C
Q3) Evolution is a theory that has considerable support from genetic evidence.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Modern Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) What is the physiological mechanism of lactose intolerance? Why is the ability to digest milk sugars an example of biocultural evolution?
Q2) What is AIDS caused by?
A) mosquito bites
B) a bacterium
C) a mutation on a cell's receptor site
D) a virus
E) bad meat
Q3) Discuss developmental acclimatization to high altitude.
Q4) What does it mean when one states that humans are members of the same polytypic species?
Q5) Dark skin is found in populations near the equator. Why?
A) It protects from frostbite.
B) It protects from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.
C) It helps prevent rickets.
D) It protects from the damaging effects of UV radiation on folate.
E) It increases the skin's exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Q6) Define the term race. How does the modern use of race differ from the 19th century use of race?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution
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Q1) Cladistic analysis makes no attempt to discern ancestor-descendant relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The variation that exists among individuals within a species is termed interspecific variation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the influences of long-term continental drift on the evolution of terrestrial life forms?
Q4) Morphological variation between individuals within a species
A) may be the product of male/female morphological differences
B) is called interspecific variation
C) is of no concern to anthropologists
D) is unimportant when interpreting the fossil record
E) produces large numbers of identical individuals
Q5) What does it mean to say that evolutionary processes can be both microevolution and macroevolution?
Q6) Contrast ancestral traits with derived traits.
Q7) Define analogous and homologous traits and provide an example of each.
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Chapter 6: An Overview of the Primates
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Q1) Colobine monkeys specialize in eating mature leaves, and are referred to as "leaf-eating monkeys."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Miss Waldron's red colobus has officially been declared extinct.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following are not apes?
A) gorillas
B) orangutans
C) bonobos
D) chimpanzees
E) macaques
Q4) The following are characteristics of tarsiers except
A) Restricted to the islands of Southeast Asia
B) Mainly diurnal
C) Insectivore leaping from branch to branch to catch prey
D) Form stable bonds
E) Inhabit wide range of habitats
Q5) What traits distinguish Old World monkeys from apes and humans?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Primate Behavior
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Q1) According to proponents of behavioral ecology,
A) individuals act to enhance the survival of their species
B) infanticide is beneficial for the social group
C) individuals consciously behave in ways that ensure their fitness
D) behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection
E) Individuals choose certain environments based upon the likelihood of carrying out aggressive behavior
Q2) Vervet monkey vocalizations
A) are involuntary responses to external stimuli
B) are voluntary responses to external stimuli
C) refer solely to the emotional state of the individual
D) includes information about past and present events
E) are impossible to record and study
Q3) Why do most biological anthropologists consider it appropriate to discuss cultural behaviors in nonhuman primates? Discuss a few examples of these behaviors.
Q4) Male-female bonds, such as consortships, are advantageous to females because they gain protection from predators.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Understanding the Past: Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods
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Q1) Artifacts are typically defined as:
A) any non-portable evidence of human activity
B) any evidence that was made or modified by people in the past
C) any evidence of past environment
D) only stone tools, like arrowheads
E) any place with evidence of human activity
Q2) What are the characteristics of human culture?
Q3) What are ethnoarchaeology and experimental archaeology? How are they used to provide information about past lifeways? Give an example of each.
Q4) Radiometric dating techniques are based on what principle?
A) sunspot activity
B) regular, known rate of isotopic decay
C) regular changes in earth's magnetic field
D) superposition
E) competitive exclusion
Q5) Tool use is not a characteristic unique to hominins.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are three relative dating techniques? Provide an example.
Q7) Who are the Leakeys, and what is their claim to paloeanthropological fame? Page 10
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Chapter 9: Hominin Origins
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Q1) What general conclusions can be drawn regarding the Miocene hominoids?
Q2) By using the designation Homo habilis, what was Louis Leakey not implying?
A) There were at least two hominin lineages present at Olduvai Gorge.
B) The Homo lineage was distinct from the australopithecines.
C) That Homo habilis was more closely related to modern humans than were the australopiths.
D) That Homo habilis was more closely related to australopithecines
E) Members of the group were the early Olduvai toolmakers.
Q3) What is paleoanthropology?
A) It is defined as the study of early humans.
B) It is practiced by archaeologists ONLY.
C) It is concerned with fossilized skeletal remains ONLY.
D) It is defined as the study of fossilized non-primate mammals.
E) It is practiced by physical anthropologists ONLY.
Q4) Anatomical changes in hominins indicative of habitual bipedal locomotion include
A) feet with opposable big toes for grasping
B) shortening and broadening of the pelvis
C) increased length of arms relative to legs
D) increased length of the spine
E) increased length of pelvis
Page 12
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Chapter 10: The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo
Erectus and Contemporaries
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Q1) The mean cranial capacity for Homo erectus is 900 cm<sup>3</sup>
A)True
B)False
Q2) Homo erectus appeared in East Africa between ___ million years ago.
A) 1.7 and 1.5
B) 2.5 and 2.3
C) 6.0 and 4.0
D) 3 and 1.0
E) 2.0 and 1.8
Q3) Given the newest dates for the Ngandong Homo erectus material on Java, it is possible that Homo erectus could have existed contemporaneously with Homo sapiens.
A)True
B)False
Q4) By far the largest collection of Homo erectus remains have been found at A) Sangiran
B) Zhoukoudian
C) Olduvai
D) Trinil
E) Lantian
Q5) List the characteristics of Homo erectus discoveries in Java and China.
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Chapter 11: Premodern Humans
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Q1) Shanidar cave is extraordinary in that an individual in the burial
A) is the only Neandertal remains found Israel.
B) evidences a skull having received a crushing blow, probably causing blindness, and a blow to the right side rendering the right arm useless.
C) is without the right lower arm and hand, demonstrating the results of poor preservation.
D) is an ancient member of an extinct social group in Iraq.
E) lived to approximately 80 years of age.
Q2) During glacial periods, the climate in Africa became
A) colder
B) warmer
C) more arid
D) more humid
E) subzero
Q3) List five elements related to subsistence strategies of Middle Pleistocene humans.
Q4) Describe what is known about Middle Pleistocene culture. Include information about technology, settlement, and subsistence.
Q5) List five major characteristics of Middle Pleistocene culture.
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Chapter 12: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
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Q1) The transition between premodern and anatomically modern forms of humans may have occurred as early as 500,000 years ago in Africa.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Modern human occupation dates to 50,000 in
A) Australia
B) South America
C) North America
D) Africa
E) Europe
Q3) Lagar Velho is an important Upper Paleolithic site located in the Near East.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The first modern Homo sapiens evolved from Western Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Summarize the importance of the discovery of the child's skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho relative to the debate on modern human origins.
Q6) Summarize the main points of the various Replacement Models.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers
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Q1) Evidence from the Upper Paleolithic in Asia shows that there is no evidence for occupation prior to the initial occupation of the New World.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Groups with a subsistence strategy of relying on a wide range of locally available foods which are brought back to base camps are defined as:
A) collectors
B) foragers
C) seasonal extractors
D) residentially mobile
E) Paleo-Indians
Q3) The earliest Americans are known to have arrived in the Americas no later than:
A) 45,000 ya.
B) 30,000 ya.
C) 20,000 ya.
D) 13,000 ya.
E) 8,000 ya.
Q4) What is the Holocene?
Q5) Discuss the physical evidence for the initial occupation of the New World.
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Chapter 14: Food Production
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Q1) Animal domestication differs from plant domestication, and probably varies from one animal species to another.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ian Hodder's approach to the origins of agriculture in Europe proposes that it entailed
A) the development of agriculture in the nuclear zone as people become increasingly inclined to the idea of domestication.
B) an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination with both natural and social mechanisms.
C) settlement of marginal areas due expanding human populations, leading to domestication as people planted seed crops outside of their native range.
D) a fundamental shift in the worldview of people prior to the Neolithic revolution.
E) the need for people to produce a surplus to meet the demands of local kin leaders.
Q3) Distinguish between domestication and agriculture. Begin with a careful definition of each term.
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Chapter 15: The First Civilizations
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Q1) The earliest true city yet discovered is found in Mesopotamia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are some of the characteristics of early civilizations that were enumerated by V. Gordon Childe? Why are trait lists such as Childe's generally ineffective in explaining the origin of civilizations?
Q3) Which of the following best defines a primary difference between the Indus Valley and Egyptian civilizations?
A) the presence of extensive trade
B) the degree of evidence indicating a state level form of political organization
C) the importance of intensive agriculture
D) the degree of urbanization
E) the presence of irrigation agriculture
Q4) The earliest evidence for writing occurs in Egypt.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What role did the Classic Maya centers fulfill?
Q6) Describe the political organization of Egypt.
Q7) What was the underlying unifying factor of the Chavin culture?
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Conclusion
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Q1) Hominins had a good environmental record up to the end of the Ice Age because
A) there wasn't very many of them.
B) they were natural conservationists.
C) they lived in harmony with nature.
D) they were not living at their potential as a species.
E) biocultural evolution did not enable flexibility in different habitats.
Q2) Why does Jared Diamond say agriculture was "the worst mistake in the history of the human race?"
Q3) Whether you see the future of humans as rosy or bleak,
A) the costs of changes outweigh the benefits.
B) the costs of benefits outweigh the costs.
C) tool using is soon to be replaced by cognitive reasoning.
D) hard work, sacrifices and brilliant insights will not be necessary in the future.
E) there's no going back.
Q4) Discuss the two points upon which scientists agree concerning global climate change.
Q5) Humans owe their success to biocultural evolution and primate ancestry.
A)True
B)False
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