Biomedical Sciences
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Biomedical Sciences is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles of biology, chemistry, and medicine to explore the molecular, cellular, and systemic mechanisms underlying human health and disease. This course covers topics such as human anatomy and physiology, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, and pathology. Students will develop an understanding of how scientific knowledge is applied in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease, preparing them for advanced studies or careers in medical research, healthcare, and related fields. Emphasis is placed on analytical skills, laboratory techniques, and the foundational science that drives innovations in medicine and medical technology.
Recommended Textbook
Human Genetics 11th Edition by Ricki Lewis Dr
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Q1) Anthropology can be applied to practical issues outside the university setting.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following includes genetic-alterations within populations?
A) macroevolution
B) anatomy
C) osteology
D) paleopathology
E) microevolution
Answer: E
Q3) The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution can be said to be the domain of which of the following?
A) cultural anthropology
B) physical/biological anthropology
C) primatology
D) osteology
E) archaeology
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Heredity and Evolution
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Q1) Which of the following is not inherited in a Mendelian fashion?
A) Huntington Disease
B) albinism
C) cleft chin
D) Tay-Sachs disease
E) skin color
Answer: E
Q2) Polygenic traits account for few, if any, of the readily observable phenotypic variation seen in humans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) When Mendel crossed true breeding tall and short parental plants, what was produced?
A) All the offspring were tall.
B) Half the offspring were tall, the other half were short.
C) All the offspring were short.
D) The offspring were intermediate in height relative to the two parent plants.
E) About 90 percent were tall, but the rest were short.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Development of Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) Charles Darwin refrained from immediately publishing his theory of natural selection because he was aware of its controversial nature.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution?
A) Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies.
B) There is competition among individuals for resources.
C) Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.
D) There is biological variation in all members of a species.
E) Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
Answer: C
Q3) Charles Lyell, author of Principles of Geology, is considered the founder of modern geology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Modern Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) The term race currently has only biological connotations and is without any social significance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Mechanisms for radiating body heat include which of the following?
A) increased production of red blood cells
B) vasodilation
C) vasoconstriction
D) increased activity levels
E) increased metabolic rate
Q3) What is the false belief that there is a relationship between physical traits and certain behavioral traits such as intelligence and morality?
A) eugenics
B) monogenism
C) polygenism
D) biological determinism
E) homeostasis
Q4) Explain the historical views on human variation.
Q5) Discuss developmental acclimatization to high altitude.
Q6) What polymorphisms exist at the DNA level?
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Chapter 5: Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution
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Q1) Define analogous and homologous traits and provide an example of each.
Q2) When scientists assign fossil remains to genera and species, they must first assess the variation present in the fossil sample to determine its biological significance. What are the sources of morphological variation in fossil samples?
Q3) The mammals achieved rapid evolutionary success because they possessed several characteristics related to learning and general behavioral flexibility.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define the term "adaptive radiation" and why it is important to the principle of evolution.
Q5) Explain the difference between generalized and specialized characteristics. What are examples of each in terms of the adaptive potential?
Q6) Study of the Hox genes indicates that it takes hundreds of mutations to lead to diversification of the basic vertebrate limb structure.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Contrast the two schools of taxonomy: evolutionary systematics and cladistics.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: An Overview of the Primates
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Q1) ________ have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives.
A) Gorillas
B) Chimpanzees
C) Gibbons
D) Orangutans
E) Humans
Q2) What are the main tenets of the visual predation and arboreal theories of primate origins? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both.
Q3) Define three major forms of primate locomotion. Name at least one species associated with each.
Q4) Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotor pattern frequently practiced by which of the following?
A) apes
B) lemurs and tarsiers
C) terrestrial monkeys
D) Old World monkeys
E) gibbons
Q5) Compare chimpanzee and bonobo anatomy and social behavior.
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Chapter 7: Primate Behavior
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Q1) According to the current evidence discussed in the text, which of the following statement is true?
A) Humans are the only species capable of conveying information pertaining to specific components of the external environment.
B) Nonhuman primates can communicate any information except that which pertains to their emotional state.
C) Some nonhuman primates appear to give specific alarm calls that refer to particular categories of predators.
D) Free-ranging monkeys and apes use symbolic language in the same manner as humans.
E) Some monkeys communicate about past and future events by means of symbolic gestures.
Q2) Male-female bonds, such as consortships, are advantageous to females because they gain protection from predators.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are dominance hierarchies, and what important functions do they serve?
Q4) Discuss the tenets of behavioral ecology.
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Chapter 8: Understanding the Past: Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods
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Q1) Which of the following statements about tool use by the earliest protohominins is correct?
A) Stone tools were regularly manufactured.
B) They formed a central part of trade strategies.
C) They likely used tools in a manner similar to modern chimpanzees and bonobos.
D) They are identified as tools by archaeologists.
E) They were stones that were sharpened.
Q2) The various components of hominin biocultural evolution development simultaneously.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following would NOT be helpful in reconstruction the local paleoecological setting in which early hominins lived?
A) animal bones washed into a stream bed
B) a piece of pottery found within a storage pit
C) an assortment of sharp stone tools next to a butchered carcass
D) wood charcoal found within a hearth
E) anatomical relationships between humans and contemporary nonhuman primates
Q4) What is ethnoarchaeology and its value to the overall understanding of the archaeological record?
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Chapter 9: Hominin Origins
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Q1) _______ is a radiometric dating method popular with archaeologists that can be used to date materials up to 75,000 years old.
A) Carbon-14
B) Paleomagnetism
C) Thermoluminesence
D) K/Ar
E) Biostratigraphy
Q2) Thermoluminescence dates
A) Water-logged artifacts
B) bone
C) wood
D) burned flint tools
E) thatch
Q3) Discuss the combinations of anatomical characteristics found in Sahelanthropus, Ororrin, and Ardipithecus. Based on these characteristics, should these genera be considered hominins?
Q4) What is the law of superposition, and how is it related to the dating methods discussed in the text?
Q5) Contrast obligate bipedalism with habitual bipedalism.
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Chapter 10: The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo
Erectus and Contemporaries
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Q1) When compared to large-bodied earlier Homo specimens, Homo erectus relative brain size is
A) about the same
B) much smaller
C) about twice as large
D) about 25 percent as large
E) is unimportant in discussions of hominin development
Q2) Given the newest dates for the Ngandong Homo erectus material on Java, it is possible that Homo erectus could have existed contemporaneously with Homo sapiens.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Nariokotome Homo erectus specimen
A) was discovered at Olduvai Gorge
B) is estimated to have been about 65 years old at death
C) is a young female
D) would have reached an adult height of around 6 feet
E) was destroyed in dating analysis
Q4) Describe the attributes and important uses of the biface as part of the Acheulian tool kit.
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Chapter 11: Premodern Humans
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Q1) Describe the injuries and pathologies evident in the Shanidar I skeleton. What, if anything, does this tell us about Neandertal lifestyle and/or cultural behavior?
Q2) The majority of Neandertal fossils been found in _____________where they have been most studied.
A) South America
B) Asia
C) India
D) Africa
E) Europe
Q3) Supposed grave goods found in Neandertal burials
A) have been cited as evidence for Neandertal symbolic behavior
B) include bone and stone tools, along with animal bones
C) are found less consistently and in less concentrations than earlier hominin sites
D) suggest the presence of language
E) are not significant as evidence of intentional behavior.
Q4) Contrast the morphology of the earliest European premodern Homo sapiens with that of later European premodern Homo sapiens such as Neandertals.
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Chapter 12: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
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Q1) Discuss the Upper Paleolithic cultural period, including innovations in technology, art and burials.
Q2) The partial replacement models have been bolstered by the sequencing of Neandertal genome.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Modern human occupation dates to 50,000 in
A) Australia
B) South America
C) North America
D) Africa
E) Europe
Q4) According to the compete replacement model, the transition from premodern to modern Homo sapiens
A) occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously
B) occurred first in Europe
C) only occurred once, in Africa
D) began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia
E) began about 100,000 years ago in Asia
Q5) Review the evidence relative to the human occupation of Australia.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers
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Q1) Discuss the possible role of humans in the Pleistocene extinctions.
Q2) Paleo-Indian subsistence is best defined as
A) variable based on local environmental conditions
B) based mostly on marine resources
C) a uniform pattern of specialized megafauna exploitation
D) primarily associated with gathering nut and seed crops
E) focused almost exclusively on mammoths and mastodons
Q3) Small groups who are highly mobile and typically move to seasonally available resources are known as:
A) collectors
B) foragers
C) hunter-gatherers
D) Mesolithic hunter-gatherers
E) seasonal extractors
Q4) Evidence from the Upper Paleolithic in Asia shows that there is no evidence for occupation prior to the initial occupation of the New World.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the Holocene?
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Chapter 14: Food Production
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Q1) A cultigen is defined as
A) a domesticated plant under human control
B) an animal species which is dependent on humans
C) a wild plant which is predisposed to domestication
D) the symbiotic relationship between humans and plants
E) a society which raises domesticated plants
Q2) Discuss the development of domestication in the Old World. What domesticates are developed, and what seem to be the underlying motivations for the shift from a hunting and gathering lifestyle to one based on food production?
Q3) Which statement(s) best describe the nature of domestication and cultivation in the southwest United States?
A) When compared to eastern North America it represents an independent center of domestication.
B) It did not include crops such as maize and beans.
C) The earliest domesticates included barley.
D) Reliance on domesticated products failed to support increased populations.
E) One regional tradition developed as a result.
Q4) What is meant by the term "Neolithic Revolution"?
Q5) What characteristics do successfully domesticated animal species tend to share?
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Chapter 15: The First Civilizations
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Q1) What factor contributed to the concentration of wealth and the emergence of social hierarchies during the Longshan period?
A) control of irrigation technology
B) the circulation of luxury products
C) trade with the Indus Valley civilization
D) population nucleation associated with climate shifts
E) the establishment of a standing military
Q2) Cite several specific examples of "corporate construction" projects carried out in prehistoric Peru. What do such activities reveal about the nature of the ancient societies that undertook them?
Q3) The earliest evidence for writing occurs in Egypt.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The term "civilization" is currently used by anthropologists to mean essentially the same as culture or society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the political organization of Egypt.
Q6) What was the underlying unifying factor of the Chavin culture?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Conclusion
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Q1) Discuss the two points upon which scientists agree concerning global climate change.
Q2) Our digestive systems are well adapted to being
A) hunter gatherers
B) pizza eaters
C) couch potatoes
D) farmers
E) scientists
Q3) How have humans become a threat to themselves, to other living things and the earth itself?
Q4) By the end of the Ice Age, there may have been___________ humans, or
A) 10 million, one person for every 5 square miles of land surface.
B) 100 million, one person for every 100 square miles of land surface.
C) 5 million, one person for every 10 square miles of land surface.
D) 1 million, five persons for every 1 square mile of land surface.
E) 1000 people, one person for every 10 square miles of land surface.
Q5) Discuss the effects of the earliest farmers and cities that arose with the so-called Neolithic revolution.
Q6) Define the concept, Anthropocene, and what it implies
Page 18
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