Course Introduction
Biology of Plants
Pre-Test Questions
This course explores the fundamental concepts in plant biology, covering the structure, function, growth, reproduction, and diversity of plants. Students will examine plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, evolution, and the vital roles plants play in ecosystems and human society. Emphasis is placed on understanding plant-environment interactions, adaptation strategies, and the importance of plants in food production, medicine, and global ecological processes. The course combines theoretical knowledge with practical laboratory experiences to strengthen students' observational and analytical skills in plant science.
Recommended Textbook
Plants and Society 7th Edition by Estelle Levetin
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26 Chapters
1356 Verified Questions
1356 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Plants in Our Lives
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Starch is a form of energy storage in _________.
Answer: plants
Q2) Whereas angiosperms produce seeds in _________,most gymnosperms produce seeds in _________.
Answer: fruits,cones
Q3) Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes?
A)fats
B)steroids
C)phospholipids
D)oils
E)triglycerides
Answer: C
Q4) The metabolic "partner" of photosynthesis is A)digestion
B)cellular respiration
C)ventilation (breathing)
D)production of hormones
E)DNA replication
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Plant Cell
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,the cell becomes A)hypertonic.
B)plasmolyzed.
C)turgid.
D)osmotic.
Answer: C
Q2) According to the Cell Theory,DNA is the genetic material in all cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The mitochondrial equivalent to grana is (are) A)the matrix.
B)cristae. C)stroma.
D)plasma membranes
Answer: B
Q4) The cell is the basic unit of life.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Plant Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) The formation of secondary xylem is due to the activities of the:
A)vascular cambium
B)cork cambium
C)epidermis
D)cortex
Answer: A
Q2) Palisade cells of a leaf primarily regulate gas exchange between the plant and the surrounding atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following would you not find in mature secondary xylem?
A)vascular rays
B)parenchyma cells
C)summerwood
D)cortex
E)more than one of these
Answer: D
Q4) A waterproofing fatty substance that coats cork cells is _________, Answer: suberin
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Chapter 4: Plant Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) When ADP is phosphorylated,it becomes A)DNA.
B)hydrolyzed.
C)AMP.
D)ATP.
E)oxidized.
Q2) O<sub>2</sub>given off _____________
Q3) Adding a phosphate group to a molecule is called A)photosynthesis.
B)aerobic respiration.
C)oxidation.
D)phosphorylation.
E)reduction.
Q4) What's the big dilemma plants face on a hot,dry day?
A)allowing H<sub>2</sub>O in while minimizing O<sub>2</sub> loss
B)allowing CO<sub>2</sub> in while minimizing H<sub>2</sub>O loss
C)allowing O<sub>2</sub> in while minimizing H<sub>2</sub>O loss
D)allowing O<sub>2</sub> in while minimizing CO<sub>2</sub> loss
Q5) Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle generate the electron carrier,_______,which carries electrons to the ______ where this electron carrier is oxidized.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Plant Life Cycle: Flowers
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the function of endosperm?
A)it provides protection for the seed
B)it develops into the fruit
C)it provides nourishment for the developing embryo
D)it directs the pollen tube to the egg
Q2) Fly pollinated flowers are usually pale in color and give off a delicate scent only in the evenings.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the seventeenth century,a buying frenzy for exotic orchids resulted in an economic crisis for the Netherlands.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following becomes a fruit?
A)the entire flower
B)the carpel
C)the anther
D)the ovary
E)the ovule
Q5) A unisexual flower lacking carpels would be called _____.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Plant Life Cycle: Fruits and Seeds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cytokinins work by stimulating ______.
A)internode elongation
B)cell division
C)fruit softening
D)cell elongation
E)stomatal closure
Q2) The red color of tomatoes is mainly the result of the pigment
A)beta-carotene
B)anthocyanin
C)chlorophyll
D)lycopene
E)xanthophyll
Q3) The navel in a navel orange is actually an aborted _______.
Q4) Ethylene works by stimulating ______.
A)internode elongation
B)cell division.
C)fruit softening
D)cell elongation
E)stomatal closure
Q5) During seed germination the _______ of the embryo emerges first.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ enzymes cut the DNA molecule at specific base sequences.
Q2) Insertion and deletion mutations both can cause
A)point mutations.
B)somatic mutations.
C)frame-shift mutatiions.
D)none of these.
E)all of thesE.
Q3) The introduction of genes from one organism into another is called ______ technology.
A)restriction DNA
B)somatic cell cloning
C)germ cell
D)recombinant DNA
E)plasmid restructuring
Q4) Phenotype indicates the genetic makeup of an organism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Portions of the mRNA molecule that are removed before translation are known as _______.
Q6) ______ and ______ described the structure of the DNA molecule.
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Chapter 8: Plant Systematics and Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) There is a current movement to replace the artificial Linnaean taxonomic scheme with a ______ scheme.
A)genealogical
B)phylogenetic
C)morphological
D)ecological
Q2) Materia Medica,written by _______,was the most influential of the medical herbals from Roman times through the Middle Ages.
A)Aristotle
B)Linnaeus
C)Dioscorides
D)Pliny the Elder
E)Theophrastus
Q3) According to your textbook,in what subject area did Charles Darwin get his college degree?
A)theology
B)geology
C)biology
D)entomology
E)evolution
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Chapter 9: Diversity of Plant Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The starch of cycads,prior to processing,is toxic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Fungi are closest phylogenetically to
A)plant
B)animals C . bacteria
C)protists
D)archaea
Q3) Which of these vascular plants reproduce by seeds?
A)horsetails
B)club mosses
C)ferns
D)cycads
E)none of the above
Q4) What is unusual about Sphagnum?
A)it actively grows in below freezing temperatures
B)it can metabolize in the absence of oxygen
C)it can grow in acid water
D)it can photosynthesize at night
Q5) Another name for the fern gametophyte is the _______.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Human Nutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fiber from ______ has been shown to reduce the risk of rectal cancer.
A)fruits
B)whole grains
C)vegetables
D)seeds
E)all of these
Q2) A deficiency in vitamin K can cause which of the following conditions?
A)beriberi
B)poor blood clotting
C)rickets
D)muscle weakness
E)night blindness
Q3) All proteins in plants are incomplete;they lack either the right amino acids or lack those amino acids in the right proportions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most dietary lipids are ____________.
Q5) ______________ may destroy destructive free radicals that have been implicated as the cause of cancer and other diseases.
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Chapter 11: Origins of Agriculture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientists were able to hypothesize that cats were domesticated in China approximately 5000 years ago because
A)an unusual carbon isotope in cat bones indicated cats were eating rat pests
B)cats were found buried with Chinese dignitaries
C)cats were found buried with trinkets and other symbols of affection
D)more than one of these indicated cats were domesticated
Q2) European mitochondrial DNA studies revealed that
A)ancient European foragers and early European farmers were closely related
B)modern Europeans are not directly related to ancient European foragers
C)the first European farmers were immigrants from Australia
D)the ancient European foragers were Neanderthals
Q3) The ____________ is a site that has yielded the oldest agricultural evidence to date.
Q4) Archaeological evidence indicates that _______ may have been the first plant domesticated in the Fertile Crescent.
A)wheat
B)peas
C)barley
D)corn
E)lentils
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Grasses
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of the world's vegetation are members of the Poaceae?
A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20
E)25
Q2) In rice cultivation,what is winnowing?
A)draining of the fields to prepare for harvesting.
B)harvesting the plant using sickles
C)separating the grain from the chaff
D)freeing the grain from the outer bracts
Q3) Which of the following terms is not matched with its definition?
A)stolon - underground horizontal stem
B)lemma - outer bract surrounding a grass flower
C)culm - the stem of a grass plant
D)awn: slender bristle extending from a lemma
E)glume - a bract beneath a spikelet
Q4) The condition in which an organism has more than the diploid number of chromosomes is known as _______.
Q5) The oldest forms of domesticated wheat are ______ and emmer.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Legumes
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Sample Questions
Q1) How has the anthropogenic input of nitrogen had negative effects?
A)acid rain is produced
B)global warming has increased
C)dead zones caused by algal blooms are increasing
D)it has contributed to the world population boom
E)all of these are negative effects caused by anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen
Q2) The base oil for biodiesel fuel is ______ oil.
A)sunflower
B)lesquerella
C)soy
D)tung
E)olive
Q3) The most widely grown forage legume is
A)Pisum sativum
B)Arachis hypogea
C)Vicia faba
D)Glycine max
E)Medicago sativa
Q4) ____________ is a non-polluting fuel developed from vegetable oils that can substitute for petroleum derived products.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Starchy Staples
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Sample Questions
Q1) Grating and other methods of processing cassava are necessary to remove the toxin
Q2) Which starchy staple is a source of diosgenin,shown to inhibit ovulation in women?
A)yam
B)manioc
C)sweet potato
D)white potato
E)banana
Q3) The source of tapioca pearls is the moist flour obtained from the ______ root.
A)Colocasia
B)Manihot
C)Dioscorea
D)Ipomea
E)Solanum
Q4) The darkened ring found in some potato chips is the A)periderm.
B)cortex.
C)pith.
D)vascular tissue.
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Chapter 15: Feeding a Hungry World
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Sample Questions
Q1) One benefit of developing edible vaccines through genetic engineering is that there will be no need for _______ of the vaccine.
Q2) Fifty percent of cotton grown in the United States is of ______ varieties.
A)3
B)4
C)6
D)9
E)12
Q3) The tree tomato or tamarillo is known for its versatility - adding sugar makes it a dessert but the addition of vinegar or pepper makes it suitable for soups or stews.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Three factors that have encouraged the wide scale practice of monoculture are mechanization improved crop varieties,and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Stimulating Beverages
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not true about dark roasted coffees?
A)they are produced at higher temperatures than light roasts
B)they have a higher caffeine concentration than light roasts
C)the dark color of dark roasts is from carbonization
D)dark roasts are less sweet than light roasts
E)some Caffea species are higher in caffeine than others
Q2) Paraguay tea was a true tea substitute consumed in the southern United States during the Civil War blockade.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What event caused the British to become tea drinkers?
A)the coffee rust epidemic of the late 19<sup>th</sup> century
B)the 1773 Boston Tea Party in the British colonies
C)the colonization of India by the British during the 18<sup>th</sup> century
D)the opium wars in China in the mid- 1800s
Q4) Which of the following in not a result of dutching cocoa powder?
A)acidity is neutralized
B)solubility is increased
C)the color darkens
D)flavor is enhanced
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Herbs and Spices
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______________ is the belief that the application of certain essential oils can heal ailments of the body and mind.
Q2) "Sweating" is a process employed in the production of A)allspice.
B)ginger.
C)saffron.
D)vanilla.
E)more than one of thesE.
Q3) Curcumin,found in chili peppers,has shown promise as a treatment for cancer. A)True B)False
Q4) Nutmeg is obtained from the tree,Myristica fragrans. A)True B)False
Q5) Capsaicin has been shown to be effective as A)a blood thinner.
B)an aggravator of arthritis.
C)a substitute for sugar.
D)a fungicide.
E)more than one of thesE.
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Chapter 18: Materials: Cloth, Wood, and Paper
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wood with a specific gravity of 1.25 is less dense than wood with a specific gravity of 0.91.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______ is the wood of choice for concert-quality clarinets,oboes and flutes.
Q3) Which of the following is often used for furniture veneers?
A)yellow pine
B)Douglas fir
C)red oak
D)mahogany
E)all of these
Q4) Which of the following statements is not true about Eli Whitney's invention?
A)It reduced the need for slave labor.
B)It is a device for separating seeds from fiber.
C)It made economically possible the use of short lint cotton.
D)The main part of the invention is a roller studded with spikes covered by a metal mesh.
Q5) Viscose is associated with the production of _______.
Q6) Bamboo and kenaf have been suggested as a source of _______ for paper production.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Medicinal Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) The active principals in most medicinal plants are classified as secondary plant products.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Seeds and pits of many members of the rose family contain which type of glycoside?
A)cyanogenic
B)cardioactive
C)purgative
D)saponin
Q3) Quinine directly kills plasmodium
A)merozoites.
B)sporozoites.
C)gametocytes.
D)merozoites and sporozoites.
E)sporozoites and gametocytes.
Q4) Ancient Greek and Roman women used a plant called silphium as a _______.
Q5) A text of plant descriptions,medical uses,and collection methods is known as a(n)____.
Page 21
Q6) One major threat to traditional medicine in the tropical rain forest is ______.
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Chapter 20: Psychoactive Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) This psychoactive plant is an herbaceous annual that is a natural tetraploid hybrid.It has large leaves and a terminal inflorescence.This psychoactive plant is
A)Papaver somniferum
B)Erythroxylum coca
C)Cannabis sativa
D)Nicotiana tabacum
E)Lophophora williamsii
Q2) The chewing of coca leaves for its mild stimulating effects dates back to 1500 B.C.in India.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All alkaloids contain nitrogen and have a basic pH.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tolerance means requiring ever-increasing amounts of a drug to obtain stronger affects.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Poisonous and Allergy Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is an arrow poison that has found to have medical value as a muscle relaxant during surgery.
Q2) Antibodies are produced by basophils.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is an allelopathic compound that was used to develop a natural herbicide?
A)juglone
B)leptospermone
C)cineole
D)tyrosine
E)guayule
Q4) A foreign substance that triggers an immune response is a(n)
A)antibody.
B)antigen.
C)lymphocytes.
D)immunoglobin.
E)basophil.
Q5) The drink from the juice of _______ ________ was the method of capital punishment in ancient Athens.
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Chapter 22: The Algae
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on genetic studies,the living genus of algae that most closely resembles the evolutionary ancestor of land plants is
A)Chlamydomonas
B)Coleochaete
C)Microcladia
D)Fucus
E)Laminaria
Q2) Their high production of _______ make microalgae valuable for the production of biofuel.
A)monosaccharides.
B)triglycerides.
C)polysaccharides.
D)waxes.
E)proteins.
Q3) Ulva is both
A)isogamous and heteromorphic.
B)anisogamous and heteromorphic.
C)anisogamous and isomorphiC.
D)isogamous and isomorphic.
E)oogamous and isomorphic.
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Chapter 23: Fungi in the Natural Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hyphae is to mycelium as A)leaves are to a branch.
B)roots are to a root system.
C)apples are to an apple tree.
D)root hairs are to a root.
E)phloem is to a vascular bundlE.
Q2) In this group of fungi,spores are borne on tiny "spike" that project out from a club-like structure.This group of fungi are the A)basidiomycetes.
B)ascomycetes.
C)zygomycetes.
D)chytridiomycetes.
E)glomeromycetes.
Q3) To which group of fungi do the brewing and baking yeasts belong?
A)myxomycetes
B)basidiomycetes
C)ascomycetes
D)zygomycetes
E)imperfect fungi
Q4) Ustilago maydis is the fungus that causes ________.
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Beverages and Foods From Fungi
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first step in brewing beer involves A)moistening.
B)drying.
C)crushing.
D)roasting.
E)mashing.
Q2) Brandy is added to dessert wines to halt fermentation and maintain natural sweetness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Most commonly eaten fungi are in the Division
A)AscomycotA.
B)Zygomycota.
C)Chitridiomycota.
D)Basidiomycota.
E)Glomeromycota.
Q4) During fermentation,sugar is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide through the action of yeast.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Fungi That Affect Human Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Antidotes are available for amatoxins.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Chintu the chicken farmer complained to her doctor about shortness of breath.The doctor diagnosed her with tuberculosis.But soon after the diagnosis,the infection became systemic,spreading to other organs.She later died from the infection.Chintu did not have tuberculosis,she had A)tinea pedis.
B)coccidioidomycosis.
C)histoplasmosis.
D)ergotism.
E)candidiasis.
Q3) In which of the following plants could you find ergot?
A)potato
B)wheat
C)apple
D)squash
E)in all of these plants you could find ergot
Q4) _______ are fungi that parasitize outer layers of the body-skin,hair,and nails.
Q5) A ringworm infection occurring on the scalp is called ______.
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Chapter 26: Plant Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The growth of vegetation after a forest fire is an example of:
A)competitive exclusion
B)secondary succession
C)biological magnification
D)primary succession
Q2) A utility company burning coal to produce electricity is an example of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The main source of natural rubber comes from which native plant of the tropical rainforest?
A)Hevea brasiliensis
B)Manilkara zapota
C)Phytelephas macrocarpa
D)Bertholletia excelsa
Q4) Biomes are the climax communities for particular regions of the terrestrial environment.
A)True
B)False
Q5) 410 _______
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