Biology II
Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Biology II is an intermediate-level course that builds upon foundational biological principles to explore more advanced topics in the life sciences. Students will examine cellular processes, genetics, evolution, biodiversity, plant and animal physiology, and ecology. The course emphasizes scientific methods, problem-solving, and real-world applications, integrating laboratory experiments and collaborative projects to deepen understanding. By the end of the course, students will be able to analyze biological systems, interpret scientific data, and appreciate the complexity and interconnectedness of living organisms and their environments.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology 12th Edition by Stuart Ira Fox
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20 Chapters
2819 Verified Questions
2819 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An integrating center sends information to a(n)
A)sensor.
B)effector.
C)brain region.
D)thermostat.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the three main parts of a neuron?
A)dendrites
B)cell body
C)neurofibrils
D)axon
Answer: C
Q3) ____________ and ____________ are often regulators of effectors in most feedback loops.
A)Enzymes,neurotransmitters
B)Hormones,neurotransmitters
C)Nerves,enzymes
D)Hormones,nerves
E)Enzymes,hormones
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Only L-stereoisomers are absorbed by the digestive tract and used to synthesize organic molecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Molecules with polar covalent bonds are hydrophobic.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Ketosis
A)occurs when stored fats are rapidly degraded by the body.
B)stimulates an increased blood pH.
C)may lead to alkalosis.
D)occurs as the concentration of ketones in the urine decreases.
Answer: A
Q4) Organic acids contain carbonyl groups.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Genetic Control
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132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A cell lacking a Golgi apparatus would not be able to add _____________ to proteins.
A)lipids
B)proteins
C)carbohydrates
D)acids
Answer: C
Q2) Loss of DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes in the ________ region may cause cell senescence.
A)centromere
B)telomere
C)mitotic
D)anticodon
Answer: B
Q3) Pseudopods can be used for both amoeboid movement and phagocytosis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Enzymes and Energy
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99 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reactant molecules of enzyme action are called A)substrates.
B)allosteric inhibitors.
C)cofactors.
D)products.
Q2) During oxidation,a molecule or atom
A)gains protons.
B)loses protons.
C)gains electrons.
D)loses electrons.
Q3) A deficiency of dietary copper could limit the activity of some enzymes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Biological catalysts
A)decrease reaction rates.
B)alter a reaction product.
C)remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
D)All of these choices are correct.
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Chapter 5: Cell Respiration and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nonessential amino acids include
A)arginine.
B)lysine.
C)methionine.
D)tryptophan.
Q2) Skeletal muscle contains glucose 6-phosphatase to produce free glucose from glucose 6-phosphate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Glucose 6-phosphate can diffuse out of a cell.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Cyanide is lethal because it blocks the oxidation of oxygen in the electron transport chain system.
A)True B)False
Q5) Individuals in a positive nitrogen balance are metabolizing body tissues for energy. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment
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118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How much of the total body water content is in the intracellular compartment?
A)50%
B)67%
C)33%
D)80%
Q2) A solution freezing at -1.98<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>C
A)is hypotonic to plasmA.
B)is isotonic to plasma.
C)is hypertonic to plasma.
D)is not related to plasma.
Q3) ___________________ comprise an important family of enzymes that can break down extracellular matrix proteins but require a zinc ion cofactor.
A)Matrix metallohydrolases
B)Matrix phosphokinases
C)Matrix metalloproteinases
D)None of these choices are correct.
Q4) The charge difference across a membrane produces the membrane potential.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials?
A)voltage-gated channels
B)ligand-gated channels
C)muscarinic receptors
D)chemical-gated channels
Q2) Neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles is caused by Ca<sup>2+</sup>-synaptotagmin complex interruption of the SNARE complex.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented in part by inhibitory proteins in the membranes of the
A)myelin sheath.
B)neurons.
C)astrocytes.
D)satellite cells.
Q4) All axons in the PNS are surrounded by Schwann cells.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) All cranial and spinal nerves are mixed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Nerves that serve the leg come from the
A)sacral plexus.
B)brachial plexus.
C)lumbar plexus.
D)both the sacral and lumbar plexuses.
Q3) In the spinal cord,the gray matter is arranged into _____ and the white matter is arranged into ______.
A)columns,horns
B)funiculi,tracts
C)horns,funiculi
D)tracts,funiculi
Q4) Permanent aphasias often occur when
A)Wernicke's area is damaged.
B)Broca's area is damaged.
C)the angular gyrus is damaged.
D)spinal nerves are damageD.
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Chapter 9: The Autonomic Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?
A)the adrenal medulla
B)arrector pili muscles in the skin
C)most blood vessels
D)All of the choices are correct.
Q2) _____________ ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
A)Paravertebral
B)Terminal
C)Collateral
D)Basal
Q3) Damage to the terminal ganglia would have the greatest effect on
A)somatic motor nerves.
B)sympathetic motor nerves.
C)parasympathetic motor nerves.
D)somatic reflex function.
Q4) Nicotinic agonists would bind cholinergic receptors on preganglionic autonomic neurons.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The opening of Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels by cAMP produces a graded depolarization in the olfactory bulb.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Light is refracted the most by the A)corneA.
B)aqueous humor.
C)lens.
D)vitreous humor.
Q3) The optic nerve is formed from fibers of A)rods and cones.
B)bipolar cells.
C)amacrine cells.
D)ganglion cells.
Q4) What structure holds the lens in place?
A)canal of Schlemm
B)suspensory ligament
C)choroid
D)iris
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Chapter 11: Endocrine Glands: Secretion and Action of Hormones
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Sample Questions
Q1) A tumor of the ______________ referred to as a pheochromocytoma.
A)adrenal cortex
B)adrenal medulla
C)thyroid gland
D)pineal gland
Q2) Most polypeptide and protein hormones are synthesized as prohormones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Blood vessel diameter is regulated by all of the following EXCEPT
A)nitric oxide.
B)bradykinin.
C)endothelin.
D)platelet-derived growth factor.
Q4) Lipophilic hormones travel in the blood bonded to carrier proteins.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Oxytocin synthesis occurs in the neurohypophysis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Muscle: Mechanisms of Contraction and Neural Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alpha motoneurons innervate
A)nuclear chain fibers.
B)nuclear bag fibers.
C)extrafusal fibers.
D)intrafusal fibers.
Q2) Exceeding the VO<sub>2max</sub> will result in lactate production by the muscle.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The amount of fat stored in skeletal muscles will be ______________ by endurance training.
A)increased
B)decreased
C)unchanged
Q4) Somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter _________ at the neuromuscular junction.
A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)norepinephrine
D)serotonin
14
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Chapter 13: Blood,Heart and Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called a(n)
A)EMG.
B)depolarization.
C)heart scan.
D)ECG.
Q2) How much blood does the average-sized adult have?
A)2 liters
B)4 liters
C)5 liters
D)7 liters
Q3) ____________ binds and inactivates the sodium-potassium ATPase pumps of myocardial cell leading to increased intracellular calcium concentrations and stronger myocardial contractions.
A)Epinephrine
B)Digitalis
C)Nicotine
D)Caffeine
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Chapter 14: Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stroke volume is directly proportional to A)preload.
B)contractility.
C)total peripheral resistance.
D)Both preload and contractility.
Q2) A(n)___________ is a cylindrical support used to keep an artery open.
A)coronary bypass
B)angioplasty
C)stent
D)angiogram
Q3) How much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day?
A)10 L
B)50 L
C)110 L
D)180 L
Q4) A renin secreting tumor would induce hypertension.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macrophages are derived from neutrophils.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Allergic reactions could be minimized if the synthesis of immunoglobulin _____________ was blocked.
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgE
D)IgD
Q3) Blocking the _____ receptor on helper T lymphocytes may inhibit activation by antigen presenting cells.
A)CD25
B)CD4
C)MHC
D)IL-6
Q4) Which cell combats vitally infected cells,transplants,and cancer cells?
A)B lymphocyte
B)T lymphocyte
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Respiratory Physiology
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166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Normal venous P<sub>CO2</sub> is
A)40 mm Hg.
B)46 mm Hg.
C)100 mm Hg.
D)105 mm Hg.
Q2) Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT
A)significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues.
B)increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells.
C)significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood.
D)both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blooD.
Q3) The form of hemoglobin with iron in an oxidized state is
A)oxyhemoglobin.
B)deoxyhemoglobin.
C)methemoglobin.
D)carboxyhemoglobin.
Q4) Respiratory acidosis would be compensated by increased retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Physiology of the Kidneys
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Sample Questions
Q1) The renal pelvis receives urine from the A)minor calyces.
B)ureters.
C)renal pyramids.
D)major calyces.
Q2) Loop diuretics such as Lasix
A)inhibit the actions of ADH.
B)add extra solutes to the filtrate.
C)inhibit active transport of salt out of the ascending loop of Henle limb.
D)inhibit salt transport in the first section of the distal tubule.
Q3) If the urine volume formation is 2 mL/min,the concentration of urea in plasma is 0.3 mg/mL of urea,and the concentration in the urine is 7.8 mg/mL of urea,what is the urea clearance? (Give answer in proper units)
Q4) The osmotic diuretic mannitol inhibits salt and water absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
A)True B)False
Q5) Plasma measurement of creatinine is a close estimate of GFR.
A)True B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the food is digested and absorbed through the wall of the stomach.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Active transport of Na<sup>+</sup> into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What allows the intestinal microbiota to live in the large intestine?
A)protection by innate and adaptive immune systems
B)the anaerobic environment
C)availability of nutrients
D)All of the choices are correct.
Q4) Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzyme to break down hormones and drugs is mediated through the stimulation of what kind of receptor?
A)specific anion receptor
B)SXR receptor
C)enterogastrone receptor
D)enterokinase receptor
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Chapter 19: Regulation of Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hypocalcemia enhances the excitability of nerves and muscles because of the ____ permeability of the cell membrane to ___.
A)increased,K<sup>+</sup>
B)decreased,K<sup>+</sup>
C)increased,Na<sup>+</sup>
D)decreased,Na<sup>+</sup>
Q2) What is the major nonenzymatic protective mechanism against oxidative stress?
A)ascorbic acid
B)alpha-tocopherol
C)beta-carotene
D)glutathione
Q3) There are nine essential amino acids and 2 essential fatty acids.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What hormone is important in adaptive thermogenesis?
A)calcitonin
B)thyroxine
C)insulin
D)MSH
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Chapter 20: Reproduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) What enzyme is needed for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol in the male brain?
A)5-alpha reductase
B)aromatase
C)ATPase
D)cGMP phosphodiesterase
Q2) The movement of semen into the urethra is called A)emission.
B)erection.
C)ejaculation.
D)ovulation.
Q3) Gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary will affect the gonads in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A)stimulation of spermatogenesis or oogenesis.
B)stimulation of gonadal hormone secretion.
C)development of internal genital ducts.
D)maintenance of gonad structures.
Q4) Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the ovarian cycle. A)True B)False
Page 22
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