

Biology for Non-Majors Exam Review
Course Introduction
Biology for Non-Majors introduces foundational concepts in the study of living organisms for students without extensive backgrounds in science. Covering key topics such as cell structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and human biology, the course emphasizes the relevance of biology to everyday life and current societal issues. Through engaging lectures, discussions, and hands-on activities, learners gain a broad understanding of biological principles and their practical applications, fostering scientific literacy and critical thinking skills.
Recommended Textbook
Biology The Essentials 3rd Edition by Marille Hoefnagels Dr
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30 Chapters
2017 Verified Questions
2017 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Scientific Study of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) What statement deals with an aspect of experimentation but with the incorrect explanation?
A) The larger the sample size, the more meaningful the results.
B) The smaller the sample size, the more meaningful the results.
C) A control group is an untreated group and provides a basis for comparison.
D) It is important to standardize aspects of an experiment that might affect the outcome, other than the independent variable.
E) All answers are correct.
Answer: B
Q2) What is the advantage to the Madagascan orchid of having an 11-inch long nectar tube?
A) It can produce nectar over a larger area and attract more pollinators.
B) It can collect more rainwater.
C) It can be pollinated easily only by the moths with long tongues.
D) It can collect more sunlight for photosynthesis.
E) It can trap insects as a source of nutrients.
Answer: C
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3

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain
A) hydrophilic solutions.
B) isotopes of carbon.
C) ionically bonded atoms.
D) strong hydrogen bonds.
E) carbon and hydrogen.
Answer: E
Q2) If a carbohydrate polymer contains only two monomer units,such as sucrose made from glucose and fructose,it is called a(n)
A) disaccharide.
B) polysaccharide.
C) monosaccharide.
D) oligosaccharide.
E) complex carbohydrate.
Answer: A
Q3) Carbon is a compound.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why are cells called "the fundamental unit of life"?
A) All known organisms have one or more cells.
B) Earliest life on Earth is hypothesized to have been single-celled.
C) Some cells are separate living entities that can survive individually.
D) Cells are the smallest unit of life that can function independently.
E) All answers are correct.
Answer: E
Q2) If you found a piece of animal tissue that did not allow fluid to cross between cells,you would predict that it contained tight junctions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Some prokaryotes do have internal membranes,used in detecting gravity. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Magnetism-detecting bacteria turn with an applied magnetic field.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True

Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Energy of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following are examples of kinetic energy?
A) electrons moving through the electron transport chain, protons moving through ATP synthase
B) electrons in chemical bonds, proton gradient, ATP
C) electrons moving through the electron transport chain, proton gradient
D) protons moving through ATP synthase, ATP
E) All answer choices are correct.
Q2) The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is a
A) calorie.
B) joule.
C) kilocalorie.
D) measure of density.
E) measure of light.
Q3) Some antibiotics target enzymes specific to bacteria. Some work by binding to the active site and; therefore,act as noncompetitive inhibitors.
A)True
B)False
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6

Chapter 5: Photosynthesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organisms that gain energy by consuming preexisting organic molecules are called A) heterotrophs.
B) autotrophs.
C) animorphs.
D) plants.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.
Q2) The carbon reactions produce ATP and NADPH.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Biologists consider photosynthesis to be the most important metabolic process because without it,there would be no CO in the atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Electrons from water are used to replenish those removed from chlorophyll during the light reactions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Water interacts with the machinery in photosystem II during the photosynthesis. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Respiration and Fermentation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some microorganisms live in anaerobic environments.These organisms can produce ATP using fermentation which involves
A) glycolysis.
B) the Krebs cycle.
C) photosynthesis.
D) electron transport.
E) the Calvin cycle.
Q2) Plants are
A) net O consumers and CO producers.
B) net O producers and CO consumers.
C) net O and CO producers.
D) net O and CO consumers.
E) able to conduct photosynthesis, not cellular respiration.
Q3) In eukaryotic cells,the electron transport chain occurs in the A) lysosome.
B) nucleus.
C) cytoplasm.
D) ribosome.
E) mitochondrion.
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Page 8

Chapter 7: DNA Structure and Gene Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the <i>lac</i> operon,the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is
A) the repressor.
B) RNA polymerase.
C) DNA polymerase.
D) the promoter.
E) lactose.
Q2) In DNA,T binds to G.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A poly A tail is added to the mature mRNA after transcription.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Changes in gene expression can be adaptive.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If you found a living Neandertal,genetic analysis of <i>FOXP2</i> would show maximal similarity to the homologous gene in mice.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: DNA Replication,Binary Fission,and Mitosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Apoptosis could explain the death of lines of cells in palm leaves that lead to separate "fingers" in the structure of those leaves.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An abnormal mass of tissue is a tumor.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A discrete package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a A) chromosome.
B) nucleus.
C) ribosome.
D) Golgi body.
E) centriole.
Q4) Strands of DNA are joined by A) hydrogen bonds.
B) covalent bonds.
C) ionic bonds.
D) phosphodiester bonds.
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Chapter 9: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a haploid cell goes through mitosis it will generate
A) two haploid cells.
B) two diploid cells.
C) four haploid cells.
D) four diploid cells.
E) No answer is correct.
Q2) Haploid germ cells undergo meiosis,including crossing over,to produce sex cells.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A cell having one or more complete sets of extra chromosomes
A) cannot be produced by meiosis.
B) cannot participate in fertilization.
C) is polyploid.
D) is haploid.
E) is dizygotic.
Q4) Meiosis generates genetic variability by crossing over of homologous chromosomes in haploid somatic cells.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sexual reproduction passes on hereditary information through
A) gametes produced by mitosis.
B) gametes produced by meiosis.
C) only autosomes.
D) only sex chromosomes.
E) only linked genes.
Q2) Place the following events in the correct order in which they occur: fertilization,haploid gametes produced,meiosis of diploid cell,and new diploid organism formed.
A) meiosis of diploid cell, haploid gametes produced, fertilization, new diploid organism formed
B) haploid gametes produced, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed
C) fertilization, haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, meiosis of diploid cell
D) meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed, haploid gametes produced, fertilization
E) haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell
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Page 12

Chapter 11: DNA Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Growth of ________ does not include turning off genes.
A) stem cells
B) cardiac tissue
C) red blood cells
D) bacterial cells
E) All answers are correct.
Q2) DNA technology can be used to determine how humans are related to other living organisms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cloning results in two genetically identical cells/organisms; sexual reproduction results in genetically different cells/organisms.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Human DNA includes
A) encoding RNA and regulatory sequences that control gene expression.
B) genes that are transcribed but not translated.
C) pseudogenes.
D) remnants of old genes from ancestors.
E) All answers are correct.
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Chapter 12: Forces of Evolutionary Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food.This led to ________ for giraffes with longer necks.
A) stabilizing selection
B) disruptive selection
C) artificial selection
D) sexual selection
E) directional selection
Q2) Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli,cauliflower,kale,and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through A) artificial selection.
B) evolution.
C) genetic drift.
D) natural selection.
E) sexual selection.
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Chapter 13: Evidence of Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of A) analogous structures.
B) homologous structures.
C) vestigial structures.
D) homeotic structures.
E) heterologous structures.
Q2) Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?
A) a bone or shell
B) a leaf or stem
C) an organ like an eye or lung
D) a complete large organism
E) an organism that died on land
Q3) Marsupials are mammals that
A) lay eggs.
B) do not give live birth.
C) have evolved recently.
D) carry their young in a pouch.
E) breathe through gills.
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15
Chapter 14: Speciation and Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you saw two populations of a species of snail,separated by a water-filled valley that they could not cross,you might eventually expect to see speciation due to
A) mechanical isolation.
B) habitat isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) temporal isolation.
Q2) Which of the following is described by the steady,gradual loss of species due to normal evolutionary processes?
A) mass extinction
B) impact theory
C) background extinction rate
D) punctuated equilibrium
E) gradualism
Q3) Scientists can fill in gaps in defining species by DNA sequence analysis.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16

Chapter 15: Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fungi are classified into phyla based on which characteristic?
A) organelles
B) composition of cell wall
C) photosynthesis
D) reproductive structures
E) multicellular vs. unicellular
Q2) The complex polysaccharide component of cell walls of bacteria is
A) peptidoglycan.
B) glucose.
C) chitin.
D) cellulose.
E) All answers are correct.
Q3) Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?
A) Mitochondria produced the oxygen found in the atmosphere.
B) Almost all organisms have mitochondria.
C) All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts.
D) All prokaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts.
E) Mitochondria are larger than chloroplasts.
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17

Chapter 16: Evolution and Diversity of Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is NOT an ecological role of plants?
A) occupy top level of food webs
B) habitat for microscopic and macroscopic organisms
C) fuel source directly as nutrition and indirectly as wood and coal
D) prevent erosion of landscape by rooting into soil and other substrates
E) provide oxygen that forms the ozone layer
Q2) Mosses are an example of which of the following?
A) autotrophs
B) primary consumers
C) detritivores
D) decomposers
E) heterotrophs
Q3) Horsetails and club mosses are seedless vascular plants like ferns.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All land plants have a cuticle.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Evolution and Diversity of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you found a worm with obvious segments and a complete digestive tract,you might conclude that it was an annelid.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Leeches and earthworms belong to the phylum
A) Porifera.
B) Mollusca.
C) Annelida.
D) Nematoda.
E) Platyhelminthes.
Q3) The "Cambrian explosion" refers to the A) mass extinction of dinosaurs.
B) origination of most major phyla of animals.
C) development of the first true cell.
D) origination of life.
E) creation of Earth.
Q4) If you had found a flattened worm with bilateral symmmetry,you would know that you had found a flatworm.
A)True
B)False

Page 19
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Chapter 18: Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of habitat is A) carrying capacity.
B) population density.
C) a community.
D) population distribution.
E) population dynamics.
Q2) The physical location where an organism lives is termed its A) home boundary.
B) range.
C) habitat.
D) community.
E) ecosystem.
Q3) A population age structure diagram depicting an equal number of individuals in each age group suggests that the population is A) stable.
B) growing.
C) declining.
D) facing extinction.
E) very small.
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Page 20

Chapter 19: Communities and Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) As you climb the mountain,why are the biomes changing?
A) The air is thinner.
B) The latitude is changing.
C) More rain falls in a rain shadow.
D) Some animals live better at higher elevations.
E) It is colder.
Q2) Species richness is an important measure of diversity in an ecosystem.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A flowering plant and a bird which occasionally perches on its branches are not likely to coevolve.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Earth has a constant tilt of ________ on its axis from its plane of orbit.
A) 12.5 degrees
B) 23.5 degrees
C) 30 degrees
D) 9 degrees
E) 5.5 degrees
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Chapter 20: Preserving Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) In addition to eutrophication in lakes,which process is caused by excess nutrients in rivers?
A) warming of the water in the Gulf of Mexico
B) introduction of exotic species like Zebra mussels
C) the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico
D) decreased plant growth
E) clogging of city water lines
Q2) Carbon dioxide gas is not a major contributor to the greenhouse effect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Humans can survive on Earth without biodiversity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A type of air pollution that forms a visible haze in the lower atmosphere is
A) fog.
B) particulation.
C) smog.
D) acid rain.
E) smoke.
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Chapter 21: Plant Form and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) One way to kill a tree is to girdle it by cutting a groove a centimeter into the bark all around the trunk of the tree.Why wouldn't girdling work on a large grass?
A) The vascular bundles are in a ring just under the bark.
B) The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue.
C) Monocots don't have vascular bundles.
D) Eudicots don't have vascular bundles.
E) Grasses have taproots.
Q2) The innermost layer of the cortex of a plant root is the A) epidermis.
B) stoma.
C) guard cell.
D) endodermis.
E) petiole.
Q3) If you dug up a plant and found it to have fibrous roots,you would suspect it to be a monocot.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cytokinins are plant hormones that stimulate the ripening of fruit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How are animals involved in the life cycle of plants?
A) as pollinators only
B) as pollinators and seed dispersers
C) as seed dispersers only
D) as seed germinators only
E) as seed germinators and dispersers
Q3) You are given a plant tissue sample made from seeds.When tested,the sample proves to have three copies of each chromosome per cell.You have been given
A) endosperm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesosperm.
D) mesoderm.
E) microspore.
Q4) A sweet,juicy red berry is probably dispersed by attaching to an animal's fur.
A)True
B)False

24
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Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which animal tissue has control over the other tissues and is found in all organ systems?
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) muscular
D) nervous
E) No answer is correct.
Q2) The most common way that living organisms maintain homeostasis is by positive feedback mechanisms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The systems that coordinate communication are
A) skeletal and muscular.
B) circulatory and respiratory.
C) nervous and endocrine.
D) digestive and circulatory.
E) urinary and immune.
Q4) The tissue which gives the outer part of the ear its shape is unique to animals.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: The Nervous System and the Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you wanted to stop transmission from one neuron to another,you would want to destroy all
A) neurotransmitters.
B) T tubules.
C) resting potentials.
D) sarcomeres.
E) myelin sheaths.
Q2) In humans,if you wanted to eliminate the ability to smell dung,which type of receptor should be changed?
A) photoreceptor
B) chemoreceptor
C) thermoreceptor
D) pain receptor
E) mechanoreceptor
Q3) If you wanted to disrupt transmission of nervous signals from the brain to skeletal muscles,you could use a drug to destroy interneurons.
A)True
B)False
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26

Chapter 25: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The endocrine gland(s)that produces hormones that help regulate blood calcium is/are the
A) pancreas.
B) parathyroid gland.
C) adrenal glands.
D) pineal gland.
E) testes.
Q2) A deficiency of iodine in the diet can cause the medical condition known as A) hepatitis.
B) goiter.
C) acromegaly.
D) diabetes.
E) osteoporosis.
Q3) The adrenal glands are located "on top" of A) the ovaries.
B) the pancreas.
C) the kidneys.
D) the thyroid gland.
E) the liver.
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Page 27

Chapter 26: The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) What letter in the figure of a long bone corresponds to the location of hard,dense connective tissue with canals that house blood vessels and nervous tissue but that lacks enough space to store red bone marrow?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Q2) After death,muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours.This stiff position is called
A) osteoarthritis.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) rigor mortis.
D) osteoporosis.
E) flaccid paralysis.
Q3) Muscle rich in slow-twitch fibers is darker than muscle rich in fast-twitch fibers.
A)True
B)False
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28

Chapter 27: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) A heart murmur is caused by
A) a greater-than-normal force of contraction of the right atrium.
B) a constriction of the pulmonary artery.
C) blockage of the aorta.
D) the heart valves not functioning properly.
E) a greater-than-normal force of contraction of the left atrium.
Q2) List the correct order of the terms below that describe the travel of an oxygen molecule in the blood from the heart to a muscle cell.
A) heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, interstitial fluid
B) capillaries, venules, veins, heart
C) heart, capillaries, venules, veins
D) heart, capillaries, arterioles, arteries, interstitial fluid
E) heart, capillaries, arterioles, arteries, alveoli
Q3) The human circulatory system transports blood in a one-directional circuit throughout the body.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial node.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 28: The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an individual has their gallbladder removed,they are typically put on a low-fat diet.Which of the following would explain this recommendation?
A) Bile cannot be produced.
B) Bile cannot be removed from the intestines.
C) Bile cannot be released following a meal.
D) Lipase cannot be released following a meal.
E) Lipase cannot be produced.
Q2) The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of A) filtration only.
B) reabsorption only.
C) secretion only.
D) filtration and reabsorption only.
E) filtration, absorption, and secretion.
Q3) The tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the human body is the A) uvula.
B) renal vein.
C) nephron.
D) urethra.
E) ureter.
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Chapter 29: The Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are
A) basophils.
B) helper T cells.
C) mast cells.
D) cytotoxic T cells.
E) B cells.
Q2) If a human fetus is ________ and the pregnant woman is ________,an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur.
A) Rh-negative; Rh-positive
B) type AB; type O
C) type O; type AB
D) Rh-positive; Rh-negative
E) Rh-positive; type AB
Q3) Adaptive immune defenses provide a defense against a specific infectious agent,while innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 30: Animal Reproduction and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) A female chicken laying a fertilized egg has undergone ________ with a rooster.
A) differentiation
B) external fertilization
C) indirect development
D) direct development
E) internal fertilization
Q2) The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates release of LH and FSH in both the male and female is
A) human growth hormone.
B) testosterone.
C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
D) estrogen hormone.
E) human chorionic gonadotropin.
Q3) The expulsion of the placenta does not occur until the final stage of labor,since up to that point the placenta
A) removes waste from the fetus.
B) provides nourishment to the fetus.
C) provides oxygen to the fetus.
D) removes carbon dioxide from the fetus.
E) All answers are correct.
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