Biological Sciences
Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Biological Sciences is an interdisciplinary field that explores the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms. This course provides a foundational understanding of key biological principles, covering areas such as cell biology, genetics, ecology, physiology, and evolution. Emphasis is placed on scientific reasoning, experimental design, and the application of biological concepts to real-world issues including health, biodiversity, and environmental sustainability. Through lectures, laboratory work, and independent study, students develop analytical and practical skills essential for advancing in diverse careers within the biological and health sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Human Anatomy 4th Edition by Michael McKinley Dr
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A First Look at Anatomy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ______ reproductive system produces oocytes. Answer: female
Q2) The best view of the popliteal region is seen from the A)anterior.
B)lateral.
C)superior.
D)inferior.
E)posterior.
Answer: E
Q3) The chest is superior to the head. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The mediastinum is a serous cavity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) The ______ system produces movement and generates heat when its parts contract.
Answer: muscular
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Chapter 2: The Cell: Basic Unit of Structure and Function
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Q1) If the inside of a cell has a net negative (ionic)charge,a negative ion outside the membrane is more likely to be attracted to the intracellular environment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) _____________ are short,membrane-attached projections containing microtubules that occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces.
Answer: Cilia
Q3) Which is not characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis?
A)Chromatin degradation
B)Shrinkage in volume
C)Abnormal development in organelle structure
D)Abnormal development in plasma membrane structure
E)All of the choices are correct.
Answer: E
Q4) A membrane that is able to regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell is described as being _________ _________ (2 words).
Answer: selectively permeable
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4
Chapter 3: Embryology
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Sample Questions
Q1) From which primary germ layer are muscles derived?
A)Ectoderm
B)Mesoderm
C)Endoderm
Answer: B
Q2) Which is not one of the extraembryonic membranes that form early in the development of the embryo?
A)Chorion
B)Placenta
C)Amnion
D)Yolk sac
E)All of these are correct.
Answer: B
Q3) Neural crest cells give rise to A)melanocytes.
B)the adrenal medulla.
C)spinal ganglia
D)skeletal and muscular components of the head.
E)All of the choices are correct.
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lining of the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli)is comprised of what type of epithelium?
A)Simple squamous
B)Simple columnar
C)Simple cuboidal
D)Stratified squamous
E)Transitional
Q2) Smooth muscle is also known as _____ muscle.
A)voluntary
B)striated
C)visceral
D)cardiac
E)skeletal
Q3) The first type of connective tissue to form in the embryo and the source of all other adult connective tissues is
A)mesenchyme.
B)mucous.
C)adipose.
D)areolar.
E)umbilical.
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Chapter 5: Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which areas do adult females tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat?
A: Breasts
B: Buttocks
C: Hips
D: Thighs
E: Abdomen
A)A,B,E
B)B,C,D
C)C,D,E
D)A,B,C,D
Q2) Hair production involves a specialized type of keratinization that occurs in the hair
Q3) Which is the result of oxygen deficiency in the blood?
A)Bronzing
B)Cyanosis
C)Hematoma
D)Jaundice
E)Erythema
Q4) The cells that contract and squeeze sweat glands causing them to discharge their accumulated secretions are called __________ cells.
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Chapter 6: Cartilage and Bone
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?
A)Insufficient calcification
B)Demineralization
C)Reduction in the organic content of the matrix
D)Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness
E)All of the choices are correct.
Q2) When during human development does the process of ossification begin?
A)12 weeks after birth
B)12th-13th week of embryonic development
C)8th-9th month of fetal development
D)3-4 months of age
E)10-25 years of age
Q3) Which is not true about bone remodeling?
A)It occurs throughout life.
B)It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
C)It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.
D)It occurs only at articular surfaces.
E)It can occur in response to stress on a bone.
Q4) During bone formation,calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form crystals of _________,which serve to harden the matrix.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is not a function of the vertebral column?
A)Supporting the weight of the head
B)Maintaining upright body position
C)Passageway for cranial nerves
D)Passageway for spinal nerves
E)Protecting the spinal cord
Q2) What is the function of the cribriform plate?
A)Permits air to enter the cranial cavity to cool the brain
B)Provides large surface area for muscle attachment
C)Permits passage of the olfactory nerves
D)Forms part of the nasal septum
E)Articulates with the atlas for rotational head movement
Q3) Which features are found only on thoracic vertebrae?
A)Costal facets and demifacets
B)Transverse foramina
C)Spinous processes
D)Vertebral foramina
E)Laminae
Q4) The ________ forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum.
Q5) Each vertebral arch is composed of two pedicles and two _____________.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton
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Sample Questions
Q1) The smooth,curved surface of the acetabulum that articulates with the head of the femur is called the _____________ surface.
Q2) This figure shows the femur.The view shown is the
A)posterior surface of the left femur.
B)anterior surface of the left femur.
C)inferior surface of the left femur.
D)anterior surface of the right femur.
E)posterior surface of the right femur.
Q3) Which is not characteristic of a male pelvis?
A)Greater sciatic notch narrow,U-shaped,and deep
B)Coccyx tilted posteriorly
C)Pubic arch less than 90 degrees
D)Obturator foramen oval
E)Superior inlet heart-shaped
Q4) The posterior "bump" of the elbow is the olecranon of the ulna.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The longest,heaviest bone in the body is the ____________.
Q6) The palm of the hand is formed by the _________ bones.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Articulations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A joint in which the bone can move in two planes is said to be __________.
Q2) This figure shows a sagittal section of the knee joint.Which number indicates the menisci?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5
E)6
Q3) Which is not true regarding ligaments?
A)Intracapsular ligaments are within the articular capsule.
B)Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.
C)Extrinsic ligaments are physically separate from the articular capsule.
D)Intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of the articular cartilage.
E)Extracapsular ligaments are outside the articular capsule.
Q4) These figures show the coxal joint.What structure does number 6 indicate?
A)Ischiofemoral ligament
B)Iliofemoral ligament
C)Articular capsule
D)Ligament of head of femur
E)Acetabular ligament
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Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue and Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The agonist is the muscle that contracts to produce a desired movement.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A motor unit consists of
A: A single motor neuron
B: Neuromuscular junctions
C: Muscle fibers
D: Several motor neurons
E: A single muscle fiber
A)a,b,e
B)a,b,c
C)b,c,d
D)a,e
E)c,d
Q3) Which region of a somite differentiates into the skeletal muscles?
A)Sclerotome
B)Dermatome
C)Myotome
Q4) An increase in the size of a muscle fiber is called _________________.
Q5) During an ________ contraction,the length of the muscle does not change.
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Chapter 11: Axial Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mentalis muscle has what action?
A)Smiling
B)Frowning
C)Pouting
D)Blowing
E)Sucking
Q2) This figure shows an anterior view of the right orbit.What feature does number 3 indicate?
A)Trochlea
B)Common tendinous ring
C)Optic nerve
D)Optic canal
E)Central tendinous ring
Q3) The superficial layer of the urogenital triangle contains three muscles.Select the exception.
A)Puborectalis
B)Bulbospongiosus
C)Ischiocavernosus
D)Superficial transverse perineal
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Appendicular Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) This figure shows a posterior view of the right thigh.What muscle does number 3 indicate?
A)Semitendinosus
B)Semimembranosus
C)Biceps femoris
D)Adductor magnus
E)Gluteus maximus
Q2) One of the largest muscles in the body and the one most responsible for extending and laterally rotating the thigh is the A)sartorius.
B)tensor fasciae latae.
C)pectineus.
D)gluteus maximus.
E)gracilis.
Q3) Of these muscles,the one not involved in extending the leg is the A)gracilis.
B)rectus femoris.
C)vastus lateralis.
D)vastus medialis.
E)vastus intermedius.
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Chapter 13: Surface Anatomy
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______________ anatomy is the branch of gross anatomy that examines shapes and markings on the surface of the body as they relate to deeper structures.
Q2) What appears as a prominent bump at the distal end of the medial longitudinal arch?
A)Base of metatarsal 5
B)DIP joints
C)IP joint of big toe
D)Head of metatarsal 1
E)Proximal end of first foot phalanx
Q3) The ____________ is partitioned into the thorax,the abdominopelvic region,and the back,and its surface anatomy is particularly important in determining the location and condition of the viscera.
Q4) The pectoralis major muscle forms the rounded curve of the shoulder.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The calcaneal tendon is easily palpated along the posteroinferior leg.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Inferior to the medial malleolus is the _______ _______ arch of the foot.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) As the distance between a damaged axon and its receptor organ increases,the possibility of repair increases.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as a(n)_________ _________ neuron.
A)autonomic motor
B)somatic sensory
C)somatic motor
D)visceral sensory
Q3) The type of neuronal circuit in which several neurons process the same information at one time is a _____________ circuit.
A)converging
B)diverging
C)reverberating
D)parallel-after-discharge
E)None of the choices is correct.
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Chapter 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the A)choroid plexus.
B)arachnoid villi.
C)arachnoid granulation.
D)septum pellucidum.
E)mesencephalic aqueduct.
Q2) Following a head injury,a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "moody".What part of the brain do you think has been damaged?
A)Amygdaloid body
B)Caudate nucleus
C)Putamen
D)Globus pallidus
E)Claustrum
Q3) Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by
A)the median aperture.
B)microglia.
C)astrocytes.
D)arachnoid villi.
E)the choroid plexus.
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Chapter 16: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
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Sample Questions
Q1) The simplest reflex is the _____ reflex.
A)multisynaptic
B)unilateral
C)monosynaptic
D)polysynaptic
E)multilateral
Q2) Following an injury to his arm,a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm.You suspect that he has damaged the A)median nerve.
B)radial nerve.
C)musculocutaneous nerve.
D)ulnar nerve.
E)axillary nerve.
Q3) Interneurons are not involved in a typical monosynaptic reflex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The spinal cord and spinal nerves are exclusively responsible for some reflexes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Pathways and Integrative Functions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensory memory has unlimited capacity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Complex unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in various locations.The ones that control sudden startled movements due to visual or auditory stimuli are located in the A)mesencephalon.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral nuclei.
E)medulla oblongata.
Q3) Axons of the lower motor neurons of the lateral corticospinal tracts innervate
A)skeletal muscles that control skilled movements in the limbs.
B)muscles of the lower digestive tract.
C)muscles of the respiratory system.
D)skeletal muscles of the upper back and neck.
E)axial skeletal muscle.
Q4) All incoming impulses are sent to the brain for detailed processing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Autonomic Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the _______ horn of the appropriate thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Q2) Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia,as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?
A)Esophageal plexus
B)Pulmonary plexus
C)Abdominal aortic plexus
D)Hypogastric plexus
E)Cardiac plexus
Q3) An axon takes the ______ nerve pathway if a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
Q4) Autonomic _________ are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons,as well as some visceral sensory axons.
Q5) The _______ mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the T10-T12 segments of the spinal cord.
Q6) White rami appear white in color due to the fact that they are ___________.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Senses: General and Special
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Q1) What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing?
A: The tympanic membrane vibrates
B: Ossicles vibrate
C: Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse
D: Pressure wave vibrations are transferred to scala tympani and exit the inner ear via the round window
E: Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli
A)a,b,c,e,d
B)b,c,d,e,a
C)c,b,a,d,e
D)a,b,e,c,d
E)e,c,d,a,b
Q2) A flattened lens
A)is necessary for near vision.
B)is necessary for distant vision.
C)is necessary for both near and far vision.
D)only functions with color vision.
E)reflects light rays.
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21
Chapter 20: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) This figure shows the pituitary gland.Which numbers indicate structures that belong to the anterior pituitary?
A)2,3,4
B)6,7
C)6
D)3,4,6
E)1,9
Q2) What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A)Regulate blood calcium levels
B)Stimulate synthesis of glycogen for long-term energy reserves
C)Regulate blood volume and blood pressure
D)Prepare the body for emergency situations and prolong fight-or-flight response
E)Block target cell receptors to prevent binding of secondary hormones
Q3) Where are the target cells for antidiuretic hormone?
A)Adrenal cortex and thyroid gland
B)Kidney tubules and smooth muscle of arteriole walls
C)Ovaries and testes
D)Smooth muscle of urinary bladder
E)Smooth muscle of male reproductive tract
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Blood
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Q1) When the proteins are removed from plasma,the remaining fluid is called
Q2) The GM-CSF growth factor accelerates the formation of all granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated,which number indicates the layer containing water,plasma proteins,nutrients,and waste products?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)None of the answers is correct.
Q4) Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.
A)25
B)35
C)45
D)55
E)75
Q5) __________ are the most numerous type of leukocyte in the blood.
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Chapter 22: Heart
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Q1) As blood is pumped into the arterial trunks past the semilunar valves,it
A)pushes against the cusps,forcing the valves open.
B)pushes against the cusps,forcing the valves closed.
C)fills the cusps,causing them to expand and block the backflow of blood.
D)fills the cusps,causing them to expand and open up for the flow of blood.
E)None of these answers is correct.
Q2) All of the heart's sulci house blood vessels that supply the myocardium.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The right and left coronary arteries are the only branches of the ascending aorta. A)True
B)False
Q4) It is during weeks 5-8 that the single heart tube of the embryo becomes partitioned into four chambers and the main vessels that leave and enter the heart form.
A)True
B)False
Q5) During early ventricular diastole the semilunar valves ________________.
Q6) The _______________ cardiac vein travels alongside the right marginal artery.
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Chapter 23: Vessels and Circulation
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Q1) The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During development,the _____________ system forms most of the veins of the head,neck,and body wall.
Q3) The umbilical arteries carry _______ blood.
A)deoxygenated
B)oxygenated
C)no
Q4) Very large blood vessels require their own blood supply,and this is provided by a network of small arteries called the vasa vasorum.
A)True
B)False
Q5) As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart,the arteries
A)get smaller.
B)get larger.
C)show no change in their lumen size.
Q6) The ______________ artery supplies the ileum,cecum,and appendix.
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Chapter 24: Lymphatic System
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Q1) The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the
A)superior vena cava.
B)subclavian veins.
C)inferior vena cava.
D)azygos vein.
E)brachiocephalic veins.
Q2) Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?
A)Intestinal trunks
B)Lumbar trunks
C)Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks
D)Subclavian trunks and jugular trunks
E)Bronchomediastinal trunks and intestinal trunks
Q3) The spleen phagocytizes old or defective erythrocytes and platelets in a process known as ________________.
Q4) Which is not a function of the spleen?
A)Serves as blood reservoir
B)Filters blood
C)Filters lymph
D)Recycles aged erythrocytes
E)Houses lymphocytes
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Chapter 25: Respiratory System
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Q1) What type of tissue lines the trachea?
A)Cuboidal epithelium
B)Simple squamous epithelium
C)Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
D)Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
E)Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Q2) In these views of the trachea,what structure does number 1 indicate?
A)Trachealis muscle
B)Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
C)Goblet cell
D)Anular ligament
E)Carina
Q3) These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib.They elevate the ribs upon contraction,thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
A)External intercostals
B)Scalenes
C)Transversus thoracis
D)Internal intercostals
E)Serratus posterior inferior
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Chapter 26: Digestive System
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Q1) This figure shows an intestinal villus.What is the invagination indicated by number 2?
A)Gastric gland
B)Lymphatic nodule
C)Intestinal gland
D)Endocrine gland
E)Peyer patch
Q2) The central cavity of a tooth is filled with A)cementum.
B)dentin.
C)pulp.
D)enamel.
E)calcium phosphate.
Q3) Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands,which ones secrete pepsinogen?
A)Chief cells
B)Parietal cells
C)Surface mucous cells
D)Mucous neck cells
E)Enteroendocrine cells
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Page 28
Chapter 27: Urinary System
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Q1) The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the A)renal capsule.
B)minor calyx.
C)renal pelvis.
D)renal sinus.
E)renal cortex.
Q2) Urination is triggered by a complex sequence of events called the ___________ reflex.
Q3) The spongy urethra
A)is found only in males.
B)is the longest portion of the urethra.
C)is encased within the corpus spongiosum.
D)is lined proximally by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and distally by stratified squamous epithelium.
E)All of the choices are correct.
Q4) The arrangement of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers in the muscularis of the ureter is opposite to that found in the GI tract,where the circular layer is the inner layer.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 28: Reproductive System
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Q1) The changes that occur in a woman's body at menopause are due to
A)reduced frequency of sexual activity.
B)reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone.
C)increased production of androgens by the adrenal gland.
D)depletion of oocyte supply.
E)fluid retention that disrupts the osmotic balance of the body.
Q2) Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature?
A)Epididymis
B)Rete testis
C)Ductus deferens
D)Seminiferous tubules
E)Efferent ductules
Q3) The testes are the male gametes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Normally,the uterus is angled anterosuperiorly within the body,a position referred to as _________________.
Q5) The clitoris is homologous to the penis.
A)True
B)False
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