

Biological Sciences
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
The Biological Sciences course offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental principles that govern living systems. Students will delve into a wide array of topics, including cell biology, genetics, evolution, physiology, and ecology, developing a thorough understanding of how organisms function and interact with their environments. Emphasizing both theoretical knowledge and practical laboratory skills, the course fosters critical thinking and scientific inquiry, preparing students for advanced study or careers in health, research, environmental science, and biotechnology.
Recommended Textbook
Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of Form and Function 8th Edition by Saladin
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30 Chapters
2056 Verified Questions
2056 Flashcards
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Page 2

Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What type of gradient cause the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?
A) pressure gradient
B) electrochemical gradient
C) thermal gradient
D) concentration gradient
Answer: B
Q3) The ileum is ____________,whereas the ilium is __________.
A) a muscle;a bone
B) a bone;a muscle
C) part of the hip bone;part of the small intestine
D) a bone in the wrist;a muscle of the back
E) part of the small intestine;part of the hip bone
Answer: E
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3

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The formula of an amino group is __________;the formula of a carboxyl group is
A) -COOH;-OH
B) -CH<sub>3</sub>;-NH<sub>2</sub>
C) -OH;-SH
D) -NH<sub>2</sub>;-COOH
E) -SH;-H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>
Answer: D
Q2) The most relevant free energy in human physiology is the energy stored in
A) electrolytes ionized in water
B) free radicals with an odd number of electrons
C) radioisotopes
D) the chemical bonds of organic molecules
E) Van der Waals forces
Answer: D
Q3) Potassium,sodium,and chlorine are trace elements.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Microvilli and cilia differ in their function,but have the same internal structure.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?
A) Cytoplasm
B) Nucleus
C) Plasma membrane
D) Interstitial fluid
Answer: D
Q3) A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell should be classified as an inclusion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Genetics of Cellular Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which molecule contains anticodons?
A) An mRNA
B) A DNA molecule
C) A tRNA
D) An rRNA
E) A cDNA
Q2) Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of these is not found in the karyotype of a normal human male?
A) 46 chromosomes
B) 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
C) X and Y chromosomes
D) 46 chromatids
E) 92 DNA molecules
Q4) DNA is composed of double-ring nitrogenous bases,whereas RNA is composed of single-ring nitrogenous bases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Histology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers.People with this syndrome have __________.
A) hyperextensible joints
B) a small cranium
C) elastic bones
D) stronger bones
E) viscous blood
Q2) It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases.This is a consequence of __________ in human breast cells.
A) necrosis
B) apoptosis
C) atrophy
D) infarction
E) gangrene
Q3) The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The oil of your scalp is secreted by __________ glands associated with the hair follicles.
A) merocrine sweat
B) apocrine sweat
C) sebaceous
D) ceruminous
E) eccrine sweat
Q2) Fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our __________.
A) dermal papillae
B) dermal connective tissue
C) stratum basale
D) subcutaneous tissue
E) subcutaneous adipose
Q3) Which of the following are associated with the sense of touch?
A) Fibroblasts
B) Melanocytes
C) Keratinocytes
D) Dendritic cells
E) Tactile cells
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Page 8

Chapter 7: Bone Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intramembranous ossification is common in children,whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the __________.
A) epiphysis
B) diaphysis
C) articular cartilage
D) periosteum
E) endosteum
Q3) A radiograph (X-ray)of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Red bone marrow does not contain __________.
A) myeloid tissue
B) yellow bone marrow
C) hemopoietic tissue
D) white blood cells
E) red blood cells
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Chapter 8: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the most common spinal curvature deformity?
A) Scoliosis
B) Lordosis
C) Kyphosis
D) Osteosis
E) Herniation
Q2) The atlantoaxial joint is the joint between C1 and C2.
A)True
B)False
Q3) There are three bones in the pollex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The optic canal is part of the sphenoid bone.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the three auditory ossicles?
A) The malleus,incus,and stapes
B) The superior,middle,and inferior nasal conchae
C) The hyoid,mandible,and maxilla
D) The temporal,sphenoid,and ethmoid bones
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Chapter 9: Joints
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint.
A) fovea capitis
B) greater trochanter
C) lesser trochanter
D) acetabular labrum
E) ischial tuberosity
Q2) The joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna is a __________.
A) suture
B) gomphosis
C) syndesmosis
D) synchondrosis
E) symphysis
Q3) Showing your palm to someone who is in front of you,as if to tell them "Stop," requires __________.
A) dorsiflexion of the hand
B) hyperextension of the wrist
C) abduction of the wrist
D) flexion of the wrist
E) hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints
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Page 11

Chapter 10: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following muscles adducts and medially rotates the thigh?
A) Gracilis
B) Piriformis
C) Adductor magnus
D) Rectus femoris
E) Sartorius
Q2) A baseball pitcher who injures one of his SITS muscles most commonly sustains tears to the tendon of which muscle?
A) Supraspinatus
B) Infraspinatus
C) Teres minor
D) Subscapularis
E) Deltoid
Q3) A butcher who cuts the distal portion of his fingers may cut the __________ tendon.
A) flexor pollicis longus
B) flexor carpi ulnaris
C) palmaris longus
D) adductor pollicis
E) flexor digitorum profundus
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Chapter 11: Muscular Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the
A) threshold
B) latent period
C) twitch
D) motor unit
E) innervation
Q2) Which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)in muscle?
A) To neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
B) To replenish the phosphagen system
C) To oxidize lactate
D) To serve elevated metabolic rate
E) To restore resting levels of ATP and CP
Q3) Where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?
A) The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
B) The A bands of skeletal and cardiac muscle
C) The sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
D) The intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
E) Multiunit smooth muscle
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Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the opposite of presynaptic inhibition?
A) Coding
B) Integration
C) Recruitment
D) Summation
E) Facilitation
Q2) Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?
A) Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
B) Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid.
C) Neurotransmitters are no longer released.
D) The axon terminal reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis.
E) Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters.
Q3) Nerves are __________ of the nervous system.
A) organs
B) tissues
C) organ systems
D) organelles
E) cells
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Page 14

Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord,spinal Nerves,and Somatic
Reflexes
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm,this would be an example of a(n)__________ reflex.
A) bilateral
B) intersegmental
C) withdrawal
D) crossed extensor
E) contralateral
Q2) Which reflex shows the least synaptic delay?
A) A polysynaptic reflex
B) The cross extension reflex
C) The withdrawal reflex
D) The flexor reflex
E) The tendon reflex
Q3) The crossed extension reflex is the contraction of the extensors on one side of the body when the flexors are contracted on the other side.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15

Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ function(s)in visual attention,such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly.
A) inferior colliculi
B) superior colliculi
C) tegmentum
D) red nucleus
E) substantia nigra
Q2) Structures in the midbrain control homeostasis and relay sensory signals to specific regions of the cerebral cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Destruction of the amygdala would mostly affect which of the following?
A) Memory
B) Awareness of objects
C) Recognition and identification of objects
D) Expression of emotional feelings
E) Cognition
Q4) The vision association area resides primarily in the temporal lobe.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral
Reflexes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called
A) "fight-or-flight" activity
B) visceral motor activity
C) autonomic reflex arc activity
D) visceral tone
E) autonomic tone
Q2) The adrenal medulla secretes mostly ___________.
A) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
B) dopamine
C) endorphins
D) acetylcholine (ACh)
E) epinephrine (adrenaline)
Q3) Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except
A) changing the diameter of the pupil
B) adjusting heart rate and force
C) altering salivary mucus secretion
D) regulating gastrointestinal motility
E) maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Sense Organs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
A) Parietal lobe
B) Insula
C) Occipital lobe
D) Frontal lobe
E) Temporal lobe
Q2) Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye?
A) Lingual papilla
B) Taste (gustatory)cell
C) Taste hair
D) Taste bud
E) Taste pore
Q4) Gustatory signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
A) thyroid
B) thymus
C) adrenal gland
D) spleen
E) parathyroid
Q3) The infundibulum is a ___________.
A) mass of endocrine and neural cells
B) portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
C) bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
D) depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland
E) projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
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Chapter 18: The Circulatory System: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why are pregnant Rh<sup>-</sup> women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?
A) Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.
B) Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
C) Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A antibodies.
D) Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-O antibodies.
E) Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-B antibodies.
Q3) Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: The Circulatory System: Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) When sodium channels are fully open,the membrane of the ventricular cardiomyocyte _________.
A) sharply hyperpolarizes
B) sharply repolarizes
C) sharply depolarizes
D) plateaus
E) has no reponse
Q2) Which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle?
A) They depend almost exclusively on aerobic respiration.
B) They are rich in glycogen.
C) They have larger than average mitochondria.
D) They are very rich in myoglobin.
E) They have about the same endurance as skeletal muscle fibers.
Q3) The apex of the heart is found __________ of the midline of the body.
A) to the right
B) to the left
C) in the center
Q4) If the SA node is damaged,nodal rhythm is sufficient to sustain life.
A)True
B)False

21
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the path of blood from the heart to the right little finger (pinky)and back to the heart?
A) Aorta brachiocephalic trunk right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right ulnar artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right ulnar vein right brachial vein right axillary vein right subclavian vein right brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
B) Aorta right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right radial artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right radial vein right brachial vein right axillary vein right subclavian vein superior vena cava
C) Aorta brachiocephalic trunk right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right ulnar artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right basilic vein right cephalic vein right axillary vein right brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
D) Aorta right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right basilic artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right basilic vein right cephalic vein right subclavian vein right brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
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Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not an example of lymphatic tissue?
A) Aggregated lymphoid nodule
B) MALT
C) Lymphatic nodules
D) Macrophages
E) Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Q2) Humoral immunity produces memory by increasing the number of cells and antibodies that can fight off a pathogen in the secondary response.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by __________ during a process called __________.
A) lymphocytes and monocytes;opsonization
B) neutrophils and macrophages;cytolysis
C) mast cells and basophils;opsonization
D) mast cells and basophils;cytolysis
E) neutrophils and macrophages;opsonization
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Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following cartilages is largest?
A) Corniculate cartilage
B) Epiglottic cartilage
C) Thyroid cartilage
D) Cricoid cartilage
E) Arytenoid cartilage
Q2) The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ___________.
A) pontine respiratory group
B) dorsal respiratory group
C) ventral respiratory group
D) medulla oblongata
E) pons
Q4) The serratus anterior is active in eupnea.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 23: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) To meet the definition of polyuria,the minimum daily output of urine is __________.
A) 0.5 L
B) 1.0 L
C) 1.5 L
D) 2.0 L
E) 3.0 L
Q2) Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________.
A) monochrome
B) urochrome
C) cyanochrome
D) multichrome
E) pyuria
Q4) The thick segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Fluid, electrolyte, and Acidbase Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called .
A) baroreceptors
B) proprioceptors
C) nociceptors
D) osmoreceptors
E) mechanoreceptors
Q2) The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found?
A) Intracellular fluid (ICF)
B) Extracellular fluid(ECF)
C) Tissue(interstitial)fluid
D) Blood plasma and lymph
E) Transcellular fluid
Q4) Ina state of fluid balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal.
A)True
B)False
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26

Chapter 25: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion?
A) Tongue
B) Liver
C) Pancreas
D) Salivary glands
E) Spleen
Q2) A sodium bicarbonate solution is secreted in response to a hormone called
A) insulin
B) cholecystokinin (CCK)
C) secretin
D) glucagon
E) gastrin
Q3) Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 26: Nutrition and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a person is active,most of the body heat is generated in the brain,heart,and endocrine glands.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Fatty acids are catabolized through which process?
A) Beta oxidation
B) Ketogenesis
C) Lipogenesis
D) Lipolysis
E) The fat-sparing effect
Q3) During periods of fasting,why is fat said to have a protein-sparing effect?
A) The body oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves.
B) The body metabolizes fats and proteins through the same metabolic pathways.
C) The body must have an adequate fat intake in order to absorb and metabolize proteins.
D) The body must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats.
E) The body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first.
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Chapter 27: The Male Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) At early puberty,follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)stimulate enlargement of the testes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The deep region of the penis,surrounding the urethra,that engorges with blood during an erection is known as the ___________.
A) epididymis
B) corpus spongiosum
C) corpus cavernosum
D) scrotum
E) ductus (vas)deferens
Q3) Myotonia of skeletal muscles is characteristic of the excitement phase and refractory period.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sperm make up just 10% of semen volume.
A)True
B)False
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Page 29
Chapter 28: The Female Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most primary oocytes undergo atresia during climacteric.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most ovulation home test kits measure a surge of which hormone?
A) FSH
B) LH
C) Estradiol
D) Progesterone
E) HCG
Q3) What hormone(s)inhibit(s)the secretion of FSH and LH during the female sexual cycle?
A) GnRH
B) Estradiol and progesterone
C) Estradiol
D) Progesterone
E) Androgens
Q4) In the female fetus,the absence of testosterone results in the development of the external genitalia into clitoris,labia minora,and labia majora.
A)True
B)False

Page 30
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Chapter 29: Human Development and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) The embryonic stage extends from 16 days through the end of week 8.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not a derivative of ectoderm?
A) Salivary glands
B) The nervous system
C) The epidermis
D) Cutaneous glands
E) The dermis
Q3) In fetal circulation,blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the __________.
A) umbilical vein and umbilical arteries
B) fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein
C) foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
D) ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus
E) ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum
Q4) The fertilization membrane is the endometrial tissue that receives the conceptus.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 30: Atlas a General Orientation to Human
Anatomy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The superolateral regions of the abdomen are called the _________ regions.
A) epigastric
B) inguinal
C) hypochondriac
D) hypogastric
E) lateral abdominal
Q2) Inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called ___________.
A) peritonitis
B) pericarditis
C) pleuritis
D) meningitis
E) arthritis
Q3) The surface of the heart is formed by a membrane called the __________.
A) parietal peritoneum
B) visceral peritoneum
C) parietal pericardium
D) visceral pericardium
E) parietal pleura
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