Biological Sciences
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Biological Sciences is a comprehensive course that explores the fundamental principles of life and living organisms, encompassing areas such as cell biology, genetics, ecology, evolution, physiology, and biodiversity. Students are introduced to the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin life processes, as well as the broader interactions between organisms and their environments. Through lectures, laboratory work, and practical exercises, the course fosters analytical skills, critical thinking, and a deeper understanding of the scientific methods used to study the living world, preparing students for advanced study and careers in biological and environmental sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 8th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The body cells are in direct contact with, and make life-sustaining exchanges with, the ____________________.
Answer: internal environment (extracellular fluid)
Q2) Lines the digestive tract
Answer: B
Q3) With negative feedback, a control system's output counteracts the input into the system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Enzymes are carbohydrates that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) Police officers
Answer: A
Q6) The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life is the ____________________.
Answer: CELL
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Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Separates chromosomes during mitosis
Answer: B
Q3) Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur?
A)cytoplasm
B)cytosol
C)inner-mitochondrial membrane
D)outer-mitochondrial membrane
E)mitochondrial matrix
Answer: E
Q4) Which characteristic of the Golgi complex is incorrect?
A)It sorts and directs products to their final destination.
B)It is a membranous organelle surrounded by cytosol.
C)It produces lysosomes.
D)It modifies proteins made at the rough ER.
E)It receives secretory vesicles coming from the ER.
Answer: E
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gap junctions play an important role in transmission of impulses for heart contraction.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Selective permeability of the membrane is primarily determined by A)membrane phospholipids
B)how much cholesterol is present
C)the number and type of membrane proteins
D)the charge of the membrane
E)none of these
Answer: C
Q3) Exocytosis of secretory products from neuron terminals is triggered by the entry of ____ into the ____.
A)K+; cytosol
B)Na+; ECF
C)Ca ; cytosol
D)ATP; plasma membrane
E)A-; ECF
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oligodendrocytes form a regeneration tube to guide a regenerating nerve fiber to its proper destination.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Thyroid hormone is derived from an amino acid, which makes it soluble in water and able to utilize a second messenger system.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The refractory period limits the frequency of action potentials.
A)True
B)False
Q4) During the rising phase of an action potential
Q5) Which statement about a graded potential is false?
A)It can be a depolarization.
B)It can be a hyperpolarization.
C)It can be summated.
D)It has a refractory period.
E)It occurs in a specialized area of the membrane.
Q6) Prevents release of GABA
Q7) Synapse Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parkinson's disease is
A)associated with an excess of dopamine
B)characterized by an intention tremor
C)characterized by a resting tremor
D)characterized by all of the above
E)associated with abnormalities in the limbic system
Q2) Initial cortical processing for sensations arising from the surface of the body
Q3) Centers for the control of respiration and circulatory function are located in the hypothalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Gray matter refers to regions of the central nervous system composed primarily of densely packed cell bodies, whereas white matter consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ____________________ lobes of the cerebral cortex are responsible for initial processing of visual input, and the ____________________ lobes are responsible for initial processing auditory input.
Page 8
Q6) Summarize the major function of each division of the nervous system.
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Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division
Special Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eyeball too short
Q2) Periaqueaductal gray area
Q3) Receptors
A)experience action potentials in response to stimuli
B)receive signals from the afferent division of the PNS
C)can initiate action potentials in afferent neurons
D)sends efferent information to the CNS
E)perform all of the above
Q4) Binding of scent signals to olfactory receptors
A)activates G proteins
B)results in cAMP production
C)opens sodium channels
D)causes all of the above
E)caused only a and b
Q5) Proprioception is the awareness of the body's position in space.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Dependent on the overtones
Q7) Responds to irritating chemicals
Q8) Components aligned in three different planes Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter ____________________, whereas all parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter ____________________.
Q2) Innervates the adrenal cortex
Q3) Postganglionic autonomic fibers
A)end in a single synaptic knob that releases the neurotransmitter
B)have numerous varicosities that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on single cells
C)innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
D)have characteristics a and c
E)have characteristics b and c
Q4) Atropine ____ the effect of acetylcholine at ____ receptors and ____ ____ receptors.
A)blocks; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
B)enhances; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
C)blocks; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
D)enhances; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
E)blocks; muscarinic; enhances; nicotinic
Q5) Have a receptor at the peripheral ending
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Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dark band
Q2) ____________________ is the pigment that can store small amounts of oxygen in the skeletal muscle.
Q3) Cross bridges have actin binding sites that are normally covered by troponin and tropomyosin except during excitation-contraction coupling.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Provides information to motor regions of the brain
Q5) A skeletal muscle produces motion by pulling the origin toward its insertion.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The most common need for additional oxygen after rigorous exercise is for the repayment of the ____________________, when activity was being supported by creatine phosphate and glycolysis.
Q7) Asynchronous recruitment gives motors units that have been active an opportunity to rest while others are firing.
A)True
B)False
Q8) Has the largest diameter
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Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Closes as a result of the right ventricle experiencing systole
Q2) The cardiac output is equal to
A)(EDV - ESV) x HR
B)heart rate x EDV
C)the difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise
D)the stroke volume minus the ESV
E)heart rate x blood pressure
Q3) A lumen that contains blood with a comparatively higher concentration of oxygen is in the
A)right ventricle
B)inferior vena cava
C)pulmonary artery
D)pulmonary vein
E)coronary veins
Q4) The function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles is to hold the AV valves open during diastole to ensure complete ventricular filling.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the factors involved in capillary filtration and reabsorption.Include the following in your answer: blood osmotic pressure (BOP), blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP), interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IOP), interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IHP), arteriolar end, and venular end.
Q2) The main process by which exchange of solutes occurs between the blood and interstitial fluid at the capillary level is passive diffusion down concentration gradients.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Increasing the pressure gradient in a vessel
Q4) The venous valves
A)actively contract to force blood uphill against gravity
B)passively close to prevent the backflow of blood in the veins
C)prevent blood from flowing into lymphatic vessels
D)primarily prevent blood plasma from moving into the interstitial fluid
E)perform all of the above functions
Q5) Decreased sympathetic nerve activity ____ the arteriolar radius.
Q6) A local increase in potassium increases the vasodilation of arterioles.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 11: The Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Active factor X is related to thrombin in the same way that _______ is related to fibrin.
Q2) Which is not a step in hemostasis?
A)vascular spasm
B)platelet aggregation
C)coagulation
D)thrombopoietin activation
E)fibrinogen activation
Q3) Prostacyclin
A)activates the clotting cascade
B)induces vasoconstriction of an injured vessel
C)inhibits platelet aggregation
D)is released by aggregated platelets
E)dissolves the clot
Q4) Stimulates granulocyte production
Q5) Of the cells identified with numbers 4-12, which type is the most abundant in the blood?
Q6) Which number identifies the item responsible for the second phase of hemostasis and also releases a substance that initiates the intrinsic phase of coagulation?
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Chapter 12: Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interferon, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T cells all exert antiviral and anticancer effects.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Active immunity
A)is self-generated upon exposure to antigen
B)can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease
C)involves administration of preformed antibodies
D)is shorter in duration than passive immunity
E)is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the placenta during intrauterine development
Q3) Leukocytes
A)are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies
B)spend most of their time circulating in the blood
C)are all produced in the lymph nodes
D)have all of the above characteristics
E)have characteristics a and b
Q4) Secrete B-cell growth factor
Q5) Most abundant cell type in the skin
Q6) ____________________ tissues store, produce, or process lymphocytes.
Page 16
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Chapter 13: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 500 ml of air that is inspired is the same 500 ml of air that enters the alveoli during a single breath.
A)True B)False
Q2) Well-ventilated alveoli usually receive more blood flow than more poorly-ventilated alveoli.
A)True B)False
Q3) To produce a normal tidal volume, the expiratory muscles must be stimulated.
A)True B)False
Q4) The atmospheric \(\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { O } _ { 2 } }\) is approximately
A)25 mm Hg
B)120 mm Hg
C)160 mm Hg
D)220 mm Hg
E)the same as for nitrogen
Q5) Volume of air that can be expired during the first second of expiration in a vital-capacity determination
Q6) Respiratory rate x (tidal volume - dead space volume)
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Chapter 14: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Collecting duct:
Location ____________________
Function(s) ____________________
Q2) Explain how glomerular filtration rate is autoregulated.Include the following in your answer: myogenic, macula densa, granular cells, juxtaglomerular apparatus, nitric oxide, ATP, and adenosine.
Q3) Urine excretion
Q4) Vasopressin is made in the posterior pituitary gland and after its secretion has a dramatic effect in the collecting duct of nephrons.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Nephron
Q6) If the plasma concentration of substance X is 200 mg/100 ml and the GFR is 125 ml/min, the filtered load of this substance is ____________________.
Q7) Only juxtamedullary nephrons contain a juxtaglomerular apparatus.
A)True
B)False
Q8) Stimulates K secretion by the distal and collecting tubules
Q9) Tubular secretion
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Chapter 15: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pH of venous blood is usually about ____________________.
Q2) The __________ are most important in compensating for respiratory acidosis.
Q3) The major source of H in the body fluids is the carbonic acid generated from metabolic production of CO .
A)True
B)False
Q4) Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of the individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid.
A)True
B)False
Q5) An absence of the hormone ____________________ leads to the formation of keto acids in the body.
Q6) The respiratory system cannot fully compensate for metabolic acidosis because
A)peripheral and central chemoreceptors respond to pH changes in a different manner
B)some changes in acid levels occur due to changes in carbon dioxide levels
C)metabolic acid production is too great
D)a and b occur
E)all of the above occur
Q7) Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis
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Chapter 16: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing, food is prevented from
A)reentering the mouth by elevation of the uvula
B)entering the nasal passages by closure of the nasopharyngeal sphincter
C)entering the trachea primarily by the epiglottis blocking the opening between the vocal cords
D)doing a or c
E)doing none of the above
Q2) The major metabolic waste product eliminated in the feces is bilirubin.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Lipase
Q4) Bile is secreted by the liver and is stored in the gallbladder.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Stimulate(s) pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion
Q6) CCK causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.
A)True
B)False
Q7) ____________ is a recently discovered hormone released from the liver when iron levels in the body become too ___________ (high or low?).
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Chapter 17: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transfer of heat by water currents
Q2) Only about ____ percent of the energy found in nutrient molecules is transferred to ATP.
A)10
B)25
C)50
D)75
E)90
Q3) Quantity of heat produced per liter of O consumed
Q4) Energy expended by contracting skeletal muscles to move external objects or to move the body
Q5) Which of the following is not a means of increasing or conserving heat production?
A)shivering
B)skin vasodilation
C)nonshivering thermogenesis
D)increased muscle tone
E)increased exercise
Q6) Among the several kinds of biologically important molecules, ____________________ store the most energy per gram.
Page 21
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Chapter 18: Principles of Endocrinology: the Central
Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ does not act on its target cell by binding with a G-protein coupled receptor.
A)PTH
B)Corticotropin
C)Thyroid hormone
D)Somatostatin
E)Glucagon
Q2) ___________ is/are not stored in the secretory cell after being synthesized.
A)Peptides
B)Catecholamines
C)Steroids
D)Thyroid hormone
E)b and c
Q3) Lipophilic hormone derived from an amino acid
Q4) Bone cells that dissolve bone
Q5) Hormone activity is rapid compared to the effects of the nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Speed of response is long (minutes to days or longer)
Q7) TRH directly controls the release of _______________ from the ___________ Page 22
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Chapter 19: The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adrenal androgens are
A)normally secreted only in males, whereas adrenal estrogens are secreted in females
B)normally secreted in both males and females, but in insufficient amounts to cause masculinization
C)responsible for the female sex drive
D)both a and c
E)both b and c
Q2) Adrenal androgen
Q3) __________ would not decrease thyroid hormone production.
A)A decrease in TSH production
B)An iodine deficient diet
C)An increase in TRH production
D)Inhibition of the iodide pump
E)Removal of the pituitary
Q4) All forms of diabetes mellitus are characterized by a lack of pancreatic insulin secretion.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Promotes female sex drive
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Chapter 20: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The secretory phase of the uterine cycle lasts from menstruation to ovulation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Spermatogenesis is directly controlled by A)LH
B)FSH
C)prostaglandins
D)both a and c
E)both b and c
Q3) The testes location outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac
A)permits spermatogenesis
B)protects the gonads against injury
C)permits testosterone secretion
D)maintains them at a higher than normal body temperature for normal testicular function
E)permits capacitation of sperm
Q4) In the male, the primary reproductive organs include the testes, the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and the bulbourethral glands.
A)True
B)False
Page 25
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