Course Introduction
Biological Science
Chapter Exam Questions
Biological Science is an interdisciplinary course that explores the fundamental principles and processes of living organisms, from the molecular and cellular levels to entire ecosystems. Through the study of genetics, physiology, evolution, ecology, and biodiversity, students gain a comprehensive understanding of lifes complexities and the interconnectedness of all living things. Laboratory and field work complement theoretical learning, allowing students to apply scientific methods, conduct experiments, and develop critical thinking skills essential for careers in research, healthcare, and environmental management.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Now Core 1st Edition by Anne Houtman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recently,beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives.Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees.Without data from a scientific experiment,is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees?
A)Yes,because it is obviously the Bt crops killing the bees.
B)Yes,because there cannot possibly be any other explanation for the loss of the honeybees.
C)No,because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees.
D)No,because there is no reason to suspect that an insecticide would kill honeybees.
Answer: C
Q2) The genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living is ________.
Answer: DNA
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3
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Q1) You are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or nonpolar.The easiest way to do this would be to
A)determine whether the compound is held together by hydrogen bonds.
B)determine the number of electrons in the compound's outer shell.
C)mix the compound with an ionic substance to see whether its bonds can withstand the pressure.
D)determine whether the compound dissolves in water.
Answer: D
Q2) Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge are described as ________.
Answer: polar
Q3) During a study session,a Biology classmate holds up a bottle of water and mentions that there are both hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds found within the liquid.Explain your classmate's statement by describing the types of bonds that are found within your bottle of water.
Answer: Your classmate is correct in his or her assessment of the bonds in the water.Within a water molecule,the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together by covalent bonds.Hydrogen bonds attract neighboring water molecules due to partial positive and partial negative charges on the hydrogen and oxygen atoms,respectively.
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4
Chapter 3: Life Is Cellular
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Q1) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A)is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.
B)produces the energy needed to run chemical reactions in the cell.
C)converts sunlight into chemical energy.
D)stores water,nutrients,and enzymes.
Answer: A
Q2) A white blood cell (WBC)encounters bacteria in a scrape on the knee of a child who has fallen off of his bicycle.The WBC's job is to take the bacteria inside of itself and destroy the bacteria.If the bacteria cannot be moved across the WBC membrane,how will the WBC most likely take it in?
A)exocytosis
B)pinocytosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)phagocytosis
Answer: D
Q3) Viruses use their ________ material to take over their host cell's metabolic machinery to produce the components needed for the virus to reproduce.
Answer: genetic
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Chapter 4: How Cells Work
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Q1) The energy carriers NADPH and NADH differ structurally.Functionally they
A)are quite similar;each is produced in catabolic pathways and is used in anabolic pathways.
B)are quite similar;each is produced in anabolic pathways and is used in catabolic pathways.
C)are somewhat different;NADPH is produced from catabolic processes,whereas NADH is used in anabolic processes.
D)are somewhat different;NADH is produced from catabolic processes,whereas NADPH is used in anabolic processes.
Q2) The evolution of photosynthesis was an essential event for the evolution of life as we know it.Defend this statement by discussing the importance of the products of photosynthesis.
Q3) Cells would not be able to survive unless anabolic and catabolic processes occurred in linked reactions.Support or refute this statement.
Q4) Humans store sugars in the form of glycogen.Glycogen is made by linking many glucose molecules together.This process is ________.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Cell Division
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Q1) The goal of ________ is to increase genetic diversity by creating a new diploid individual from haploid cells.
Q2) What is the purpose of having cell cycle checkpoints? What are the consequences of not having them?
Q3) What is the significance of crossing over?
A)Two copies of the same chromosome are allowed to become part of the same gamete.
B)The resulting gametes will have different gene combinations than their parent cells' gene combinations.
C)The bivalent chromosomes are able to exchange genetic material with other pairs of chromosomes.
D)The gametes that are produced will have twice as many chromosomes as the parent cells had.
Q4) Which of the following cell types is produced by meiosis?
A)skin cells
B)muscle cells
C)pancreatic cells
D)sperm cells
Q5) Cells spend the bulk of their time in the ________ phase of the cell cycle.
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Chapter 6: Patterns of Inheritance
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Q1) Mendel's manuscript discussing his pea-breeding results is considered one of the two most important scientific papers of the nineteenth century because he was the first to explain how
A)mutations produced the variety of alleles displayed by individuals of the same species.
B)traits are passed from one generation to the next.
C)meiosis controls the distribution of alleles to each gamete. D)genes are arranged on chromosomes in the cell.
Q2) The genetic makeup of an organism,such as Gg,is its ________.
Q3) In Mendel's controlled mating experiments the individuals produced by crossing two true-breeding parents are referred to as
A)the P generation.
B)the F1 generation.
C)the F2 generation.
D)dihybrids.
Q4) If Gregor Mendel had studied a polygenic trait that did not follow the straightforward single-gene,single-phenotype pattern,do you believe he would have been able to describe how genes are passed from parents to offspring? Justify your answer.
Q5) A Punnett square charts the separation of alleles into ________.
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Chapter 7: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Q1) Because an individual with an XX genotype is a female,is an individual with an XO (no second sex chromosome)a male?
A)No,because the X always overrides the Y and makes that embryo female.
B)No,because the Y chromosome contains the gene that makes an embryo male.
C)Yes,because if there is only one X,the embryo cannot become female.
D)Yes,because all embryos start off as males.
Q2) Which of the following statements would indicate a pedigree that shows the inheritance pattern of a recessive X-linked disease?
A)Most affected individuals are females.
B)Most affected individuals are males.
C)Males and females are affected equally.
D)The disease is seen in every generation.
Q3) The X chromosome in humans is
A)found as a pair in females.
B)the only human sex chromosome.
C)present only in females.
D)always found in single copy.
Q4) Human males have one chromosome that females do not,known as the ________ chromosome.
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Chapter 8: What Genes Are
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Q1) What would be the result if DNA polymerase did not have the ability to proofread?
A)DNA replication would not proceed at all.
B)DNA replication would proceed more slowly.
C)DNA replication would result in more mutations.
D)DNA replication would result in additional copies of DNA.
Q2) A scientist is interested in studying the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
A)The scientist should select a prokaryotic cell.
B)The scientist should select a eukaryotic cell.
C)The scientist can select either a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell.
D)The scientist will need to design a novel cell using DNA sequencing.
Q3) The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by ________ bonds between their base pairs.
A)hydrogen
B)amino acid
C)phosphate
D)protein
Q4) Are mutations always harmful? Justify your answer and give an example to support your answer.
Q5) The enzyme that copies DNA is called ________.
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Chapter 9: How Genes Work
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Q1) In bacteria,a particular gene codes for a protein that helps the bacteria break down and use lactose as a food source.If no lactose is present,
A)the gene will be broken down so no enzyme is made.
B)the gene will mutate to produce another,more useful,enzyme.
C)the promoter for this gene will be blocked so RNA polymerase can't bind.
D)the promoter for this gene will be enhanced so RNA polymerase binds more readily.
Q2) During translation,
A)many mRNA molecules work with one tRNA molecule and one rRNA molecule to produce a protein.
B)one tRNA molecule works with paired mRNA molecules and many rRNA molecules to produce a protein.
C)strings of bonded tRNA molecules work with one mRNA molecule and one rRNA molecule to produce a protein.
D)one mRNA molecule works with several rRNA molecules and many tRNA molecules to produce a protein.
Q3) The process of using an RNA template to make proteins is called ________.
Q4) If a molecule of mRNA is a sentence,its bases are the letters and the codons are the
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Evidence for Evolution
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Q1) Both humans and whales evolved from a common ancestor.Although our forelimbs are quite different,they are made of the same bones.This is an example of a(n)
A)artificial selection.
B)homologous structure.
C)transition fossil.
D)vestigial structure.
Q2) Natural selection
A)is the principle cause of extinctions.
B)is the principle cause of evolutionary change.
C)occurs only in gametes.
D)cannot occur without genetic drift.
Q3) Two fossils of the same species are found in both Africa and South America.What does this indicate?
A)This organism evolved after the separation of Pangaea.
B)This organism evolved before the separation of Pangaea.
C)The fossil from South America evolved from the organism from Africa.
D)The fossil from Africa evolved from the organism from South America.
Q4) The human appendix is an example of a(n)________ structure.
Q5) Continental drift is the ________ of Earth's landmasses through geologic time.
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Chapter 11: Mechanisms of Evolution
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Q1) Genetic variation is based on
A)the inheritance of alleles accumulated during the lifetime of an individual.
B)differences in genotypes between the individuals in a population.
C)the accumulation of mutations in somatic cells (as opposed to gametes).
D)the formation of new combinations of alleles during asexual reproduction.
Q2) Overfishing results in an endangered fish population with a very small population size.
A)genetic drift
B)genetic bottleneck
C)founder effect
D)gene flow
E)natural selection
Q3) Evolution can be described as
A)predesigned change in the genetic characteristics of a population of organisms over time.
B)sudden shifts in the genetic characteristics of an individual in a population.
C)a change in the genetic characteristics of a population of organisms over time.
D)isolation of populations due to geologic forces.
Q4) Compare and contrast bottleneck and founder effect.
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Chapter 12: Adaptation and Species
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Q1) The faster a cheetah can run,the more likely it is to capture its prey.Cheetahs with longer legs are able to run faster than those with shorter legs.Although the existing cheetah population shows a variety of leg lengths,cheetah legs are not continuing to increase in length from one generation to the next.Which of the following is a possible explanation?
A)The genes that are involved in cheetah leg length do not undergo mutation.
B)Cheetahs with long legs are reproductively isolated from cheetahs with short legs.
C)Natural selection does not act on traits involved in predation.
D)Longer cheetah leg bones are more likely to break.
Q2) How does coevolution lead to speciation?
A)Coevolution is the mechanism that allows allopatric speciation to occur.
B)Coevolution causes the extinction of species that have limited genetic diversity.
C)The adaptations that occur during coevolution are passed on to other species.
D)An adaptation in one organism drives adaptation in a second organism.
Q3) Explain how a change in the depth,either a lengthening or shortening,of flowers that contain nectar eaten by a particular species of hummingbird would potentially lead to a change in the hummingbird.
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Chapter 13: The History of Life
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Q1) The most ancient lineage in kingdom Animalia is the ________ followed closely by the ________.
A)sponges;cnidarians
B)echinoderms;chordates
C)chordates;deuterostomes
D)arthropods;protostomes
Q2) The appearance of eukaryotes may have been delayed until more ________ accumulated in Earth's atmosphere.
A)oxygen
B)nitrogen
C)carbon
D)sulfur
Q3) What criteria best characterize membership in the kingdom Protista?
A)a continuous lineage of descent from a common ancestor
B)a large assortment of unique shared derived traits
C)a common evolutionary heritage
D)the inability to meet the characteristics that define each of the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms
Q4) In an evolutionary tree,a given ancestor and all its descendants make up a ________,or branch.
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Chapter 14: Human Evolution
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Q1) Fossil evidence from around the world indicates that anatomically modern humans first evolved in Africa about 195,000-200,000 years ago from a population of archaic Homo sapiens and then successfully migrated to and inhabited almost all continents by 13,000 years ago.During literally tens of thousands of years,modern humans lived alongside other ________ populations,eventually replacing them.
Q2) Which of the following groupings of animals are most closely related to each other?
A)starfish,butterflies,lizards
B)frogs,goldfish,birds
C)bats,kangaroos,elephants
D)lemurs,chimps,humans
Q3) All primates have opposable thumbs.This means the thumbs
A)can be touched together.
B)can be touched to each of the other fingers on the opposite hand.
C)can be touched to each of the other fingers on the same hand.
D)can be touched to each of the toes on both feet.
Q4) Members of the "human" branch of the ape family,including modern humans as well as our extinct relatives,are properly referred to as ________.
Q5) Briefly explain the difference between hominids and hominins.
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Chapter 15: General Principles of Ecology
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Q1) Although the terms climate and weather are often used interchangeably,they are not the same thing.Climate differs from weather in that
A)weather includes amount of rainfall per year and climate does not.
B)climate is based on biomes,whereas weather is not.
C)climate describes long-term patterns,whereas weather describes short-term fluctuations.
D)climates are described in terms of long-term average temperature,and weather is described by other factors,such as prevailing winds.
Q2) The term ________ describes the process of water released to the atmosphere from plants.
Q3) Greenhouse gases warm the planet by
A)absorbing and dispersing solar radiation.
B)magnifying the energy of solar radiation.
C)producing and emitting infrared radiation.
D)absorbing and reemitting infrared radiation.
Q4) Describe how burning fossil fuels can warm the planet.
Q5) Describe how both biotic and abiotic factors can affect the population size of deer in a forest.
Q6) Describe how a decrease in plant populations can affect the water cycle.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Growth of Populations
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Q1) If we humans do not limit our population growth rate,we will exceed the ________ of our environment,leading to a larger population than the environment can support.
Q2) the maximum sustainable population size in a given environment
A)population size
B)population density
C)carrying capacity
D)logistic growth
E)exponential growth
Q3) Which of the following would likely occur as a population reaches carrying capacity?
A)Density-independent deaths would increase.
B)Density-dependent deaths would increase.
C)Use of resources,such as food and space,would decrease.
D)Birth rates would increase to maintain population size.
Q4) China's population ________ is 137 people per square kilometer.
Q5) At room temperature,a population of dangerous bacteria on a piece of raw chicken increases from 100,000 to 400,000 in 40 minutes.Its doubling time is ________ minutes.
Q6) Weather is a density-________ factor that can affect the size of a population.
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Chapter 17: Communities of Organisms
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Q1) Which of the following statements about communities is true?
A)They usually have few species of organisms.
B)There can be complex interactions between the organisms that make up a community.
C)They are more abundant in temperate areas.
D)They are made up of mammal species only.
Q2) Which of the following would probably NOT occur if a single species was removed from an ecological community?
A)The species richness would change.
B)The relative species abundance would change.
C)The diversity of the community would change.
D)The community would cease to exist.
Q3) In which of the following situations would you expect succession to take the longest?
A)A volcanic island forms far from any mainland.
B)A forest fire burns 1,200 acres in Texas.
C)Sand dunes form a new island within a half mile of a mainland.
D)Humans log an area and then burn remaining undergrowth.
Q4) ________ consumers feed on primary consumers as part or all of their diet.
Q5) Compare and contrast exploitative and interference competition.
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Chapter 18: Ecosystems
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Q1) When humans consume rice they occupy which trophic level of a food chain?
A)primary consumer
B)secondary consumer
C)tertiary consumer
D)primary producer
Q2) This biome is dominated by trees and shrubs adapted to relatively rich soil,snowy winters,and moist,warm summers.With oak,maple,hickory,beech,and elm,this biome displays good diversity.Squirrels,rabbits,deer,raccoons,beavers,bobcats,mountain lions,bears,and many amphibians and reptiles constitute the consumer community.
A)tropical forest
B)chaparral
C)boreal forest
D)tundra
E)desert
F)temperate deciduous forest
G)grassland
Q3) A group of living communities interacting with one another and their shared physical environment is a(n)________.
Q4) Explain why ecosystems do not always have sharply defined physical boundaries.
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Chapter 19: Applying the Science
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Q1) Which of the following would NOT be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful in decision-making?
A)Should I send my child to a school that requires my child be vaccinated according to the vaccination schedule recommended by the Centers for Disease Control?
B)Should I pay to store umbilical cord blood when my baby is born?
C)Should I vote to support a new oil pipeline through a sensitive natural area?
D)Is the space travel in Star Wars really possible?
Q2) Which of the following would NOT be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful?
A)Should I take a cinnamon capsule every morning to help regulate my blood sugar?
B)Should I spend the extra money to buy a particular pair of shoes that claims to help tone my leg muscles better than other athletic shoes?
C)Will my cell phone cause me to have cancer?
D)Which movie should I watch this weekend?
Q3) Claims that are characterized by scientific-sounding statements,beliefs,or practices but are not actually based on the scientific method are properly viewed as ________.
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