Course Introduction
Biological Psychology
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Biological Psychology explores the intricate relationship between biological processes and behavior, examining how the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence thoughts, emotions, and actions. The course covers foundational topics such as neural communication, brain structure and function, sensory and motor systems, as well as the biological underpinnings of learning, memory, emotion, and mental disorders. Students will gain an understanding of key research methods in biological psychology and how advances in neuroscience contribute to our understanding of human behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 5th Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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14 Chapters
990 Verified Questions
990 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him?
A)You are a domineering person.
B)Your father was a very domineering person.
C)Your brother is a domineering person.
D)Your mother was a very domineering person.
Answer: A
Q2) Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog's brain. More specifically, they found __ systematic relationship between the portion of the cortex stimulated and specific ________.
A)a; movements
B)a; vocalizations
C)no; movements
D)no; vocalizations
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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Q1) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the lateral and third ventricles by the A)dura mater.
B)substantia nigra.
C)globus pallidus.
D)choroid plexus.
Answer: D
Q2) If you inserted a micropipette into a neuron without harming the cell and pumped in a small quantity of calcium ions, each of which carried two positive charges, how would this affect the membrane potential?
A)The membrane potential would become depolarized relative to the resting potential. B)The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized relative to the resting potential.
C)There would be no change because calcium does not contribute to the resting potential.
D)There would be no change because the sodium-potassium pump would remove excess calcium from the cell.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) One limitation of what we can learn through the single-cell recording technique is that
A)it is often difficult to determine the baseline activity level of a single neuron.
B)patterns of activity among groups of neurons may describe the function of a brain area better.
C)the receptive field of a single neuron changes as the brain develops.
D)single-cell recording is effective only in exploring the primary sensory cortex.
Answer: B
Q2) The most frequent cause of stroke is occlusion of the normal passage of blood by a foreign substance, such as an embolus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are watching a show on TV while speaking on your cell phone to a loved one. A commercial with a couple fighting appears. Suddenly, the person says something on the phone and you get irritated. The person on the other side of the line is perplexed by your response. This is an example of
A)the interpreter.
B)left hemisphere brain activity.
C)rationalization.
D)All of the answer options are correct.
Q2) Describe how the right and left hemispheres differ in terms of facial recognition.
Q3) Theory of mind is to the interpreter as the _______________ is to the _______________.
A)subconscious; conscious
B)conscious; subconscious
C)right hemisphere; left hemisphere
D)left hemisphere; right hemisphere
Q4) Many callosal projections link homotopic areas in corresponding locations in the two hemispheres.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies of cortical organization in blind people have shown that compared to sighted people,
A)blind people show increased activity in the occipital cortex when idly sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces and when given tactile discrimination tasks.
B)blind people show increased activity in the occipital cortex when given tactile discrimination tasks but not when idly sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces.
C)blind people show no difference in occipital cortex activity when idly sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces or when given tactile discrimination tasks.
D)blind people show no difference in occipital cortex activity when given tactile discrimination tasks and increased activity when idly sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces.
Q2) Give several reasons why the following statement is incorrect: "The right visual field is processed by the left hemisphere of the brain, while the left visual field is processed by the right."
Q3) Odorants from the mouth can travel back up into the nasal cavity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher wishes to investigate the visual processing of bodies in the human brain using TMS. Where should he or she stimulate?
A)on the border of the occipital and temporal lobes
B)on the border of the occipital and parietal lobes
C)on the border of the temporal and parietal lobes
D)on the border of the parietal and frontal lobes
Q2) According to ensemble theories of object recognition, it is possible to confuse similar-looking objects because
A)objects that appear similar activate overlapping networks of cells.
B)similar-looking objects activate the same grandmother cell.
C)cells in the extrastriate cortex have large receptive fields and therefore low spatial resolution.
D)object constancy prevents the visual system from encoding fine details about objects.
Q3) The dorsal visual pathway is associated with the parietal lobe.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain a category-based and property-based organization of semantic knowledge. Discuss evidence in favor of each account.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attention
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Q1) Describe the subcortical structures involved in attention. Do you think these structures contribute to voluntary or reflexive attention? Why or why not?
Q2) During a particularly boring lecture, you carefully note the time on a clock that is mounted on the side wall of the classroom while keeping your eyes fixated on the professor's face. This is an example of A)covert attention.
B)inhibition of return.
C)extinction.
D)conjunction search.
Q3) Why isn't the neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically studied as a model to understand the anatomy of attention networks?
A)ADHD is primarily a sensory issue.
B)Because ADHD is so much more common in boys than in girls, the findings would be too heavily gender biased.
C)Both the anatomical and behavioral differences in ADHD make it a more complex phenomenon to study than neglect or Bálint's syndrome.
D)The brains of children with ADHD are still developing.
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Chapter 8: Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) One reason that lesions to the cerebellum disrupt the eye blink conditioning response is because
A)the cerebellum regulates the production of acetylcholine in peripheral motor neurons.
B)this structure is involved in timing the activation of different effectors involved in a learned motor sequence.
C)the cerebellum controls the initiation of eye movements.
D)this structure normally inhibits activity in the motor cortex, and when this inhibition is disrupted, motor learning is impaired.
Q2) One proposed role of dopamine in the context of motor learning via the basal ganglia is that dopamine release
A)from the basal ganglia to motor cortex stimulates motor learning.
B)from the substantia nigra prevents Parkinson's disease by facilitating motor learning.
C)in the basal ganglia results in a combination of stimulatory and inhibitory influences that reinforces particular motor actions.
D)in the basal ganglia produces multiple motor responses simultaneously.
Q3) How is the planning of a complex movement hierarchical? Provide an example.
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Chapter 9: Memory
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Q1) Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as
A)temporary.
B)permanent.
C)flexible.
D)rigid.
Q2) Greater activity in the frontal and parietal portions of the retrieval network is to __________ as greater activity in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas is to __________.
A)false memories; true memories
B)true memories; false memories
C)encoding; decoding
D)decoding; encoding
Q3) Imagine that B.T. and G.J. move abroad and then marry. Between moving and marrying, B.T. receives damage to his hippocampus and G.J. receives damage to her anterior temporal lobes. What might B.T. and G.J. each remember and not remember about moving and getting married? As you list each memory, include whether it is episodic or semantic. How does Ribot's law impact your answer?
Q4) Describe the BIC model. Describe an experiment that supports the model.
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Klüver-Bucy syndrome is associated with damage to which brain structure or region?
A)the hippocampus
B)the perirhinal cortex
C)the amygdala
D)the parahippocampal cortex
Q2) Which of the following is a way in which the amygdala interacts with hippocampus-dependent memories?
A)inhibiting the parahippocampal cortex during encoding of emotional memories
B)encoding the temporal relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
C)filtering emotional stimuli and preventing the hippocampus from processing them
D)enhancing the strength of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events
Q3) A common conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the role of the insula in emotion.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sentences would a person with Broca's aphasia be most likely to misunderstand?
A)"The shirt that Michael bought yesterday is too small for him."
B)"The woman whom Richard met yesterday is leaving for Vancouver."
C)"The dog that George petted yesterday bit him and then ran away."
D)People with Broca's aphasia would not be likely to misunderstand any of these sentences because they have only expressive deficits.
Q2) Which of the following, if true, would be damaging to evidence cited to support the hypothesis that spoken language evolved from gestural language?
A)Monkeys actually have a much more sophisticated spoken language than previously thought.
B)Monkeys can be trained to use gestural language, but not spoken language.
C)Monkey brains are organized ipsilaterally with regard to motor control.
D)Monkey brains are incapable of processing sophisticated spoken language.
Q3) Describe Levelt's model of language production. What evidence has been used to support this model?
Q4) Describe Hagoort's model of language, including its three functional components and the brain areas to which they relate.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes a real-life example of the delayed-response task?
A)After reading and studying on Sunday afternoon, you take a cognitive neuroscience exam on Monday morning.
B)After looking up the phone number of a local pizza place, you walk across the room to the telephone and begin dialing it.
C)After staring intently at a bright streetlamp, you notice that there is an afterimage of the light even when you move your eyes to another location.
D)Every time you visit the doctor to receive a shot, she gives you a cherry lollipop. After several visits you find that the taste of cherry lollipops makes you anxious.
Q2) You are driving around town. Which of the following stops will require the most working memory?
A)stopping at a frequently visited supermarket
B)stopping at home
C)stopping at a friend's home
D)stopping at a business you have never visited before
Q3) Is there more than one decision system? Provide evidence to support your view.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Social Cognition
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Q1) People with retrograde and anterograde amnesia are ________ to maintain a sense of self because our judgments about self-characteristics are ________ recall of specific past behaviors.
A)able; dependent on B)able; not linked to C)not able; dependent on D)not able; not linked to
Q2) What evidence supports the notion that autistic people are "mindblind?" What are some alternative hypotheses?
Q3) Which of the following areas is LEAST involved in social cognition?
A)ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B)inferior frontal gyrus
C)anterior cingulate gyrus
D)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q4) Which brain region is the most susceptible to coup-contrecoup injury?
A)the occipital cortex
B)the parietal cortex
C)the temporal cortex
D)the orbitofrontal cortex
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Chapter 14: The Consciousness Problem
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Q1) A neural event occurs at 1:00 p.m. Libet's backward referral hypothesis suggests that awareness is assigned to what time?
A)500 milliseconds before 1:00 p.m.
B)Exactly 1:00 p.m.
C)500 milliseconds after 1:00 p.m.
D)10 seconds before 1:00 p.m.
Q2) Why do we need an interpreter system?
Q3) Which of the following properties is NOT true of layered architecture systems?
A)Each layer has its own specific protocol for processing information.
B)Each layer processes information received from the previous layer.
C)Each layer must be privy to the protocol of the previous layer.
D)Each layer can be a single module or group of modules.
Q4) How can mental states go on to affect brain processing? Include at least one experimental result in your answer.
Q5) Regarding layered architecture, abstraction refers to the phenomenon that the processing of each layer is hidden from the following layer.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain how quantum mechanics supports free will over determinism.
Page 16
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