Biological Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Biological Psychology explores the intricate relationship between the brain, nervous system, and behavior. The course examines how biological processes underpin emotions, cognition, sensory perception, learning, memory, and mental health. Students learn about neural communication, the effects of genetics and hormones on behavior, and the physiological bases of psychological disorders. Modern research techniques in neuroscience and their applications to understanding human and animal behavior are also emphasized, providing a comprehensive overview of the biological mechanisms that shape our experiences and actions.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 10th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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Q1) Michaela lives near the railroad tracks and often hears the loud bangs associated with cars being added to trains. When a friend of hers is visiting, the friend becomes alarmed at the sounds, wondering what they are but Michaela is able to reassure her friend that it is a normal train-related sound. Michaela's _____ skills, at least in this situation, are superior to her friend's.
A) recognition
B) detection
C) search
D) adjustment
Answer: A
Q2) Fechner's and Weber's methods not only made it possible to measure the ability to detect stimuli, but also made it possible to _____.
A) determine mechanisms responsible for experiences
B) identify the subconscious rationales for the responses
C) provide scientific justification for introspection
D) localize brain lesions responsible for poor performance
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
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Q1) When visual pigments become bleached they are _____.
A) dead
B) fully regenerated
C) color sensitive
D) detached from the opsin
Answer: D
Q2) Acuity develops to almost 20/20 vision by the time the infant is _____.
A) one month old
B) two months old
C) one year old
D) two years old
Answer: C
Q3) A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is _____.
A) macular degeneration
B) retinitis pigmentosa
C) presbyopia
D) retinal hypopolarization
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Neural Processing
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Q1) Neurons in the _____ respond to complex stimuli, but not simple stimuli such as straight lines.
A) LGN
B) striate cortex
C) IT cortex
D) retina
Answer: C
Q2) Most of the signals travel from the retina to the _____ via the optic nerve.
A) temporal cortex
B) lateral geniculate nucleus
C) the superior colliculus
D) the visual homunculus
Answer: B
Q3) The gray intersections in the Hermann Grid _____.
A) are physically present
B) are explained by dark adaptation
C) support the claim that "perception is not the same as the physical stimulus"
D) support the claim that what is learned in animals is not applicable to humans
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Q1) The brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in the brain using magnetic fields is _____.
A) fMRI
B) ablation
C) ERP
D) PET scan
Q2) An IT neuron in the monkey will fire briskly when presented a picture of a _____.
A) monkey's face
B) Tree
C) banana
D) human torso
Q3) Object discrimination problem is to the _____ as a landmark discrimination problem is to the _____.
A) temporal lobes; parietal lobes
B) parietal lobes; temporal lobes
C) parietal lobes; occipital lobes
D) LGN; thalamus
Q4) Describe research that shows cortical magnification occurs in humans.
(b) What is the connection between cortical magnification and acuity?
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Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Q1) The _____ problem shows that numerous physical stimuli can create exactly the same image on the retina.
A) correspondence
B) inverse projection
C) occlusion
D) ambiguity
Q2) The demonstration of apparent movement provides support for the Gestalt approach because _____.
A) the phenomenon cannot be explained by sensations alone
B) the phenomenon relies exclusively on the perceiver's past experience?
C) the images used do not follow the principle of common region?
D) the phenomenon relied on figure/ground segregation?
Q3) The theory of unconscious inference _____.
A) replaced the Bayesian inference approach
B) is closely related to the "likelihood principle"?
C) describes the use of algorithms in perception?
D) is incompatible with Gestalt psychology.?
Q4) Describe two image-based factors that determine what area is seen as "figure" in an image with reversible figure-ground. Draw an example that demonstrates each factor.
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Q1) In a laboratory experiment on the impact of cell phone conversations on driving, drivers missed _____ red lights when talking on the phone as when not talking on the phone.
A) about as many B) twice as many
C) three times as many
D) five times as many
Q2) While watching Pretty Woman (1990), you fail to notice when Vivian (Julia Roberts) begins to reach for a croissant that suddenly turns into a pancake. This is an example of _____, which can be a "real-life" example of _____ if you do not notice the switch.
A) a contingency break; inattentional blindness
B) a continuity error; change blindness
C) an attentional lapse; illusory contingency
D) a unity break; illusory sequencing
Q3) Are voice-activated devices in cars a good idea or are they potentially dangerous
Explain your reasoning.
Q4) Discuss the three factors involved in determining what we fixate on in a visual scene.
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8
Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Q1) The neurons that signal the monkey's intention to grab an object are mostly found in the _____.
A) Hippocampus
B) superior colliculus
C) parietal reach region (PRR)
D) nystagmus parietal radius (NPR)
Q2) Describe evidence from monkey studies that suggests that mirror neurons do more than respond to patterns of motion.
Q3) One researcher found that tennis players who have recently won a match perceive the net as being lower than those who have recently lost. Describe how these differences in perception might arise.
Q4) Proposed functions of mirror neurons include their role in _____.
A) applying common heuristics
B) facilitating the binding of information sources.
C) developing metacognitive skills
D) aiding interpretation of facial expressions.
Q5) Discuss how mirror neurons could convey information about others' intentions.
Q6) Describe the role landmarks play in wayfinding.
Q7) Discuss the capacity of newborn infants to imitate facial expressions.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Q1) An afterimage when viewed in the dark appears to move when you move your eyes. The corollary discharge theory predicts this because _____.
A) there is an IDS, but not a CDS
B) there is no IDS, but there is a CDS
C) there is no IDS and no CDS
D) there is both IDS and CDS
Q2) Describe Freyd's (1983) study of implied motion.
Q3) A monkey with an intact MT cortex can detect the direction of moving dots when coherence is ____%, while a monkey that has had the MT cortex lesioned detects the direction of the moving dots when coherence is _____%.
A) 1-2; 10-20
B) 10-20; 1-2
C) 1-2; 1-2
D) 1-20; 1-2
Q4) Movies are to _____ as the waterfall illusion is to _____.
A) apparent movement; induced movement
B) real movement; apparent movement
C) movement aftereffects; stroboscopic movement
D) apparent movement; movement aftereffects
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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Q1) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not colored."
Q2) The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately.
A) intensity
B) adjustments
C) univariance
D) unitization
Q3) Newton's quote, "The rays are not colored", means that _____.
A) we can determine the accuracy of color perception by measuring the wavelength of the light
B) colors are created by our perceptual system
C) the experience of color is not arbitrary
D) a 450 nm pattern will look the identical shade of blue to all human trichromats
Q4) The maximum absorption for the long-wavelength cone pigment is at ____ nm.
A) 419
B) 531
C) 558
D) 747
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Q1) State and identify the components of the size-distance scaling equation.
(b) Specify how the size-distance scaling equation can explain the phenomenon: Emmert's Law; the Ames Room illusion and the Muller-Lyer illusion.
Q2) In their study on infant use of familiar size as depth cue, Granrud et al. used _____ as the stimuli, and _____ as the dependent measure.
A) objects of different sizes; reaching
B) photographs of fruit bowls; sucking rate
C) mobiles; eye movements
D) photographs of stuffed animals; eye movements
Q3) The size-distance scaling equation is S = K(R x D). The "S" in the equation stands for
A) stimulus intensity
B) an object's perceived size
C) an object's physical size
D) an object's physical shape
Q4) Suppose you watch a "3-D" movie (using red/blue "3-D glasses") with your friends. After the movie, a friend asks "Why do we see such depth in this movie
Summarize how you would answer this question.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Hearing I: Basic Processes and Pitch Perception
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Q1) Békésy discovered the traveling wave motion of the basilar membrane by _____.
A) stimulating the ear of human cadavers
B) using brain imaging techniques in humans
C) using single-cell recordings from live monkeys
D) computer simulations
Q2) Adding an 880 Hz tone and a 1320 Hz tone to a 440 Hz tone will result in _____.
A) a pure tone
B) a complex tone
C) a "hissing" sound
D) white noise
Q3) Discuss how noise-induced hearing loss can occur, and what can be done to reduce the chances of noise-induced hearing loss.
Q4) _____ is the property of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in the tone's frequency.
A) Tone height?
B) Tone chroma
C) Tone octave
D) Equal tonality?
Q5) Describe how the actions of the cochlea result in transduction.
Q6) Discuss the structures and functions of the middle ear.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Hearing II: Location and Organization
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Q1) The cue of interaural level difference is _____.
A) not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli
B) equally effective for high- and low-frequency sound stimuli
C) not effective for high-frequency sound stimuli
D) only effective for middle-frequency sound stimuli
Q2) Some people who are blind are able to use echolocation to locate objects and perceive shapes by making clicking noises and listening to the reverberations. When expert echolocators use this technique, _____.
A) they have 45% more activation in their frontal lobes than sighted individuals
B) they rely only on activation from the occipital lobe
C) the clicking sounds activate the auditory and visual cortices
D) the clicking sounds activate A1 but not subcortical structures
Q3) The time between when sound arrives directly from the stage and when the first reflection arrives is called the _____.
A) intimacy time
B) spaciousness factor
C) bass ratio
D) reverberation time
Q4) Define visual capture and give examples of this concept.
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Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Q1) Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe results in _____.
A) slow, labored speech with jumbled sentence order.
B) slow, labored speech with appropriate sentence order
C) fluent but incoherent speech
D) an inability to understand even simple sentences
Q2) The McGurk effect illustrates the importance of _____ on speech perception.
A) the motor cortex
B) articulators
C) formants
D) vision
Q3) Micelli et al. (1980) found that brain damage to the parietal lobe caused the patient to have difficulty discriminating between syllables. In addition, Micelli et al. found that _____.
A) all these patients could not understand words
B) all these patients had "word deafness"
C) some of these patients could not hear pure tones
D) some of these patients could still understand words
Q4) What is noise vocoded speech and what has been learned using it?
Q5) Describe how voice onset times (VOTs) have been used to study categorical perception.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Q1) The subjective intensity of pain is to _____ as the unpleasantness of pain is to
A) somatosensory cortex; Area S2
B) real pain; phantom pain
C) the ACC; Area S2
D) somatosensory cortex; the ACC
Q2) The receptive fields of cortical S1 neurons are _____.
A) larger for the fingers than for the forearm
B) larger for the fingers than for the hand
C) smaller for the fingers than the forearm
D) the same size for the fingers as for the hand
Q3) Jan is a right-handed violin player - she bows with her right hand and fingers the strings with her left. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is _____.
A) equal to the area for the fingers on her right hand
B) equal to the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician
C) larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician
D) smaller than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician
Q4) Name and discuss the differences between the four types of mechanoreceptors.
Q5) Explain how haptic exploration is used to identify objects.
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Q1) Sodium nitrate results in a taste of _____.
A) sweet only
B) sweet and sour, but not bitter
C) a combination of sour and bitter only
D) a combination of salty, sour, and bitter
Q2) The _____ papillae are mushroom-shaped and found on the tip and sides of the tongue.
A) filiform
B) fungiform
C) foliate
D) circumvillate
Q3) Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to _____.
A) the olfactory bulb
B) olfactory receptor neurons
C) the olfactory mucosa
D) higher cortical areas
Q4) Describe the capacity of human infants to experience taste and smell.
Q5) Describe the Proust effect and provide a physiological explanation for its occurrence.
Q6) Compare three different methods for studying the physiology of olfaction.
Page 17
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